U.S. History EOCT test

U.S. History EOCT test

Unit 5 Preparation

SSUSH 11The student will describe the economic, social, and geographic impact of the growth of big business and technological innovations after Reconstruction.

SSUSH 11a

Explain the impact of the railroads on other industries, such as steel, and on the organization of big business

Bessemer Process• Process for making

steel invented by Henry Bessemer.

• Made Steel stronger by removing impurities.

• Uses air to blow out gases and carbon that weaken steel.

Benefits of the Bessemer Process• Steel made cheaper

and more affordable.• Made for faster

expansion of railroads. And more construction.

• Products made from steel are longer lasting and withstand pressure

The 1860s Expansion of Railroads caused Big Business to dominate the Economy of the United States.

The Increase in Railroads stimulated national economic growth.

Monopoly• Main goal is to eliminate

competition.• Considered unfair by progressives.• During the 1800s industrial and

business leaders accumulate wealth by forming monopolies and trusts.

:

Monopoly

Definition Characteristics

Examples Non-Examples

An economic market in which there is only one supplier of a product and no market competition and the company has complete control over quality, wages, Prices.

The only company.No other choice to buy the product or service.

If you want a cell phone you can shop with (Choice):

Verizon Wireless or Alltel

Georgia Power is the only power company in Bainbridge. You can’t switch over to another company.

Organization of Business to Eliminate Competition

Horizontal Integration• A business strategy in which

one corporation buys out all of its competitors. For instance, One Steel mill will buy out other steel mills that are competing against it.

Vertical Integration• A business strategy in which

one corporation owns not only the company that produces the finished product, but also the companies that provide the materials needed. In some instances, the transportation to the market is also owned.

Example of Vertical Integration Used by Andrew Carnegie in the

formation of Carnegie Steel company

Vertical Integration• Type of organization in which a company

owns and controls the entire process of production from raw materials to manufacture and sale of finished product.

Owns Company that Makes Steel

Owns Iron Ore Mine

Owns Railroad to Transport Steel

Purpose of Horizontal & Vertical Integration

• John D. Rockefeller once said in his own words that he was determined to “pay nobody a profit”

• The purpose was to cut down on cost and enjoy the profits of the business.

• Simple formula to get rich: Bring in more money than you pay out!

Andrew Carnegie• Scottish born founder of Carnegie Steel• Company that produced more steel than

all of Great Britain• Sold his company to J.P. Morgan for

almost $500 million in 1901• Then devoted his time to “Gospel of

Wealth” – using his wealth to finance philanthropy

SSUSH 11bDescribe the impact of the railroads in the development of the West; include the transcontinental railroad, and the use of Chinese labor.

Impact of Railroads - Positive

• Made it easier for people to move west and populate the west at a faster rate.

• Made life in the west possible by allowing farmers, ranchers, and other settlers access to eastern markets and resources.

Impact of Railroads - Negative• Native Americans will suffer.• Buffalo are killed and great numbers by fur

trappers and cow ranchers and the Plains Indians relied heavily on the Buffalo to live.

• Interrupted Native American way of life.• Native Americans forced to relocate to

reservations.• Native Americans forced to assimilate

American customs and ways of life. (Dawes Act)

1862 Transcontinental Railroad• Railroad companies financed by the

government to build the Transcontinental Railroad to connect eastern and western U.S.

• Union Pacific Railroad (Eastern)• Central Pacific Railroad (Western)• Joined at Promontory Point, Utah

Transcontinental Railroad

Chinese labor on Transcontinental Railroad

• Chinese underwent discrimination.

• Long hours• Little pay• Harsh weather,

extreme heat, cold• Dangerous

environments.• Many died.

SSUSH 11cIdentify John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company and the rise of trusts and monopolies.

John D. Rockefeller & Vertical and Horizontal Integration

• John D. Rockefeller owned the Oil industry.• Rockefeller bought out other oil businesses.

(Horizontal Integration).• Rockefeller also owned his own barrels, cans,

to ship the oil in, the railroad to ship the Oil on, etc. (Vertical Integration).

• Rockefeller went a step further when he joined other Monopolies to form a TRUST!

TrustA business formation in which competing companies create one large corporation and each company is entitled to dividends.

: Trust



A business arrangement under which a number of companies unite into one system with the intention of destroying competition and creating monopolies.

Set prices.Control the industry.Total economic domination.

Verizon, Alltell, At&t, Microsoft, and internet providers are not together and must COMPETE with one another to get consumers money.

Trusts are illegal now so there are not real examples.If Verizon, Alltell, At&t, and Microsoft, Internet providers come together they could dominate the communication industry. Eliminate competition, set prices, Competition results in cheaper

prices, better quality, and more services.

