Urbanization & Industrialization

8/10/2019 Urbanization & Industrialization

1/12

Urbanization

& Industrialization

The process of Urbanization is defined in many distinguished ways, some from the

economical perspective, some from social and some in other contexts. We will be trying to

decipher the Urbanization from the social perspective, ignoring the others (maybe not

sometimes). So, first of all, we are going to start with some different definitions of

Urbanization, gathered from different sources. The description sewn with definitions as

follows below;

Urbanization is the movement of population from rural to urban areas and the resulting increasing

proportion of a population that resides in urban rather than rural places. It is derived from the

Latin 'Urbs' a term used by the Romans to a city. Urban sociology is the sociology of urban living;

of people in groups and social relationship in urban social circumstances and situation.

Thompson Warren has defined it as the movement of people from communities concerned chiefly

or solely with agriculture to other communities generally larger whose activities are primarily

centered in government, trade, manufacture or allied interests. Urbanization is a two-way process

because it involves not only movement from village to cities and change from agricultural

occupation to business, trade, service and profession but it also involves change in the migrants

attitudes, beliefs, values and behavior patterns. The process of urbanization is rapid all over the

world. The facilities like education, healthcare system, employment avenues, civic facilities and

social welfare are reasons attracting people to urban areas.

Urbanizationorurban driftis the physical growth ofurban areas as a result of global change.

Urbanization is also defined by the United Nations as movement of people fromrural to urban

areas with population growth equating to urban migration. TheUnited Nationsprojected that half

of the world'spopulation would live in urban areas at the end of 2008. Urbanization is closely

linked tomodernization,industrialization,and the sociologicalprocess ofrationalization.

Urbanization can describe a specific condition at a set time, i.e. the proportion of total population

or area in cities or towns, or the term can describe the increase of this proportion over time. So

the term urbanization can represent the level of urban relative to overall population, or it can

represent the rate at which the urban proportion is increasing.

Urbanization is a population shift fromrural tourban areas,and the ways in which society adapts

to the change. It predominantly results in the physical growth of urban areas, be it horizontal or

vertical. It is predicted that by 2050 about 64% of the developing and 86% of thedeveloped

world will be urbanized. Urbanization is relevant to a range of disciplines,

includinggeography,sociology,economics,urban planning,andpublic health.The phenomenon

has been closely linked tomodernization,industrialization,and the sociological process of

rationalization. Urbanization can be seen as a specific condition at a set time (e.g. the proportion

of total population or area in cities or towns) or as an increase in that condition over time. So

urbanization can be quantified either in terms of, say, the level of urban development relative to

the overall population, or as therate at which the urban proportion of the population is increasing.
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_areahttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruralhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_populationhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernizationhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernizationhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializationhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializationhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalization_(sociology)http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalization_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_areashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_areashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruralhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalization_(sociology)http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializationhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernizationhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_populationhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruralhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area


2/12

So, as the phenomenon of Urbanization is recognized, we can devise that its an on-going

process rather than a solo-turned event. Its in the process since medieval times, but

blossomed boomingly after the era of Enlightenment & the introduction of

Industrialization, where the latter is more highlighted than the earlier one. As this

process has drifted the changes which revamped the way the societies worked in earliertime, we can similarly deduce that this process has brought an air of social and socio-

economic changes with it. Now we are going to identify some of the spot-lighted changes

uprooted by this synthetic phenomenon, and how this mechanism originated, what caused

it, and what impacts it has on the face of societies.

The Process

Urbanization is not merely a modern phenomenon, but a rapid and historic transformation

of human social roots on a global scale, whereby predominantlyrural culture is being

rapidly replaced by predominantlyurban culture.The first major change in settlementpatterns was the accumulation ofhunter-gatherers into villages many thousand years ago.

Village culture is characterized by common bloodlines, intimate relationships, and communal

behavior whereas urban culture is characterized by distant bloodlines, unfamiliar relations,

and competitive behavior. This unprecedented movement of people is forecast to continueand intensify in the next few decades, mushrooming cities to sizes unthinkable only a

century ago. Today, in Asia the urban agglomerations

ofDhaka,Karachi,Jakarta,Mumbai,Delhi,Manila,Seoul andBeijing are each already home

to over 20 million people, while thePearl River Delta,Shanghai-Suzhou andTokyo areforecast to approach or exceed 40 million people each within the coming decade. Outside

Asia,Mexico City,Sao Paulo,New York City,Lagos andCairo are fast approaching being, orare already, home to over 20 million people.

