U.S. ImperialismU.S. Imperialism

1865-19171865-1917

ImperialismImperialism

-By 1900 the U.S. was a world By 1900 the U.S. was a world power with control over power with control over worldwide empireworldwide empire

-The The “New Imperialism”“New Imperialism”-Markets & materialsMarkets & materials-Safety valve for labor unrestSafety valve for labor unrest-Peaceful expansion?Peaceful expansion?

International DarwinismInternational Darwinism

• Applied to nationsApplied to nations

and racesand races

• Must impose religionMust impose religion

culture and politicsculture and politics

Pushing ImperialismPushing Imperialism

• MissionariesMissionaries– Rev. Josiah Strong: Rev. Josiah Strong: Our Country: It’s Possible Our Country: It’s Possible

Future and Present Crisis =strongest survive, Christian Future and Present Crisis =strongest survive, Christian dutyduty

• Politicians – Politicians – Republicans allied with business, Republicans allied with business, Roosevelt, Henry Cabot LodgeRoosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge

• Naval Power – Alfred T Mahan: Naval Power – Alfred T Mahan: The The

Influence of Sea Power Upon HistoryInfluence of Sea Power Upon History

• Popular Press – Yellow JournalismPopular Press – Yellow Journalism

Alaska – Purchased from Alaska – Purchased from Russia 1867Russia 1867

Secretary of State William Secretary of State William Seward is mocked for his Seward is mocked for his “folly”“folly”

Hawaiian Coup - 1898Hawaiian Coup - 1898

U.S. Colonization of Hawaii U.S. Colonization of Hawaii

• 1849 – Treaty of Friendship is 1849 – Treaty of Friendship is signedsigned

• 1850’s – Protestant missionaries 1850’s – Protestant missionaries move inmove in

• 1870’s-1890’s U.S. sugar plantations 1870’s-1890’s U.S. sugar plantations dominate Hawaiian economydominate Hawaiian economy

• 1893 – 1893 – USS Boston USS Boston sent > Queen sent > Queen Liliuokalani is deposedLiliuokalani is deposed

• 1898 – President McKinley 1898 – President McKinley successfully pushes for annexationsuccessfully pushes for annexation

The Last Queen of HawaiiThe Last Queen of Hawaii

Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism

•Pulitzer & Hearst – competition for Pulitzer & Hearst – competition for newspaper readershipnewspaper readership

•Cuban war for independence provides Cuban war for independence provides opportunity for exaggeration, opportunity for exaggeration, sensationalism & deceptionsensationalism & deception

•““You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war.” – William Randolph Hearstthe war.” – William Randolph Hearst

Road to WarRoad to War

• Cuban Revolt 1895Cuban Revolt 1895

• Yellow PressYellow Press– jingoismjingoism

• De Lome Letter 1898De Lome Letter 1898– Spanish diplomatSpanish diplomat– Critical of McKinleyCritical of McKinley

““Remember the Remember the MaineMaine” ” - act of war or yellow journalism?- act of war or yellow journalism?

A Splendid Little War?A Splendid Little War?

• Spanish-American war ended quickly & Spanish-American war ended quickly & w/relatively low casualties (mostly from w/relatively low casualties (mostly from illness)…illness)…

……But former ally Emilio Aguinaldo But former ally Emilio Aguinaldo continued the Philippine Revolution continued the Philippine Revolution against the U.S. for 3 yearsagainst the U.S. for 3 years

-over 1 millions Filipinos are killed, many -over 1 millions Filipinos are killed, many of starvation while in concentrationof starvation while in concentration

Results of Spanish-American Results of Spanish-American WarWar

• U.S. Defeats European PowerU.S. Defeats European Power

• Control of Caribbean Control of Caribbean – Puerto Rico becomes U.S. territory (Teller Puerto Rico becomes U.S. territory (Teller

Amendment ignored)Amendment ignored)– Cuba becomes U.S. protectorateCuba becomes U.S. protectorate

• Platt Amendment – U.S. has virtual veto power in Platt Amendment – U.S. has virtual veto power in Cuban affairsCuban affairs