John D. Rockefeller• Founder of the Standard Oil Company in

1863 at the age of 24• He bought our destroyed his competition, • Set up a monopoly on the oil industry and

became very wealthy• Tactic was Horizontal integration – He

bought out all competitors to create a Monopoly then a Trust.

J. P. Morgan

• Bought Carnegie Steel in 1901• He merged it and other steel

companies into US Steel in march 1901

“Robber Barons” “Captains of Industry”• Wealthy entrepreneurs and businessmen

during the Industrial Age• Made the U.S. extremely wealthy – referred to

in a positive way as “Captains of Industry”• People underpaid, child labor, poor and

unhealthy working conditions in order to make a profit – referred to as “Robber Barons”

• Notable robber barons include Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller

Laissez-Faire• The idea that government

would have a “hands-off” policy and would not regulate big Business

• No Minimum Wage, No OSHA, No law against child labor, no regulatory commissions for safe and clean food.

Adam SmithWealth of Nations

Social Darwinism• Theory that grew out of Charles Darwin’s

Origin of the Species theory of biological evolution.

• “survival of the fittest” Natural Selection• Social Darwinism was a theory created by

Herbert Spencer to explain the evolution of human society.

• This theory justified the disparity in wealth and encouraged unregulated competition and frowned on government regulation.

: SocialDarwinism



The idea that promoted inequality in wealth based on Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution but transferred to social differences among humans.

Only the fittest will be rich.Weaker will be poor.It is natures way.Natural for this to be.

Everyone is equal and should have the same pay regardless.

Average individual that drops out school, doesn’t read, and does drugs lives in poverty and jail because he/she is weaker and inferior.

Bill Gates is rich because he is intelligent and worked hard.

Government Regulation of Business. (minimum wage, OSHA, 40 hr. work week, no child labor)Redistribution of Wealth - Socialism.

John D. Rockefeller Quote

“The growth of large business is merely the survival of the fittest.”

SSUSH 11dDescribe the inventions of Thomas Edison; include the electric light bulb, motion pictures, and the phonograph, and their impact on American life.

Thomas Edison• Wizard of Menlo

park• Invented electric

light bulb, motion pictures, phonograph,

• Impacted American life.

Light Bulb & Electric Power Stations• Allowed factory

workers to work at night and production to occur at night.

• Electric Power Stations make electric power possible throughout cities. (steam powered)

Motion Pictures• Made Movies Possible

Miriam HopkinsDr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde,

1931

Miriam HopkinsMajor Movie ActressBorn Bainbridge, GAActed 1930’s 1940’s

Buried Oak City Cemetery

Charlie ChaplinFirst Actor, Silent Movies

Phonograph• Made music and

recorded sound possible.

• We have advanced to Mp3 and IPods.

SSUSH 12

The student will analyze important consequences of American industrial growth.

SSUSH 12aDescribe Ellis Island, the change in immigrant’s origins to southern and eastern Europe and the impact of this change on urban America.

Old Immigration• Immigrants first come from Northern and

Western Europe

NEW Immigration• New Immigration refers to a

change in the origin, or home place, of immigrants coming to the United States.

• New Immigrants come from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Ellis Island• All immigrants coming into the east

coast by way of the Atlantic Ocean come to Ellis Island.

Statue of Liberty

- Ellis Island

Impact of Change on Urban America

Why did they come?• Jobs created by the need for Labor as a result

of the Industrial Revolution.

How did increased Immigration impact Cities?

Overcrowding! – many people lived in one house.

Tenement Houses

Ethnic Ghettos

Child Labor• Many immigrants

were so poor their children had to work.

• The parents let them.• The business let them.• Where should they

be?

• Spider has Child Labor written on it.

• Web has Profit, Greed, Luxury, Poverty, Ignorance, and Indifferent written.

Are you glad to be in School today?

SSUSH 12b

Identify the American Federation of Labor and Samuel Gompers.

Samuel Gompers - AFL• Founder of American

Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1886

• Used collective bargaining to negotiate with businesses for higher wages, better working conditions, etc.

:

Union



The group membership of workers that fought for fairness in the workforce

Minimum WageNo Child Labor40 hour work weekEqual pay for women and men

WaitersCooksConvenience store clerksNational Education Association

American Federation of Labor

American Medical AssociationAmerican Bar Association

Strategies of Unions• Collective Bargaining (Employees negotiate

as a group rather than individually)• Strikes (Refusal of workers to work until

employers meet their demands).• Boycotts (Refusal to buy or pay for certain

products or services to force businesses to change policies.

