U.S. History Chapter U.S. History Chapter 16 Notes16 Notes

Life at the Turn of Life at the Turn of the 20th Centurythe 20th Century

New technologies improve urban living, New technologies improve urban living, and a modern mass culture emerges. and a modern mass culture emerges.

Reforms in public education raise Reforms in public education raise literacy rates. African Americans work literacy rates. African Americans work

to end to end legal discrimination.legal discrimination.

Section 1Section 1

Science and Urban LifeScience and Urban LifeAdvances in science and Advances in science and

technology help solve urban technology help solve urban problems, including problems, including

overcrowding.overcrowding.

U.S. Cities in the late U.S. Cities in the late 1800's1800's

Cities Stank Cities Stank Outhouses Outhouses Raw sewage in the Raw sewage in the

rivers rivers Piled up garbage Piled up garbage Factories Factories Horse manureHorse manure

Size of CitiesSize of Cities Size had been limited Size had been limited

up until late 1800'sup until late 1800's- People had to live - People had to live within walking distance within walking distance of job of job - Lived in buildings that - Lived in buildings that they could comfortably they could comfortably walk up (4 or 5 stories)walk up (4 or 5 stories)

Electricity enabled the Electricity enabled the invention of the elevator invention of the elevator

Steel - made it possible Steel - made it possible to build tall buildings to build tall buildings (skyscrapers) (skyscrapers)

Size of CitiesSize of Cities

Horse drawn Horse drawn wagons were main wagons were main forms of forms of transportation transportation

- Tried to move - Tried to move people more people more efficiently with efficiently with horse drawn horse drawn trolleystrolleys

Size of CitiesSize of Cities 1888 - 11888 - 1stst practical practical

electrical trolleyelectrical trolley set up set up in in Richmond Virginia Richmond Virginia

Some cities built Some cities built elevated trains or elevated trains or subwayssubways

New bridges helped New bridges helped people get across water people get across water

Brooklyn BridgeBrooklyn Bridge - most - most impressive bridge impressive bridge during the late 1800's during the late 1800's - Steel cabled - Steel cabled - Connected Brooklyn - Connected Brooklyn with island of with island of ManhattanManhattan

Developments of SuburbsDevelopments of Suburbs Suburbs - areas at the Suburbs - areas at the

edge of a city where edge of a city where people live people live

The electric street car The electric street car enabled people to live enabled people to live farther from work farther from work

People who could afford People who could afford it moved to the suburbsit moved to the suburbs

- Thought the city was - Thought the city was unhealthyunhealthy

People lived in single People lived in single family homes with a yardfamily homes with a yard

Developments of SuburbsDevelopments of Suburbs

New inventions New inventions made this possible made this possible

- Lawnmower - no - Lawnmower - no longer needed longer needed animals to eat the animals to eat the grass grass

- Icebox - ice - Icebox - ice delivered daily delivered daily

- Indoor plumbing - Indoor plumbing

-Iron cooking range-Iron cooking range

Bringing Nature to the Bringing Nature to the CitiesCities

People became People became worried about the worried about the loss of greenery and loss of greenery and fresh air in the cities fresh air in the cities

Started a movement Started a movement to build large city to build large city parks parks

1853 - New York 1853 - New York became 1became 1stst city to city to build park build park (Central (Central Park)Park)

New TechnologiesNew Technologies

A Revolution in PrintingA Revolution in Printing

- By 1890, U.S. literacy rate almost - By 1890, U.S. literacy rate almost 90%90%

- Growing demand for newspapers, - Growing demand for newspapers, magazines, booksmagazines, books

- Mills produced cheap paper that - Mills produced cheap paper that withstood high-speed presseswithstood high-speed presses

- Faster production, lowered costs - Faster production, lowered costs make periodicals more affordablemake periodicals more affordable

New TechnologiesNew Technologies

AirplanesAirplanes

- Orville- Orville,, Wilbur Wilbur WrightWright use engines use engines to fly “heavier-than-to fly “heavier-than-air” craftair” craft

