U.S. History 1877-Present 1 st Quarter Benchmark Test Review Power Point

U.S. History 1877-PresentU.S. History 1877-Present

11stst Quarter Benchmark Test Quarter Benchmark Test Review Power PointReview Power Point

USII.2a: The Great PlainsUSII.2a: The Great Plains

1. Physical features and climate of the Great Plains:

• Flatlands that rise gradually from east to west

• Land eroded by wind and water

• Frequent dust storms

• Low rainfall


2. Technological advances allowed people to live in more challenging environments.

3. Because of new technologies, people saw the Great Plains not as a “treeless wasteland” , but a vast area to be settled.


4. The 8 inventions/adaptations of the Great Plains:

*barbed wire *beef cattle raising

*steel plows *wheat farming

*dry farming *windmills

*sod houses *railroads

USII.2b: Advances in TransportationUSII.2b: Advances in Transportation

5. Advances in transportation linked resources, products, and markets by:a. Moving natural resources such as copper and lead to eastern factories.

b. Moving iron ore deposits to sites of steel mills in Pittsburgh

c. Transporting finished products to national markets.

USII.2b: Advances in USII.2b: Advances in TransportationTransportation

6. Three examples of manufacturing areas that were located near centers of population included:

a. Textile in New England (Northeast)

b. Automobile in Detroit (Midwest)

c. Steel in Pittsburgh (Northeast)

USII. 2c: States and RegionsUSII. 2c: States and Regions

7. States in the Northeast: (9)

Maine Rhode Island

Vermont New York

New Hampshire New Jersey

Connecticut Pennsylvania

Massachusetts

USII.2c: States and RegionsUSII.2c: States and Regions

8. States in the Southeast: (14)

Maryland South CarolinaDelaware GeorgiaWest Virginia FloridaVirginia AlabamaKentucky MississippiTennessee LouisianaNorth Carolina Arkansas


9. States in the Midwest region: (12)

Ohio Iowa

Indiana Missouri

Illinois Kansas

Michigan Nebraska

Wisconsin South Dakota

Minnesota North Dakota


10.States in the Southwest: (4)

Texas

Oklahoma

New Mexico

Arizona


11. States in the Western/Rocky Mountain region: (6)

Colorado Montana

Utah Wyoming

Nevada Idaho


12. States in the Pacific region: (3)

Washington

Oregon

California


13.States in the Noncontiguous region: (2)

Alaska

Hawaii


14.Region for each city:

a. Honolulu: Noncontiguous

b. New York: Northeast

c. Los Angeles: Pacific

d. Washington D.C.: Southeast

e. Denver: Western/Rocky Mountain

f. San Antonio: Southwest


14. Continued

g. Chicago: Midwest

h. Boston: Northeast

i. Pittsburgh: Northeast

j. St. Louis: Midwest

k. Atlanta: Southeast

l. Philadelphia: Northeast


14.Continued

m. Juneau: Noncontiguous

n. Salt Lake City: Western/Rocky Mountain

o. Detroit: Midwest

p. New Orleans: Southeast

q. Santa Fe: Southwest

r. San Francisco: Pacific

s. Suffolk: Southeast

USII.3a ReconstructionUSII.3a Reconstruction

15.Reconstruction took place after the Civil War.

16. The 13th Amendment banned slavery in the United States and any of its territories.

17. The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States and guarantees them equal protection under the law.

USII.3a Reconstruction USII.3a Reconstruction continuedcontinued

18.18.The The 1515thth Amendment ensures all Amendment ensures all citizens the right to citizens the right to votevote regardless of regardless of racerace or or colorcolor or previous condition of or previous condition of servitude.servitude.

19. The 1319. The 13thth, 14, 14thth, and 15, and 15thth Amendments Amendments guarantee guarantee equal protectionequal protection under the under the law for law for ALLALL citizens. citizens.

USII.3b Reconstruction USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and ProblemsPolicies and Problems

20.20. Reconstruction policies were Reconstruction policies were harshharsh and created and created problemsproblems in the South. in the South.

21. Reconstruction attempted to give 21. Reconstruction attempted to give meaning to the meaning to the freedomfreedom that the that the former enslaved African Americans former enslaved African Americans had achieved.had achieved.

USII.3b Reconstruction Policies USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problemsand Problems

22.22.Reconstruction policies and problems included:Reconstruction policies and problems included:

a. Southern military leaders could not hold office.

b. African Americans could hold public office.

c. African Americans gained equal rights as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which authorized the use of federal troops for its enforcement.

USII.3b Reconstruction Policies USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problems continued:and Problems continued:

d. Northern soldiers supervised the South

e. Freedman’s Bureau was established to aid former enslaved African American in the South.

f. Southerners resented northern “carpetbaggers”, who took advantage of the South during Reconstruction.

USII.3b Reconstruction Policies USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problems continued:and Problems continued:

23.23.Reconstruction ended with the Reconstruction ended with the Election of Election of 1876.1876.

a. a. FederalFederal troops were removed. troops were removed.

b. Rights that African Americans b. Rights that African Americans gained were lost through gained were lost through blackblack codes. codes.

USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick DouglassRobert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass

24.24.The actions of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. The actions of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass created Lee, and Frederick Douglass created lasting lasting impactsimpacts..

25. Abraham Lincoln:25. Abraham Lincoln:a. Reconstruction plan called for reconciliation.

b. Preservation of the Union was more important than punishing the South.

USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass

continuedcontinued

26.26.Robert E. Lee:Robert E. Lee:

a. Urged Southerners to a. Urged Southerners to reconcilereconcile at at the end of the war and the end of the war and reunitereunite as as Americans when some wanted to continue Americans when some wanted to continue to fight.to fight.

b. Became president of b. Became president of WashingtonWashington College which is now known as College which is now known as WashingtonWashington and and LeeLee University. University.

USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass

continuedcontinued

27.27.Frederick Douglass:Frederick Douglass:

a. Fought for adoption of constitutional amendments that guaranteed voting rights.

b. Had a powerful voice for human rights and civil liberties for all.

USII.4a Westward ExpansionUSII.4a Westward Expansion

28. New opportunities and 28. New opportunities and technological advances led to technological advances led to westward migration following westward migration following the the CivilCivil War. War.

USII.4a Westward ExpansionUSII.4a Westward Expansion29. The 5 reasons for westward expansion:

*Opportunities for land ownership

*Technological advances, including the Transcontinental Railroad

*Possibility of wealth created by the discovery of gold and silver

*Adventure

*A new new beginning for former slaves, also called Exodusters.

USII.4a Westward Expansion USII.4a Westward Expansion continuedcontinued

30.30.The Impact on American Indians:The Impact on American Indians:a. Opposition by American Indians to a. Opposition by American Indians to westward expansion (Battle of westward expansion (Battle of LittleLittle Big Big Horn, Sitting Horn, Sitting BullBull, and , and GeronimoGeronimo). ).

b. Forced b. Forced relocationrelocation from traditional lands from traditional lands to to reservationsreservations (Chief Joseph, Nez (Chief Joseph, Nez Perce’Perce’).).

c. Reduced c. Reduced populationpopulation through warfare through warfare and disease (Battle of and disease (Battle of WoundedWounded Knee). Knee).

USII.4a Westward Expansion USII.4a Westward Expansion continuedcontinued

d. Assimilation attempts and lifestyle changes, e.g. reduction of buffalo population.

e. Reduced their homeland through treaties that were broken.

f. American Indians were not considered citizens until 1924.

USII.4a Westward ExpansionUSII.4a Westward Expansiong. *Indian policies and wars

-land set aside for Native Americans called reservations

-last victory for the native Americans: Battle of Little Bighorn

-led his people to Canada to escape living on reservations: Chief Joseph

USII.4b: ImmigrationUSII.4b: Immigration

31. Reasons for increased immigration were:

Hope for better opportunities

Escape from oppressive governments

Adventure

Religious Freedom


32. The 3 reasons why cities developed:

*Specialized industries

-steel-Pittsburgh

-meatpacking-Chicago

*Immigration from other countries

*Movement of Americans from rural to urban areas for job opportunities


33. Inventions that created great change and industrial growth in the United States:

*lighting and mechanical uses of electricity

-Thomas Edison

*telephone service

-Alexander Graham Bell


34. Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced interaction and often conflict between different cultural groups.


35. Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced problems in urban areas.


36. Inventions had both POSITIVE and NEGATIVE effects on society.


37. Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods and tenements.


38. Efforts to solve immigration problems included:

*Settlement houses such as Hull House, founded by Jane Addams

*Political machines (politicians) that gained power by attending to the needs of new immigrants


39. Challenges faced by cities:

*Overcrowded and run-down neighborhoods called tenements and ghettos

*Political corruption by political machines


40. *Discrimination against immigrants:

-Chinese

-Irish

USII.4c: Jim CrowUSII.4c: Jim Crow

41. Discrimination against African Americans continued after

Reconstruction.

42. Racial segregation is:

*based upon race

*directed primarily against African Americans, but other groups were also kept segregated


43. “Jim Crow” laws were passed to discriminate against African Americans. Although these laws were legal in many communities and states, they were enforced primarily in the Southeast region.


44. “Jim Crow” laws were characterized by unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government.


45.African American responses included:

*Booker T. Washington-believed equality could be achieved

through vocational education; accepted social separation

*W.E.B. Du Bois-believed in full political, civil, and social

rights for African Americans

USII.4d: Big BusinessUSII.4d: Big Business

46. Between the Civil War and WWI, the United states was transformed from an agricultural nation to an industrial nation.

USII.4d: Big BusinessUSII.4d: Big Business47. The 4 Reasons for the Rise and Prosperity of Big

Business:

*National markets created by transportation advances

*Captains of Industry:

John D. Rockefeller, Oil

Andrew Carnegie, Steel

Henry Ford, Automobile

Cornelius Vanderbilt, Shipping & Railroads*Advertising

*Lower-cost production


48.The 4 factors resulting in the growth of industry:

*Access to raw materials and energy

*Availability of the work force*Inventions

*Financial resources provided by the

captains of industry


49. Examples of Big Business:

*Railroads

*Oil

*Steel

USII.4d: Big BusinessUSII.4d: Big Business50. Industrialization and the rise in big business

influenced life on American farms by:

*Mechanization (the reaper) which reduced farm labor needs and increased production

*Industrial development in cities created increased labor needs

*Industrialization provided access to consumer goods, such as mail order

USII.4e Progressive MovementUSII.4e Progressive Movement

• 51. Negative effects of Industrialization:

• Child Labor

• Low wages and long hours

• Unsafe working conditions

USII.43 Progressive MovementUSII.43 Progressive Movement

• 52. Rise of organized labor:

• Formation of Unions: Growth of American Federation of Labor

• Strikes: Aftermath of Homestead Strike


• 53. Progressive Movement workplace reforms

• Improved safety conditions

• Reduced work hours

• Placed restrictions on child labor


• 54. Women’s Suffrage:

• Increased educational opportunities

• Attained voting rights*Women gained the right to vote with the

passage of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America

*Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton worked for women’s suffrage.


• 55. Temperance movement

• Composed of groups opposed to the making, transport and sale of alcoholic beverages.

• Supported the 18th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, prohibiting the manufacture, transport and sale of alcoholic beverages.

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U.S. History 1877-Present 1 st Quarter Benchmark Test Review Power Point