The rapid growth of cities likeChicago in the late 19th century andMumbai a century later

can be attributed largely to rural-urban migration. This kind of growth is especially

commonplace indeveloping countries.

The rapid urbanization of the worlds population over the twentieth century is described in

the 2005 Revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects report. The global proportion

of urban population rose dramatically from 13% (220 million) in 1900, to 29% (732 million)

in 1950, to 49% (3.2 billion) in 2005. The same report projected that the figure is likely torise to 60% (4.9 billion) by 2030.[4] However, French economist Philippe Bocquier, writing

in THE FUTURIST magazine, has calculated that "the proportion of the world populationliving in cities and towns in the year 2030 would be roughly 50%, substantially less than

the 60% forecast by the United Nations (UN), because the messiness of rapid

urbanization is unsustainable. Both Bocquier and the UN see more people flocking to cities,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_River_Deltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_Paulohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairohttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagohttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization#cite_note-3http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countryhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_Paulohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_River_Deltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_culture


3/12

but Bocquier sees many of them likely to leave upon discovering that theres no work for

them and no place to live."

According to the UN State of the World Population 2007 report, sometime in the middle

of 2007, the majority of people worldwide will be living in towns or cities, for the first

time in history; this is referred to as the arrival of the "Urban Millennium" or the 'tippingpoint'. In regard to future trends, it is estimated 93% of urban growth will occur in

developing nations, with 80% of urban growth occurring inAsia andAfrica.

The Causes

Now, we will be recognizing the causes which led to, and leading to the Urbanization, the

causes are all made up of different societal ingredients, labeled as social cause, economical

cause, socio-economic cause, time-related causes & humanitarian causes, but in the

following passage, we will not be dividing these changes into their respective categories,

rather we will be examining them in key points. Then this causes can also be divided as pull

factors and push factors, where the pull is because of the incentives offered by urban

areas, and push is caused by the difficulties faced in rural areas, we will try to identify

this division in the following key points (causes).

To begin with, it is a good point to dig up the reasons for people to come to larger cities. First of all, by

all accounts, cities are perceived to offer a wide variety of job opportunities on the grounds that there

are very different branches of businesses in cities. In as much as unemployment level is hugely high in

the rural areas and the work is only about farming in contrast to countless business sectors in chief

cities, more and more people choose searching for their chances in the metropolises. (A Pull Factor) Secondly, comes another significant reason: There are better services in cities. As a matter of fact,

transportation is extremely developed so as to make use of t ime efficiently. Medical services are

supported with the latest technological improvements, there are unbelievably modern hospitals.

Besides, education is taken into account seriously. There are very high-quality schools with excellent

teachers, teaching with up-to-date techniques. None of these can be found in the rural areas, at this

stage. (A Pull Factor)

Apart from these pull factors causing migration to big cities, there is a strong push factor stemming from

absence of enough land. It would be very hard and useless to cultivate the land if it is too small to make

an agricultural production. One important thing triggers this incident increasingly during the last years;

namely, division of land. To explain, in the rural areas when someone dies, the inheritance wouldusually be the land. Yet, the land is divided into many parts due to the fact that in the countryside it is

common to have lots of children and they all have rights to take one part of the inherited land.

Therefore, what they get are useless small lands rather than a gigantic land which is capable of making

a great deal of agricultural production itself. The inability to do the only thing, farming, again brings

about migration to big cities with the hopes of making money. (A Push Factor)
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia


4/12

Then there are factors generated by people also, as most of the times, People dislike where they live,

they want to switch rural area from urbanized one. This factor can be stimulated by the disadvantages

of living in rural areas. These causes may include; the lack of public services and utilities (schools,

hospitals, electricity, clean water supply, no work - unemployment, & poor labor wages). Another

reason is the fear of natural hazards, such as droughts, Floods, earthquakes, & famine. As the rural

areas are not properly developed, and don't contain proper infrastructure to deal with these problems,people find it hard to live in rural areas, and strive to migrate to urban ones. (A Push Factor)

The last Push Factor is the integration of rural areas into urban areas by the expansion of urban areas.