- first successful - first successful flight Dec. 1903flight Dec. 1903

- By 1920, first - By 1920, first transcontinental air transcontinental air mail establishedmail established

New TechnologiesNew Technologies Photography ExplosionPhotography Explosion

- Pre-1880s, photography - Pre-1880s, photography requires heavy requires heavy equipment, time equipment, time

- George Eastman- George Eastman develops light-weight develops light-weight equipment, studio equipment, studio processingprocessing- 1888 - introduced - 1888 - introduced Kodak Kodak cameracamera (easy to operate) (easy to operate) - Millions use Kodak - Millions use Kodak cameracamera- Helped create field of - Helped create field of photojournalismphotojournalism

Section 2Section 2Expanding Expanding

Public EducationPublic EducationReforms in public education Reforms in public education

lead to a rise in national lead to a rise in national literacy and the promotion of literacy and the promotion of

public educationpublic education

Importance of EducationImportance of Education Many immigrants Many immigrants

wanted an education wanted an education for their childrenfor their children

American school system American school system grew faster than cities grew faster than cities

Began taking over task Began taking over task that had once belonged that had once belonged to parents to parents

- Taught children - Taught children citizenship, proper citizenship, proper social behavior, and social behavior, and skills to earn a living skills to earn a living

Importance of EducationImportance of Education 1865 to 1895 - Cities and states passed 1865 to 1895 - Cities and states passed

laws that required children to attend laws that required children to attend school until they reached a certain age school until they reached a certain age - Kindergartens - originally childcare for - Kindergartens - originally childcare for working women became popularworking women became popular- 1880 - 62% white children, 34% black - 1880 - 62% white children, 34% black children in elementary schoolchildren in elementary school- School populations more than doubled - School populations more than doubled between 1870 and 1900 between 1870 and 1900

Importance of EducationImportance of Education

Educators faced problems of teaching Educators faced problems of teaching children from different backgrounds who children from different backgrounds who spoke different languages spoke different languages

Schools looked to factory as a modelSchools looked to factory as a model

- Grades that organized children by age - Grades that organized children by age were established were established

- The marking system, textbooks and - The marking system, textbooks and courses became standardized courses became standardized

- Added vocational classes to teach - Added vocational classes to teach children a skill children a skill

Importance of EducationImportance of Education High schools, grew as a result of the High schools, grew as a result of the

Industrial economy’s demand for technical, Industrial economy’s demand for technical, managerial skillsmanagerial skills- 1900 - more than half a million students in - 1900 - more than half a million students in high schoolhigh school- Expanding education changed American - Expanding education changed American societysociety

African-Americans experienced racial African-Americans experienced racial discrimination in educationdiscrimination in education- Small percentage of black teenagers - Small percentage of black teenagers attended high schoolattended high school- Most attended private schools that received - Most attended private schools that received no government supportno government support

Importance of EducationImportance of Education Some immigrants resented suppression of their Some immigrants resented suppression of their

native languagesnative languages- Many public school systems had readings - Many public school systems had readings from Protestant Biblefrom Protestant Bible- Catholics had parochial schools- Catholics had parochial schools

Adults attended night school & some day Adults attended night school & some day programs at workprograms at work- unionists objected to employer programs- unionists objected to employer programs

Many families needed the money their children Many families needed the money their children earned earned - They chose not to send their children to - They chose not to send their children to schoolschool

Expanding Higher Expanding Higher EducationEducation

By turn of century, 2.3% of youth attend By turn of century, 2.3% of youth attend collegecollege

1880–1920, college enrollment more than 1880–1920, college enrollment more than quadruplesquadruples

Research universities emerged, & offered new Research universities emerged, & offered new curriculumcurriculum

Professional law & medical schools establishedProfessional law & medical schools established Private universities had entrance exams Private universities had entrance exams

- Some state colleges want high school diploma- Some state colleges want high school diploma

Higher Education for African Higher Education for African AmericansAmericans

Not enough black college Not enough black college graduates to meet needs graduates to meet needs of communitiesof communities

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington——racism will end if blacks racism will end if blacks get labor skillsget labor skills

