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U.S HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT REGENTS REVIEWPOWER POINT 5
The First Industrial Revolution and Wave of Immigration
Growth of Factories
• Factories sprouted in GB in the 1700s• Factory technology spread to the US in the
early 1800s• Built in New England– Iron– Coal– Rivers
The Factory System
• The production of goods in factories = the factory system
• Lowell Mill– Hired young women from farms to work in the
factories– Offered financial independence
• 1840s and 1850s: Irish immigrants offer a more permanent work force
First Wave of Immigration: 1840s-1860s
• Most immigrants came from northern and Western Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Ireland)– Potato famine in Ireland caused a widespread
exodus from the country• Immigrants settled in Northern cities and
western farms• Immigrants provided a steady labor force in
new factories, so there was little regulation
Early Nativism
• Nativism: anti-immigrant feelings– “No Irish Need Apply”– America is for Americans
• Irish Catholic immigrants were despised for their religion and affinity for alcohol
• Know-Nothing Party: political party formed to restrict immigration
The Second Industrial Revolution and Wav of Immigration
Transportation
• Homestead Act 1862: Offered free land to people who would become western farmers
• Pacific Railway Act 1862: Provided land to RR companies– Helps fund RR development– Facilitates western migration
• Transcontinental RR: makes it easier to transport good and people from east to west
Business Development
• Corporation– A business with many investors• Give a business access to more money (capital)• Limits individual loss if the business fails
• Monopoly– One company has complete control over an entire
industry (i.e. Carnegie steel, Rockefeller’s Standard Oil)• Conglomerate, pool, trust, holding company,
vertical/horizontal integration
Henry Ford’s Assembly Line
• Moving Assembly Line: goods are moved down the assembly line on a conveyor belt; combination of human and machine labor– Mass produce cars– Lowers cost of production– Lowers consumer cost– Method will later transfer into other industries
Attitudes toward Business• Laissez Faire
– Gov’t should not interfere in the affairs of business– Free enterprise system: private individuals make economic
decision• Social Darwinism
– Stems from Charles Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest– Free enterprise would see weak businesses fail and strong
succeed• Robber Barons
– Entrepreneurs gained wealth through ruthless methods at the expense of the poor
• Philanthropists– Entrepreneurs used their wealth to aid society
Gov’t Action toward Business
• Supreme Court Decisions– Munn v. Illinois: permits the state to regulate private
property when it affects the public interest– Wabash, et al v. Illinois: only the federal gov’t can
regulate interstate commerce• Interstate Commerce Commission– Work to end railroad abuses
• Sherman Anti-Trust Act– Monopolies are illegal– Similar to Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Organization of Labor
• Major Unions: American Federation of Labor (skilled workers); Knights of Labor
• Major Leaders: Terrence Powderly, Samuel Gompers, Eugene V. Debs
• Collective bargaining: union representative will work with business to make a deal for everyone
• Early strikes were unsuccessful bc gov’t sided with big business
The West
• Post Civil War: mass movement to the west• Leads to conflicts with Native Americans• Dawes Act: Americanize Native Americans• Populist Party and Granger Movement– Farmers relied on RR to transport crops– RR prices were fixed at a high rate, keeping farmers
relatively poor– Call for gov’t regulation of RR, telephones, telegraph– Free coinage of silver to put more money into
circulation
Second Wave of Immigration
• Known as “new immigrants” 1870 to 1920• Came from southern and eastern Europe• New Nativism– Chinese Exclusion Act: limits Chinese immigration– Gentlemen’s Agreement: limits Japanese immigration– Emergency Quota Act: places a limit on immigration
from certain countries (Russia, Italy)– National Origins Act: further limits immigration from
southern and eastern Europe
Urbanization
• Industrialization=Immigration=Urbanization• Most factories and jobs were in the cities, so
many people settled in the cities near their jobs• Immigrants lived in tenements• Poor working conditions: tight spaces, dangerous
machines, no ventilation, long hours, low wages• Child labor• All conditions created by industrialization• Leads into the progressive movement