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Urban e-Bus Systems Deployment
Plan and Recommendations
UITP
D53.8
Bus transition to clean
propulsion
Chapter 1
~ 450 Billion of bus journeys per
year worldwide
3
Buses account for
approximately 83%
of the total PT
journeys worldwide
Buses are the backbone
of any public transport
system and are the only
PT mode in many cities
In Europe, 45% -
Euro III or older
Fleet Renewal is a priority
Estimated emissions reduction by renewing
the fleet
50,3%
34,2%
24,6%24,5%
11,6% 13,2%
NMHC NOx PM
Today Only>Euro III Only Euro VI
Source:www.3ibs.eu
50,3%
34,2%
24,6%24,5%
11,6% 13,2%
NMHC NOx PM
Today Only>Euro III Only Euro VI
THE BUS IS CLEAN !
In Europe Urban Bus
contribution to city
transport pollution
(25%) is 8% calculated
per passenger per km
Renewal of old-bus
fleets towards cleaner
technologies is a
priority for European
Bus Stakeholders
TRANSITION TO CLEAN BUS FLEETS
The changes leading to the transition to clean bus fleets shall
improve and never put at risk the basic service of a bus:
Service excellenceBringing passengers efficiently and comfortably
from A to B
6
Bus fleet breakdown per
fuel or energy used
Respondents distribution according to
future plans to change propulsion system ratio
eBuses
> 41,5%
European Current fleet composition
Clean Buses?Great Interest from Urban Mobility Actors
Energy Transition Operators & Authorities
Challenges to the deployment
of electric bus fleets
Chapter 2
5 challenges to address for eBus
deployment in Europe
8
High up-front costs More challenging
operation
Standardisation / InteroperabilityReinforcing cooperation
energy/bus
New ways to procure:
• Vehicles & Equipments
• Operation services
High up-front cost
9
E-bus = 2 x the price of a conventional bus
• Battery=45% cost
• Lifetime is a key (battery, body)
• Disposal of batteries
Charging infrastructure cost and deployment
• Fast charging infrastructure
• Or…more buses (spare)
Local Depreciation rules
Very local TCO models
• Different maintenance cost
Challenging operation
UITP10
Service Design according to today’s reliability of the technology
• Trade-off = flexibility vs autonomy
E-bus performance = conventional bus performance?
• A good analysis of the operational needs is key
• Define the right type of eBus solution for the operational needs
• Influence of driving style
• Influence of on-board auxiliaries
Source: EBSF Project (DG-R&I)
Study by VDV and Prof. Dr. Ralph Pütz (Landshut University)
A chosen technology performs well if put in its
“best operational conditions”
Procurement & Contracts
11
New technology risk: prevention and management
Functions sharing between stakeholders • Project governance including ALL actors
• PTA, PTO, Industry, Grid Owner, Electricity Supplier, etc. • clear definition of roles & responsibilities:
• Who pays? Who owns rolling stock/infra?
Tender of a system (not only a vehicle)• Modelling the tender evaluation criteria
• UITP Tender Structure document can be a basis
Service/operation provider contract length & extensions• Equipment ownership: what happens at the end of a contract?
• Think about decommissioning of harmful components
Positive externalities• Emissions linked to air quality
• Noise
Interoperability
12
Standardisation of charging infrastructure is key• Different implementations of the
same charging philosophy
Slow charging / overnight • CCS easy to be adopted
• Plug or same than opportunity
Fast charging / opportunity• Many charging solutions
• Industry joint effort & interoperability agreements
Use Cases for standardisation –
www.zeeus.eu
Effect of effort towards interoperability
13
97
33 39
163144
178
277
544
859
4329 19
4270 65
170
243
298
233
1945 56
89 88
224
490
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
before 2010 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Jan-Sep
Sum of Number of vehicles depot only opportunity
Energy sector: building trust &
cooperation
14
Different market / service models in cities
Joint collaboration x optimal location of charging points • Reduction of cabling
• Quality of the electricity distribution network
Electricity cost• Urban vs industrial areas
Exploring opportunities• Smart charging
• Use of PT power network (trams, metro)
e-Bus Deployment Plan: Steps
1 or 2 buses / pilots
Small lines / simple operations
More lines / large service
2013 2018
UITP
LONDON
3 Plug-in hybrid
(Induction)
Alexander Dennis
CAGLIARI
12m Battery-Trolley
4 Voosloh/VanHool
2 Solaris
PILSEN
2 full electric
12m Skoda
MUNSTER
5 full electric
12m VDL
WARSAW
10 full electric
12m Solaris
STOCKHOLM
8 Plug-in hybrid
12m Volvo
PARIS
23 full electric
12m Bolloré
BONN
6 full electric
12m Bozankaya
EINDHOVEN
43 full electric
(Opportunity)
18m VDL
BARCELONA
2 full electric
12m Irizar
2 full electric
18m Solaris
High capacity
buses
12 meters,
articulated,
double-deckers
Different e-type
Plug-in Hybrid,
Full-electric,
Battery Trolleys
Energy supply
Plug-in,
Inductive
Conductive
(pantograph)
Overhead (trolley)
Fast and slow
charging strategies
Overnight (depot)
Opportunity
(terminals)
On-route (trolley)
Growing Performances
E-Bus Deployment Plan
Step 1: The “first steps”
Pilots: Basic Operations• Short route: daily mileage load not too high.