This cause can be summed up by a picture below.

Types of Urban Residents

The quality of city life depends on many factors, but one of the most important factors is

a persons social background: social class, race and ethnicity, gender, age, and sexual

orientation. As earlier chapters documented, these dimensions of our social backgrounds

often yield many kinds of social inequalities, and the quality of life that city residents

enjoy depends heavily on these dimensions. For example, residents who are white andwealthy have the money and access to enjoy the best that cities have to offer, while thosewho are poor and of color typically experience the worst aspects of city life. Because of

fear of rape and sexual assault, women often feel more constrained than men from

traveling freely throughout a city and being out late at night; older people also often feel

more constrained because of physical limitations and fear of muggings; and gays andlesbians are still subject to physical assaults stemming from homophobia. The type of


5/12

resident we are, then, in terms of our socio-demographic profile affect what we

experience in the city and whether that experience is positive or negative.

This brief profile of city residents obscures other kinds of differences among residents

regarding their lifestyles and experiences. A classic typology of urban dwellers by

sociologist Herbert Gans (1962) is still useful today in helping to understand the variety oflives found in cities. Gans identified five types of city residents.

The first type is cosmopolites. These are people who live in a city because of its cultural

attractions, restaurants, and other features of the best that a city has to offer.

Cosmopolites include students, writers, musicians, and intellectuals. Unmarried and

childless individuals and couples are the second type; they live in a city to be near their

jobs and to enjoy the various kinds of entertainment found in most cities. If and when

they marry or have children, respectively, many migrate to the suburbs to raise their

families. The third type is ethnic villagers, who are recent immigrants and members of

various ethnic groups who live among each other in certain neighborhoods. Theseneighborhoods tend to have strong social bonds and more generally a strong sense ofcommunity. Gans wrote that all of these three types generally find the city inviting rather

than alienating and have positive experiences far more often than negative ones.

In contrast, two final types of residents find the city alienating and experience a lowquality of life. The first of these two types, and the fourth overall, is the deprived. These

are people with low levels of formal education who live in poverty or near-poverty and are

unemployed, are underemployed, or work at low wages. They live in neighborhoods filled

with trash, broken windows, and other signs of disorder. They commit high rates of crime

and also have high rates of victimization by crime. The final type is the trapped. These areresidents who, as their name implies, might wish to leave their neighborhoods but are

unable to do so for several reasons: they may be alcoholics or drug addicts, they may be

elderly and disabled, or they may be jobless and cannot afford to move to a better area.

The Consequences

Although after reading the causes of urbanization, it would seem a good idea to get

urbanized, but the causes stated earlier actually paint a false rosy picture of urbanization,it may contain some good clauses, but urbanization is not without its faults, and these

cracks in the urbanization give birth to some adverse problems, which we are now going to

identify.


6/12

Rapid urbanization can result in a sudden rise in poverty. Impoverished individuals moving from rural

areas to the city may experience homelessness, hunger and lack of health care. An increase in violent

crimes, such as robbery, slayings or domestic abuse, may result from these conditions or lack of a

familial support system.

Loss of woodlands and the natural hazards cause by it. As woodland areas must be cleared to make

room for urban populations. New buildings and paved roadways replace the forest. The result is a lossof habitat areas for woodland creatures, such as deer, bears, wolves and birds. Humans may have

negative run-ins with hungry wildlife that lead to injury. In addition, 40 percent of rainfall is evaporated

from forest treetops. When a forest is cleared, nearly all rainfall falls to the ground and cannot be

absorbed. Where the ground is covered with pavement, areas with high levels of rainfall can be prone

to flooding. Drinking water may also be prone to contamination due to rainwater runoff.

Urbanization can lead to a shift in gender roles, with female-led households. The ramifications may be

many if women heads-of-households face discrimination and lack of access to jobs, financial credit,

healthcare and education. Children may suffer in a single parent home where the parent cannot find

work because of her gender.

Not all consequences are negative, as earlier urbanization (in 18th century) led to the industrial

revolution, which gave birth to industrial societies, which with the cycle, lead to the introduction of

information era, which resulted in contemporary society. And it has lead to a massive leap towards

mass communications, introduction of modern technology, the idea of computers, and modern

sciences. All of these ignitions have made the world a global village, and has brought its residents to a

common connecting platform through web-networks.