• Empire in South PacificEmpire in South Pacific– Philippines & GuamPhilippines & Guam

The Anti-Imperialist LeagueThe Anti-Imperialist League

• William Jennings Bryan William Jennings Bryan

• Opposed further “acts of aggression”Opposed further “acts of aggression”

• Did the Constitution follow the flag?Did the Constitution follow the flag?– Bryan: YesBryan: Yes– Imperialist: NOImperialist: NO– Supreme Court: No (The “Insular” or Supreme Court: No (The “Insular” or

“Island” cases)“Island” cases)

Knock, Knock! Knock, Knock!

•U.S. pushes for Open Door U.S. pushes for Open Door Policy in China to counter Policy in China to counter European Spheres of InfluenceEuropean Spheres of Influence

•John HayJohn Hay•$$$$$$

Teddy’s Big StickTeddy’s Big Stick

• Aggressive foreign policyAggressive foreign policy

• Break w/tradition?Break w/tradition?

Roosevelt Corollary to theRoosevelt Corollary to theMonroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine

Monroe Doctrine 1824 + Teddy’s Big Monroe Doctrine 1824 + Teddy’s Big StickStick

Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary

•U.S. can intervene to protect U.S. can intervene to protect interests in Latin Americainterests in Latin America

•Response to British aggression Response to British aggression in the Venezuela Affairin the Venezuela Affair

•Cited by later Presidents as Cited by later Presidents as justification for interventionjustification for intervention

Roosevelt’s Big Stick PolicyRoosevelt’s Big Stick Policy

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal

•

Panamanian RevolutionPanamanian Revolution

•Colombia refuses to allow the Colombia refuses to allow the canalcanal

•U.S. aid in Panamanian Rev to U.S. aid in Panamanian Rev to establish independent nation of establish independent nation of Panama Panama

•Panama signs treaty allowing Panama signs treaty allowing U.S. rights to build and U.S. rights to build and “indefinite” period of “indefinite” period of administrationadministration

East AsiaEast Asia

• Russo-Japanese War 04-05Russo-Japanese War 04-05

• Gentlemen's AgreementGentlemen's Agreement

• Great White Fleet 07-09Great White Fleet 07-09

• Root-Takahira 1908Root-Takahira 1908

William Howard Taft 1909-William Howard Taft 1909-1313

• Dollar DiplomacyDollar Diplomacy– Investment = securityInvestment = security

• Increase in anti-imperialism hurts Increase in anti-imperialism hurts admin.admin.

• Marines to Nicaragua in 1912 Marines to Nicaragua in 1912 (remained until ’33)(remained until ’33)

• Lodge CorollaryLodge Corollary

Woodrow Wilson 1913-1917Woodrow Wilson 1913-1917

• Moral Diplomacy?Moral Diplomacy?

• SOS William Jennings BryanSOS William Jennings Bryan

• Correct past wrongs:Correct past wrongs:– Jones Act: Philippines – Jones Act: Philippines – full terr. status, bill full terr. status, bill

of rights, universal male suffrage, promise of of rights, universal male suffrage, promise of independenceindependence

– Puerto RicoPuerto Rico – – citizenship, limited self-govcitizenship, limited self-gov

– Panama Canal – Panama Canal – repeal of U.S. toll exemptionrepeal of U.S. toll exemption

Moral Diplomacy?Moral Diplomacy?

• Conciliation treatiesConciliation treaties• Military interventions:Military interventions:

– More use of Marines than Teddy & Taft in Latin More use of Marines than Teddy & Taft in Latin AmericaAmerica

– Nicaragua (remained, Haiti, Dominican RepublicNicaragua (remained, Haiti, Dominican Republic– MexicoMexico

• Refused to recognize Huerta dictatorshipRefused to recognize Huerta dictatorship• Tampico IncidentTampico Incident• War avoided by “ABC” mediationWar avoided by “ABC” mediation• Huerta replaced by CarranzaHuerta replaced by Carranza• Pancho Villa raids – pursued by John J. PershingPancho Villa raids – pursued by John J. Pershing