Headed Headed Tuskegee Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Normal and Industrial InstituteInstitute, now a , now a universityuniversity

Higher Education for African Higher Education for African AmericansAmericans

W. E. B. Du BoisW. E. B. Du Bois, first , first African American to get African American to get Harvard doctorate Harvard doctorate - disagreed with - disagreed with WashingtonWashington

Founded Founded Niagara Niagara MovementMovement to encourage to encourage liberal arts study liberal arts study - believed well-educated - believed well-educated future leaders neededfuture leaders needed- Formed the National - Formed the National Association for the Association for the Advancement of Colored Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)People (NAACP)

Section 3Section 3Segregation and Segregation and DiscriminationDiscrimination

African Americans lead the African Americans lead the fight against voting fight against voting

restrictions and Jim Crow restrictions and Jim Crow laws.laws.

African Americans Fight Legal African Americans Fight Legal DiscriminationDiscrimination

For at least 10 years after Reconstruction, For at least 10 years after Reconstruction, Southern blacks could voteSouthern blacks could vote

By 1900, all Southern states restricted voting & By 1900, all Southern states restricted voting & denied equalitydenied equality

Some limited vote to those who could read Some limited vote to those who could read (officials gave literacy tests)(officials gave literacy tests)

Some had Some had poll taxpoll tax that must be paid annually to that must be paid annually to votevote

Some add Some add grandfather clausegrandfather clause to constitution to to constitution to let poor whites votelet poor whites vote- Could vote if self, father, grandfather voted - Could vote if self, father, grandfather voted before 1867before 1867

Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws 1870s, - 1880s, Supreme 1870s, - 1880s, Supreme

Court allowed poll tax & Court allowed poll tax & grandfather clause grandfather clause

Racial Racial segregationsegregation laws laws separated races in private separated races in private & public places& public places

Segregation laws called Segregation laws called Jim Crow lawsJim Crow laws after old after old minstrel songminstrel song

1896 1896 PlessyPlessy v. v. FergusonFerguson - segregation legal in - segregation legal in public placespublic places- Allowed “separate but - Allowed “separate but equal” doctrine if provide equal” doctrine if provide equal serviceequal service

Turn-of-the-Century Race Turn-of-the-Century Race RelationsRelations

Racial etiquette—informal rules for black-white Racial etiquette—informal rules for black-white relationsrelations- enforce second-class status for blacks- enforce second-class status for blacks

Moderate reformers, like Moderate reformers, like Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington, , received white supportreceived white support

W. E. B. Du BoisW. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells thought problems , Ida B. Wells thought problems were too urgent to postponewere too urgent to postpone

Born a slave, Born a slave, Ida B. WellsIda B. Wells becames teacher, becames teacher, newspaper editornewspaper editor- campaigned for racial justice- campaigned for racial justice

African Americans who do not follow etiquette African Americans who do not follow etiquette were punished or lynchedwere punished or lynched more than 1,400 killed 1882–1892more than 1,400 killed 1882–1892

Discrimination in the NorthDiscrimination in the North

Many blacks migrated North for Many blacks migrated North for better paying jobs & social equalitybetter paying jobs & social equality

were forced into segregated were forced into segregated neighborhoodsneighborhoods

Rejected by labor unions; hired last, Rejected by labor unions; hired last, fired first by employersfired first by employers

Competition between blacks, working-Competition between blacks, working-class whites sometimes violentclass whites sometimes violent

Discrimination in the WestDiscrimination in the West More Mexicans built railroads in Southwest than More Mexicans built railroads in Southwest than

other ethnic groupsother ethnic groups- forced to work for less than other groups- forced to work for less than other groups

Mexicans major force in Southwest agricultural Mexicans major force in Southwest agricultural industriesindustries

Some Southwest Mexicans & African Americans Some Southwest Mexicans & African Americans forced into forced into debt peonagedebt peonage::- system of slavery to work off debt to employer- system of slavery to work off debt to employer- 1911, Supreme Court declared debt peonage - 1911, Supreme Court declared debt peonage unconstitutionalunconstitutional

Whites feared job competition Whites feared job competition - Pushed Chinese to separate areas, schools- Pushed Chinese to separate areas, schools- Opposition to Chinese immigration led to Chinese - Opposition to Chinese immigration led to Chinese Exclusion ActExclusion Act

Section 4Section 4The Dawn of Mass The Dawn of Mass

CultureCultureAs Americans have more time As Americans have more time

for leisure activities, a for leisure activities, a modern mass culture modern mass culture

emerges.emerges.

