UrbanisationUrbanisation

• URBANISATIONURBANISATION

• The increasing proportion of people The increasing proportion of people living in towns and citiesliving in towns and cities

• A history of urbanisation• 5000 BC: The first documented cities are thought to have been in Mesopotamia and Egypt.• 753 BC: Rome thought to be the most important city for more than 500 years. It is believed at one

stage that it reached 1 million, although it varied significantly throughout the period.• 16TH C: Population reliant of subsistence agriculture in rural areas. Towns and cities provided

markets for trade and some small scale industries.• 18THC: 3% of world population inhabit urban areas.• 19th C: Mechanisation of agriculture led to large scale rural-urban migration in Britain, followed by

Europe and then North America. England’s urban population rises from 17%-72% within 100 years.• 19th C: Industrial revolution leads to boom in commerce, industry and trade in industrial cities in

Britain e.g. Manchester. Expansion of world trade through improved transport.• 20th C: 15% of world population live in cities.• 1950: New York becomes the world’s first mega city.• 1950: Urbanisation begins to spread to the developing world.• 1950: Transport improvements lead to urban sprawl in MEDCs. The wealthy move to the suburbs

leading to a trend of suburbanisation.• 1970s: Trend of counter-urbanisation in MEDCs due to cities becoming increasingly unpleasant

places to live. This was also enabled by changes in work e.g. decentralisation and improvements to infrastructure.

• 1980s: Re-urbanisation in MEDCs as a result of urban regeneration and gentrification.• 2007: 50% of world population live in cities.• 2013: 85% of Europeans inhabit cities. 25 megacities globally – 20 of which are in LICs/MICS. I

billion people inhabit urban shanty towns. Largest mega city Tokyo – 35 million.• 2050: The number of people living in cities will rise to 75%. The new urban boom is being led by

the mega cities. There will be at least 10 cities in Asia with over 20 million people, including Dhaka, Shanghai and Mumbai.

A cycle of urbanisation:

Rural-urban

migration Suburbanisa

tion

Counter-urbanisation

Re-urbanisation

• Why have these people moved to the city?Why have these people moved to the city?

• The population of the world is increasing.The population of the world is increasing.

• More and more of the people of the world are More and more of the people of the world are living in cities.living in cities.

Objective 1: what are the main reasons for urban growth in

LICS?

•What are the reasons for this growth in LICS?

World Urbanisation – the causes• Some of the population growth in cities is from

natural increase (more births than deaths to people already living in cities).

• The greatest cause of urban growth is MIGRATION – from RURAL areas to URBAN areas = rural urban migration

PUSH-PULL MODEL

• People move because they think life will be better in Urban areas. There will be factors which PUSH them from where they live now (RURAL ORIGIN), and PULL them to a new place (URBAN DESTINATION)

The push from the countryside:

•Lack of jobs other than poorly paid farm work

•Lack of services such as doctors

•Lack of opportunity for life to be better for your children

The pull of the cities:

•Chances of regular paid work

•Chances of better health services and schools.

•Chances of a more interesting life

•Better prospects for children to survive and thrive

•Desperation to avoid starvation in the rural areas.

What’s driving Contemporary Urbanisation - the Rural PUSH or Urban PULL?Push: Rural Population Pressure

Push: Low Agricultural production/income

Push: Health & Education Issues

Push: Natural disasters (floods, drought)

Push: Rural unrest/safety concerns/other…

Pull: Employment Prospects

Pull: Meeting Social Needs – education / health

Pull: Quality of housing and social amenities

Pull: Security / being with relatives

Pull: Other reasons…

• Urbanisation is most rapid in cities in Urbanisation is most rapid in cities in LEDCs.LEDCs.

• Cities like Dhaka in Bangladesh, Delhi, Cities like Dhaka in Bangladesh, Delhi, Bangalore and Mumbai in India and Lagos Bangalore and Mumbai in India and Lagos in Nigeria are getting bigger with rapidly in Nigeria are getting bigger with rapidly growing populations.growing populations.

• The number of MEGA CITIES (population The number of MEGA CITIES (population over 10 million) is increasing.over 10 million) is increasing.

The rapid growth of urban areas in LEDCs•December 15th 2006 – from this date more people on earth live in CITIES than in RURAL areas. The first time this has happened in human history. A new milestone for humanity.

•The cities which are growing fastest are in LEDCs

•Rapid RURAL-URBAN migration is one of the main causes of rapid city growth in LEDCs

•Cities in S. America have passed their fastest growth rate.

•Cities in Asia are growing at their fastest at the moment

•Cities in Africa have yet to grow at the maximum rate

•Cities in N. America and Europe are DECLINING as people choose to leave them.

Key World Cities Terms

Megacities : cities with over 10 m inhabitants (20 in 2009, 15 are in LEDCs)

Millionaire Cities : cities with over 1m inhabitants

Tokyo – A Massive Urban Area

What are the Needs of so many people What are the Needs of so many people living in urban concentrations?living in urban concentrations?

What are the Impacts of the rapid What are the Impacts of the rapid growth of cities ?growth of cities ?

BBC link

1. Using the blank world map, mark on and name the (5) million cities in 1955, and then – using a new colour for each decade – mark on and name each new city as it appears on the map. What do you notice about :

a) the overall location pattern of all the major cities in the world

b) The changing distribution pattern of the major cities 1955-2015

2. What was the world’s Rural/urban balance in 1955.

What will it be by 2015.

In which year does it pass the 50:50 value to favour urban dwellers

How do you account for this change?

3. Use the scroll time-line on the population change in the continents. Which 2 continents show the most dramatic growth in total population?

What do you notice about Europe’s population compared to the others?

Looking at the proportion of rural/urban dwellers, what’s the evidence that S. America has seen its fastest urban growth already?

Which continent’s cities are growing most rapidly now?

What is the prospect for Africa’s cities in the future – and how can you tell?

The global pattern of urbanisation

• In 1955 most cities with more than 5M people were in the northern hemisphere and the majority were in developed countries e.g. in the regions of north America and Europe.

• By 2015 Asia is the region with the most cities exceeding 5M people. There are many more countries in the southern hemisphere that have these large cities and the highest concentration of large cities is now in the developing world.

Case Study: Rural-urban migration Bangalore India

I can explain the Reasons for the rapid growth of urban areas in LICs.I can relate this rapid growth to a case study.I understand the effects of rapid growth in LICS.I can relate the effects of rapid growth to a case study.

Case study: Rapid growth in Bangalore

Case study information: notes from DVD

Remember to use specific place names/ figures etc…

1.Why are India’s cities growing (specifically Bangalore)?

2.What are the problems with access to housing?

3.What are problems with access to employment?

4.What is being done about it- water and sanitation and self help schemes

Bangalore Information:

•Population =

•6 million

•5th largest city

• in India•Bangalor

e

•Contrasts in development

•Bangalore Palace

Questions from the June 2011 paper!

Suggest reasons for rapid growth in urban areas in LICS (3)

Explain the effects of rapid urban growth. Chosen LIC area (6)

Mark scheme

Peer assessment…