Now as we have in detailed covered the specifics, and introduction of urbanization, plus its

causes and its effects, ergo we will be taking urbanization & industrialization from

sociological perspective, onwards.

The Industrialization

The Industrialization has born primarily from the Urbanization (and on the contrary,

Urbanization is also caused by industrialization, so methodically, both of these phenomena

are connected and are dependent on each other) which took place in Great Britain in the

17thand early 18thcentury, and it has infused with urbanization from then on and has

impacted the sociological structures of society and families in the contemporary era. But

it understand it more crystally, lets just over-look some of the definitions of

Industrialization, again gathered from different sources.

The process in which a society or country (or world) transforms itself from a primarily agricultural

society into one based on the manufacturing of goods and services. Individual manual labor is

often replaced by mechanized mass production and craftsmen are replaced by assembly lines.

Characteristics of industrialization include the use of technological innovation to solve problems

as opposed to superstition or dependency upon conditions outside human control such as the

weather, as well as more efficient division of labor and economic growth.


7/12

Industrialization is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from

anagrarian society into anindustrial one. It is a part of a widermodernization process,

wheresocial change andeconomic development are closely related

withtechnologicalinnovation,particularly with the development of large-scaleenergy and

metallurgy production. It is the extensive organization of aneconomy for the purpose

ofmanufacturing.Industrialization also introduces a form ofphilosophical change where people

obtain a different attitude towards their perception ofnature,and asociological process of

ubiquitous rationalization.

Effects Of Industrialization

Some key inventions took place such as the cotton gin and railroad made goods

cheaper and in larger quantities than ever before, also the economic policies of

liberalism and mercantilism, which fueled markets. Imperialism also allowed cheap

resources and new markets.

New factories were set-up. And this gave rise to a new labor system. This new labor

system led to shift work. Early workers came from rural areas so employers had to

create a system of work discipline.

Another astronomical invention by this industrial revolution was the introduction of

railway. Which change the means of travel, and introduced transport means which were

never imagined before.

It led to less expensive transportation, which meant larger markets, more sales, more

factories, and more machinery.

The Industrial Revolution led to industrial capitalism, an economic system based on

industrial production

A mass change in the structures of family, old family structures were either dumped or

mutated into new family types.

Industrialization has brought up the Automation, which has several impacts. Such as;

It speeds up the developmental processes of the society.

It increases production.

Brings further technological changes like information technology.

Extreme industrialization

Replacement of human labor with machines.

Increase in profit margins

Distance reduction through technological advancements in the field of communication network.

Makes life dependent on latest gizmos and equipments.

The Impacts & Effects Of Urbanization & Industrialization On Family

And first of all, we will be recognizing the impacts of urbanization and there effects, on

the most important social institution of family. Which as follows below;

The first and main impact is a change of family structure from extended family to nuclear family.

With the industrialization, the extended kinship network is not good for the changeable jobs of

the labour. Therefore, as indicated by Parsons, isolated nuclear family has come into existence.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_society


8/12

The family has lost its functions, which are replaced by society, and the introduction of achieved

status which concentrates on the individual ability, has taken place and more geographic mobility

has appeared and has gradually become the mainstream.

Moreover, it is said by Willmott and Young that industrialization (which is itself caused by

urbanization) lead to a symmetrical relationship of family because of equal roles of husbands and

wives that the former control the outside while the latter control family inside. However, it is argued by Anderson that extended family is very common at early stage of

urbanization in which people come from other cities have to live with their extended members.

Rather than the claim of Parsons that urbanization gives birth to isolated nuclear family.

Rural-to-urban migration (Urbanization) led to the disintegration of the family unit andthe erosion

of kinship networks. Stripped of ties with family members and village culture and habits, rural-to-

urban migrants became uprooted upon arrival in a new city. The lack of a social network caused,

according to the adherents of the Chicago School of Sociology, all kind of social evils, including

alcoholism, extra-marital births, prostitution and crime.