American LeisureAmerican Leisure

Despite poverty and poor working Despite poverty and poor working conditions, people had more leisure conditions, people had more leisure time than ever before time than ever before

- Caused a growth of a new city - Caused a growth of a new city culture in which everyone could culture in which everyone could shareshare

Amusement ParksAmusement Parks Cities begin setting aside Cities begin setting aside

green space for green space for recreationrecreation

Amusement parks built Amusement parks built on outskirts with picnic on outskirts with picnic grounds, ridesgrounds, rides

1884 – Many Americans 1884 – Many Americans rode rollercoaster at rode rollercoaster at Coney Island Coney Island

1883 – World’s 11883 – World’s 1stst Ferris Ferris wheel was introduced at wheel was introduced at the World’s Columbian the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago Exposition in Chicago

SportsSports Both amateur and pro sports become popular Both amateur and pro sports become popular 1869 - 11869 - 1stst pro baseball team formed pro baseball team formed (Cincinnati (Cincinnati

Red Stockings)Red Stockings) 1876 - The National League of Professional 1876 - The National League of Professional

Baseball Clubs was organizedBaseball Clubs was organized Baseball replaced horse racing as America's Baseball replaced horse racing as America's

favorite spectator sport favorite spectator sport - Immigrants loved it - Immigrants loved it - It was a game of rules they could understand, - It was a game of rules they could understand, wasn't confusing like American lifewasn't confusing like American life - National League formed 1876; American League - National League formed 1876; American League formed 1900formed 1900 - Discrimination led to Negro National, Negro - Discrimination led to Negro National, Negro American LeaguesAmerican Leagues

SportsSports 1870's - Americans took English game of Rugby 1870's - Americans took English game of Rugby

and turned it into Footballand turned it into Football 1891 – Basketball was invented in Massachusetts 1891 – Basketball was invented in Massachusetts

as a game to play indoors during the winteras a game to play indoors during the winter Tennis was imported from Britain; became Tennis was imported from Britain; became

popularpopular By turn of century, boxing & baseball had By turn of century, boxing & baseball had

became profitable businessesbecame profitable businesses Women began playing sports as they became Women began playing sports as they became

more popular more popular - Challenged the idea that sports were for men - Challenged the idea that sports were for men onlyonly

Impact of BicyclesImpact of Bicycles 1800s – Invention set 1800s – Invention set

off a craze that would off a craze that would last 2 decades last 2 decades

Early bicycles were Early bicycles were dangerous; at first, dangerous; at first, bicycling was male-bicycling was male-only sportonly sport

Impact of BicyclesImpact of Bicycles Safer bicycles increased Safer bicycles increased

popularity of sport & popularity of sport & women began riding toowomen began riding too

- Women wore baggy - Women wore baggy pants “bloomers” when pants “bloomers” when ridingriding

Tandem bikes were Tandem bikes were built for two built for two

Offered a fun and easy Offered a fun and easy way to get around way to get around

Cheaper than keeping Cheaper than keeping or feeding a horseor feeding a horse

Vaudeville TheaterVaudeville Theater Variety Show that Variety Show that

included a little bit of included a little bit of everything everything - Songs- Songs- Skits - Skits - Dances- Dances- Comic routines - Comic routines - Juggling and - Juggling and gymnastics gymnastics

Both rich and poor Both rich and poor attended the theater attended the theater

Used Songs and comedy Used Songs and comedy to explore the social to explore the social problems of the dayproblems of the day

Early MoviesEarly Movies 1890s- part of the 1890s- part of the

Vaudeville show was a Vaudeville show was a short moving pictureshort moving picture