• Closed Shop (Workplaces where employers could only hire union members)

: IndustrialUnrest



Workers or laborers upset or angered to the point of strike. Quit working and protest perceived unfair working conditions.

Low payUnequal payLong working hoursChild laborUnsafe working conditions

Union membershipMinimum wage40 hr work week

1894 Pullman Strike

SSUSH 12d

Describe the 1894 Pullman Strike as an example of Industrial unrest.

1894 Pullman Strike• A good example of

industrial unrest. • Turned into a violent

strike against workers and management.

• Ended when the federal government sent in troops.

1894 Pullman Strike - Reasons• George Pullman• Owner of Pullman Car

Company• Laid off workers• Also cut wages, didn’t

lower rent• Unions strike• Pullman closes company

rather than deal with Unions

1894 Pullman Strike - resolved• Pullman car was loaded

with U.S. Mail• Federal government

filed an injunction (legal order from court to break up strike)

• President Grover Cleveland calls in federal troops to break up the strike.

SSUSH 12cDescribe the growth of western population and its impact on Native Americans with reference to Sitting Bull and Wounded Knee.

Growth of Western Population - Negative• Native Americans will suffer.• Buffalo are killed and great numbers by fur

trappers and cow ranchers and the Plains Indians relied heavily on the Buffalo to live.

• Interrupted Native American way of life.• Native Americans forced to relocate to

reservations.• Native Americans forced to assimilate

American customs and ways of life. (Dawes Act)

Chief Sitting Bull•In 1889 a treaty was made reducing Sioux territory. Religious excitement in connection with the Ghost Dance craze, led to an outbreak in 1890.

•1890 the US Army decided to arrest Sitting Bull as a precaution. Sitting Bull and three hundred Indians were killed at Wounded Knee Creek, and the Sioux were finally subdued.

Dawes Act• 1887 act of Congress aimed at

breaking up traditional Indian life by promoting land ownership.

• It divided up tribal lands into individual plots and Indians were encouraged to farm.

SSUSH 13

The student will identify major efforts to reform American society and politics in the Progressive Era.

: ProgressiveEra



The movement that called for more government action in the regulation of business, work environment, and called for laws governing morality, standards in education, and city development to improve societies ills.

Minimum Wage lawsChild labor laws40 hr work week lawsSafety lawsLaws protecting unions

Laissez faire “hands off”

Conservation movement

Meat Inspection Act

The movement that called for more government action in the regulation of business, work environment, and called for laws governing morality, standards in education, and city development to improve societies ills.

SSUSH 13a

Explain Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle and federal oversight of the meatpacking industry.

Upton Sinclair• Exposed the unsanitary

methods used in the Chicago Meatpacking Industry.

• Sinclair stated, “I aimed for the publics hearts, and accidentally hit its stomach!”

• Theodore Roosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act after reading.

SSUSH 13bIdentify Jane Addams and Hull House and describe the role of women in reform movements.

Jane Adams – Hull House• Purpose was to help

inner city “Urban” poor.• Immigrants learned how

to read, write, and speak English.

• Night school for adults, kindergarten classes for kids, clubs for older children, a public kitchen,

SSUSH 13cDescribe the rise of Jim Crow, Plessy v. Ferguson, and the emergence of the NAACP.

Booker T. Washington• Founder of Tuskegee Normal &

Industrial College• Encouraged blacks to seek technical

training for jobs to be accepted into white culture.

• Blamed black poverty on blacks and urged them to accept discrimination.

W.E.B. Du Bois• Criticized Washington’s ideas• Encouraged blacks to seek higher

education and become leaders (lawyers, doctors, politicians, etc.) so that they could fight discrimination in court and society.

• Wanted immediate social and economic equality for African Americans

NAACP• National Association for the

Advancement of Colored People• Aimed to full equality among the

races. Full civil rights for African Americans.

• W.E.B. Du Bois helped establish this group

:

Jim Crow



Social and legal laws that were meant to separate the races in society.

Black & White water fountainsBlack & White Schools

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Blacks could not eat in white restuaraunts.

Blacks had to move to the back of the bus to allow white people to sit up front.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)• Established “Separate

but Equal” doctrine.• Ruled that it was not

unconstitutional to separate the races as long as they had equal services.

• Segregation (separation of races) legal.

Homer Plessy

Jim Crow Era• Laws passed from 1870s to 1880’s

in various states.• Took away newly won rights of

African Americans- especially right to vote.

• Examples: Poll tax, literacy test for voting, grandfather clause

• Separate public facilities for races.

SSUSH 13d

Explain Ida Tarbell’s role as a muckraker.