Many of the founding fathers of sociology, including Emile Durkheim, Ferdinand

Tonnies, Georg Simmel and Max Weber, during the next decades stressed that because ofurbanization and industrialization, a transition from multigenerational to nuclear families

took place in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Europe, and a diametric distinction

was drawn between preindustrial rural and urban industrial societies. Preindustrial rural

societies (what Tonnies referred to as Gemeinschaft) were characterized by extended

families and close social and economic relations continued to exist among family

members throughout the individuals life course. Religion, as well as customs and habits,

regulated social life in the village, and solidarity among villagers was essential (Jackson,

1997). Urban industrial societies (what came closest to what Tonnies described as

Gesellschaft) were, by contrast, characterized by nuclear families and weakened kinship

ties, due to an increase in the physical distance among kin members, as a result of

migration, and economic needs took precedence. Cities were perceived as places wherelife was faster, more organized, more bureaucratic and where, contrary to villages,

anonymity, chaos, loneliness and confusion were prevalent. Solidarity as well as social

control were weaker in cities than in villages and the formation of social networks was

harder in the urban environment. City life was more individualistic and the construction of

a personal identity became necessary. Last, but not least, the influence of religion and

religious customs and habits declined (Liang, 2008).

After a century of theorization, most sociologists agreed that towards the middle of the twentieth

century, urbanization and industrialization had weakened family ties and had brought about a

large-scale shift from extended to nuclear families in the Western world, as the latter were better

fitted for urban life, and because many of the functions of extended families had become obsolete,as a result of ongoing economic specialization (Ruggles, 2012).

In the early 1960s some sociologists, among them Sidney Greenfield (1961) and William Goode

(1963), started to seriously call into question that the prevalence of nuclear families in the

Western world was a functional consequence of the urban-industrial revolution (Greenfield,

1961).


9/12

Ronald Fletcher states that Industrialization has made the families more child centered by

reducing the burden on them and by the provision of state benefits, the families now have more

harmony than before.

The Marxists, such as Eli Zaretsky have deduced that industrialization has turned families into

unit of consumption, where now the family acts to be productive and beneficial to the economy.

But the Marxists have also cited that, the societies which come into existence afterindustrialization are leading to more inequality between social classes, as rich are becoming

richer and poor are becoming poorer. The same concept of Karl Marx, where he distinguished

between bourgeoisie and proletariat.

Feminists see industrialization as a great evil, as they argue that industrialization is one of the

cause to give birth to patriarchal societies, where men has all power over women, who

continually face discrimination, both in the society and at home.

New right see industrialization as a phenomenon which allowed the nuclear family to come

forward, the only family structure which is productive to society and which keeps the society in

function, as believed by the new right sociologists. Although they do mention that some

consequences of industrialization has lead to greater negativities in the society, as the provision ofhealth care, which gives birth to lone parent families (cause of many social problems), and non-

working population, which undermines the productivity and growth of society.

From a functionalist point of view, sociologists believed that urbanization, migration and

nuclearization went hand in hand, as nuclear families were more geographically mobile than more

complex family types. At the same time, scholars of the Chicago School of Sociology believed

that the adaptation process of rural-to-urban migrants was highly problematic, and that migrants

ended up on the edge of urban society, because they lacked a social network.

The Theory Of Modernization

Modernization theoryis a theory used to explain the process of modernization within societies.Modernization refers to a model of a progressive transition from a "pre-modern" or "traditional"to

a "modern"society.The theory looks at the internal factors of a country while assuming that, with

assistance, "traditional" countries can be brought to development in the same manner more

developed countries have. Modernization theory attempts to identify the social variables that

contribute tosocial progress and development of societies, and seeks to explain the process

ofsocial evolution.Modernization theory is subject to criticism originating among socialist and

free-market ideologies,world-systems theorists,globalization theorists anddependency theorists

among others. Modernization theory not only stresses the process of change, but also the

responses to that change. It also looks at internal dynamics while referring to social and cultural

structures and the adaptation of new technologies.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_progresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-systems_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-systems_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_progresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_society


10/12

Urbanization & Industrialization In Pictures

The concept of inequality in the society, the difference between Bourgeoisie and Proletariat based on the Karl Marx Theory

(Marxism Theory)

Child labor in the early period of Industrialization


11/12

Examples of machines at work, made possible by industrialization


12/12

Old scenes of industrialization and urbanization

Urbanization, & modernization, in early industrial Era

Documents

Urbanization & Industrialization