By 1900 – People were By 1900 – People were paying 5 cents to watch paying 5 cents to watch short silent films short silent films (Nickelodeons)(Nickelodeons)

Filmmakers began using Filmmakers began using several roles of film to several roles of film to create more complex create more complex stores (Birth of the stores (Birth of the modern movie industry) modern movie industry)

Mass Circulation Mass Circulation NewspapersNewspapers

Newspapers used Newspapers used sensational headlines, sensational headlines, stories to capture readersstories to capture readers

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer - bought - bought New York WorldNew York World, pioneers , pioneers popular innovationspopular innovations- Became champion of the - Became champion of the poorpoor - Used simple language that - Used simple language that most people could read most people could read - Included human interest - Included human interest stories as well as news stories as well as news

He was the 1st person to put He was the 1st person to put sections together in a sections together in a newspapernewspaper- Sports - Sports - Womens - Womens - Comics - Comics

Mass Circulation Mass Circulation NewspapersNewspapers

He also connected He also connected the city and people the city and people to each other to each other

- Raised the money - Raised the money to pay for the to pay for the Statue of LibertyStatue of Liberty base after the Gov. base after the Gov. refusedrefused

- 1886- $100,000 in - 1886- $100,000 in donations from donations from readersreaders

Mass Circulation Mass Circulation NewspapersNewspapers

William William Randolph HearstRandolph Hearst—NY, San —NY, San Francisco papers Francisco papers exaggerated exaggerated storiesstories

Popular FictionPopular Fiction By 1900, thousands of free By 1900, thousands of free

circulating libraries in circulating libraries in countrycountry

Most people liked dime Most people liked dime novels - glorified adventure novels - glorified adventure tales of the Westtales of the West

Some wanted more serious, Some wanted more serious, realistic portrayal of realistic portrayal of ordinary people & lifeordinary people & life

Novelist, humorist Samuel Novelist, humorist Samuel Langhorne Clemens, or Langhorne Clemens, or Mark TwainMark Twain: : - rejected high culture yet - rejected high culture yet wrote American classicswrote American classics

Art galleries & libraries tried Art galleries & libraries tried to raise cultural standardsto raise cultural standards

New Ways to Sell GoodsNew Ways to Sell Goods 1890 - first shopping 1890 - first shopping

center opened in center opened in ClevelandCleveland

Retail shopping districts Retail shopping districts formed near public formed near public transportationtransportation

1865 - 1865 - Marshall FieldMarshall Field opened first U.S. opened first U.S. department store in department store in ChicagoChicago- stressed personal service - stressed personal service - Paid close attention to - Paid close attention to women customers women customers - pioneered bargain - pioneered bargain basement “ selling goods basement “ selling goods that were less expensive that were less expensive but reliable” but reliable”

New Ways to Sell GoodsNew Ways to Sell Goods

The Chain StoreThe Chain Store

- Chain stores offer - Chain stores offer same merchandise same merchandise under same under same owners for lessowners for less

- bought in - bought in quantity, limited quantity, limited personal servicepersonal service

AdvertisingAdvertising Advertising explosion: $10 Advertising explosion: $10

million spent 1865, $95 million spent 1865, $95 million 1900million 1900

Advertising in periodicals, Advertising in periodicals, billboards, sides of buildingsbillboards, sides of buildings

Department Stores alsoDepartment Stores also attracted customers through attracted customers through newspaper ads and window newspaper ads and window displays displays - Salesmen were expected to - Salesmen were expected to be nice to the poor as well as be nice to the poor as well as rich a. people of all classes rich a. people of all classes began shopping togetherbegan shopping together

Changed downtown area Changed downtown area - Became a place for - Became a place for everyone not just the everyone not just the working people working people

Catalogs and RFDCatalogs and RFD

Montgomery Ward, Montgomery Ward, Sears Roebuck Sears Roebuck catalogs brought catalogs brought goods to small goods to small townstowns

Catalogs and RFDCatalogs and RFD

18961896 – – Post office Post office introducedintroduced Rural Rural free delivery free delivery (RFD)(RFD) - post office - post office delivers direct to delivers direct to every home every home