Social Gospel Movement• Preached salvation through service to the

poor.• Reformers such as Jane Addams and her

Hull House of Chicago responded.• Encouraged government action and

regulation of business and corrupt politics.• Encouraged social programs by the

government

:

Muckraker



Journalists that used writing to expose corruption, government scandal, or the wrongs in society.

Inform publicInfluence government policyCause change in society

Literature that covers up and hides scandals and wrongs.

Ida Tarbell – The History of Standard Oil

Upton Sinclair – Chicago meatpacking

Ida Tarbell• Wrote about the

unfair business practices of John D. Rockefeller.

• Calls for anti-trust legislation.

OTHER MUCKRAKERS

MuckrakerWork Subject Results

Thomas Nast PoliticalCartoons

Political corruption by NYC's political machine, Tammany Hall, led by Boss Tweed.

Tweed was convicted of embezzlement and died in prison.

Jacob Riis

How the Other Half

Lives(1890)

Living conditions of the urban poor; focused on tenements.

NYC passed building codes to promote safety and health.

Ida B. WellsA Red Record (1895)

Provided statistics on the lynching of African-Americans.

NAACP joined the fight for Federal anti-lynching legislation.

SSUSH 13eDescribe the significance of progressive reforms such as the initiative, recall, and referendum; direct election of senators; reform of labor laws; and efforts to improve living conditions for the poor in cities.

Planks in the Populist Party Platform

Direct Election of U.S. Senators

Party bosses controlled state legislatures that elected representatives to the U.S. Senate. To limit this control, the Populists proposed allowing citizens to directly elect U.S. Senators.

Secret Ballot

Privacy at the ballot box would ensure that citizens can cast votes without party bosses knowing how they voted.

InitiativeA proposal for a law that originates with state citizens and

bypasses the legislature and gets on the ballot by the petition process.

Referendum A process where legislatures place a proposed law on the ballot to allow citizens to vote law into effect.

Recall Would allow voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from office.

DirectPrimary

Designed to ensure that voters select candidates to run for office, rather than party bosses.

Senators ChosenElected

Before 17th Amendment

Progressivism

Progressive Era Federal Legislation

Pure Food and Drug Act(1906/1911)

Required that companies accurately label the ingredients contained in processed food items.

Meat Inspection Act(1906)

In direct response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, this law required that meat processing plants be inspected to ensure the use of good meat and health-minded procedures.

Hepburn Act(1906)

Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission, allowing it to set maximum railroad rates.

Federal Reserve Act(1913)

Created 12 district Federal Reserve Banks, each able to issue new currency and loan member banks funds at the prime interest rate, as established by the Federal Reserve Board.

Clayton Antitrust Act(1914)

Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by outlawing the creation of a monopoly through any means, and stated that unions were not subject to antitrust legislation.

Federal Trade Act(1914)

Established the Federal Trade Commission, charged with investigating unfair business practices including monopolistic activity and inaccurate product labeling.

Progressive Era Federal Legislation Cont…

Progressive Era Amendments

16th (1913) Granted Congress the power to tax income.

17th (1913) Provided for the direct election of U.S. Senators.

18th (1919) Prohibited making, selling, or transporting alcohol.

19th (1920) Provided women suffrage (voting).

SSUSH 13fDescribe the conservation movement and the development of national parks and forests; include the role of Theodore Roosevelt.

Theodore Roosevelt• Fought in the

Spanish American War

• Oversaw building of the Panama Canal

• Led the Rough Riders at the Battle of San Juan Hill

• Issued the Roosevelt Corollary (an extension of the Monroe Doctrine)

• Preservation or Conservation of U.S. Natural resources.

:

Conservation



The setting aside land to preserve it from the devastating effects of industrialization and the closing of the frontier.

To keep land from businesses.Not allow homes or industry to clear trees and forests.Protect by government law.

Land for mining, excavating for oil, gold, iron ore, or marble.

Yosemite National Park

Yellow Stone National Park

National Parks - Conservation

SSUSH 14The Student will explain America’s evolving relationship with the world at the turn of the twentieth century.

SSUSH 14aExplain the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and anti-Asian immigration sentiment on the west coast.

Chinese Exclusion Act• Law passed in

Congress in 1882 to restrict the immigration of Chinese into the United States.

• Was not repealed until 1943

:

Nativism



The idea that to oppose immigration of cultures that were different. Usually leads to violence and discrimination and based on fear of different cultures.

Do not like Catholics.Do not like Communists.Do not like Chinese.

Equal employmentCivil RightsEquality under the Law

Racism

Chinese Exclusion Act

http://sun.menloschool.org/~mbrody/ushistory/angel/exclusion_act/statuehead.jpg

Documents

U.S. History EOCT test