• Demands on passenger’s capacity low.
• Energy consumption not too high (no steep climbs, av.
speed not too low).
• Enough time to charge the batteries in depot or at the
terminal.
• There is the back up of conventional buses.
Not always necessary a system appoach, BUT more a
vehicle replacement philosophy
1 or 2 buses / pilots
Small lines / simple operations
More lines / large service
2013 2018
E-Bus systems operating in Europe
PHEV12%
BEV67%
Battery-trolley19%
Supercaps2%
ZeEUS Report Number of e-bus
Articulated Arm
Induction, 5%
Panto22%
Plug, 15%
0,2%
Opportunity
Charging
42%
Overnight
Only
58%
Charging Strategy
2%
23%
75%
Over 300Km/day
Between 200 and 300km/day
Less than 200km/day
Daily Km of Operation
Type of Bus
ZeEUS Follow-up: pilotsBonn
• ZeEUS has provided valuable experience for shaping future approach.
• Persist in finding the optimum technical solution for balancing economic efficiency with environmental sustainability
Cagliari• Results and lessons learnt will be used to improve several
activities (vehicles’ procurement, maintenance, etc.) and to design extensions of the trolleybus network in areas where the catenary is not available.
• In the following years (2018-2020), CTM will buy 10 full-electric buses.
Stockholm• Focus on electrification in next inner city contract beginning 2022
or 2026
• Next step: study operational electrified solutions for suburban buses designed for highways.
E-Bus Deployment Plan
Step 2: Growing “line by line”
Line(s): Simple operational conditions
• Selection of more suitable line(s) according to technical
capabilities and operation requirements
• Early stage of new urban strategy for mobility and
decarbonisation
• Early involvement of stakeholders from early planning stage:
joint feasibility studies
• IT supporting fleet monitoring to optimise operation.
Paradigm shift: from vehicle procurement to system
procurement
1 or 2 buses / pilots
Small lines / simple operations
More lines / large service
2013 2018
ZeEUS Follow-up: LinesBarcelona
• Electrify new lines with opportunity charging: “wait & see” overnight charging.
• In July 2018, TMB received 7 Irizar and Solaris 18m articulated e-buses with opportunity charging.
• In 2019, line H16 will be fully electric (with 22 buses) and TMB will begin electrifying another line.
Plzeň• The strategy of public transport operator & authority in Pilsen
is increasing the share of electric modes from 64% up to 85% till 2030, it means converting 3.2 mil. km annually from diesel to electric mode
• The clean transformation is based on using modern battery-hybrid trolleybus technology.
• The first stage is to purchase 33 standard and 14 articulated battery-hybrid trolleybuses
E-Bus Deployment Plan
Step 3: “BIG and Different”
Large scale operation
• Replace a fleet of conventional buses (no back up)
• Cover a higher mileage load on a daily basis
• The operation time is 20 h/day or more (>300km)
• Need to transport a high capacity of passengers
• The time available for charging is limited.
• Interoperability is a must.
A new transport system to be deployed.
1 or 2 buses / pilots
Small lines / simple operations
More lines / large service
2013 2018
Urban zero emission bus: European
City Strategies
28
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032
Exercise done in 2015 –
Revision of forecast in 2017 shows higher grow-rate
2015-2025 Strategies of zero
emission bus deployment in
European cities
• Data-set 43.000 buses
Rapid evolution in the last years
• 2014 – 2015 one / two test vehicles
• 2015 – 2016 first entirely electric bus-lines
• 2017 – subset of bus network (tens of
vehicles)
33 39
163 144178
277
544
859
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 JAN-SEP
Large capacity e-Bus orders in Europe per year:(battery, plug-in hybrids, battery trolleys)
Electric bus orders are growing fast!
Source: www.zeeus.eu - 2017
47.7%
27.2%
7.5%
11.9%
13.5%
16.5%
22.1%
32.7%
45.2%
2.1%
7.4% 12.5%
16.2% 19.2% 18.2%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2020 2025 2030
Clean Diesel Diesel-Hybrids Electric Electric (Fuel Cells) CNG/Bio-gas
Source: www.zeeus.eu and UITP VEI Committee - 2017
Industry view: market share projections
ZeEUS Follow-up: Large Fleets 1/3
31
Eindhoven• Development of phase 2: adding the next 65 e-buses during the
period 2019-2021
• Development of phase 3: adding of the next 65 e-buses during the period 2022-2024
• Upgrading the chargers and expanding charging facilities to further locations or other depots
London• Moving from demo to widescale deployment; >120 e-buses by
spring 2018, but – London’s bus fleet is circa 9,500 vehicles
• Up to 300 ZE single deck buses by 2020; procure only ZE SD buses from 2020 & only ZE DD from 2025
• TfL is looking at how to supply electricity to all 79 bus garages in London and working to estimate the associated costs
ZeEUS Follow-up: Large fleets 2/3
32
Paris: From 75 to 3,000 e-buses
ZeEUS Follow-up: Large fleets 3/3
33
Münster• Stadtwerke Münster will continue on the “zero
emissions” path started with ZeEUS.
• 2 FCBs and 5 additional VDL BEBs will operate in Münster from 2018.
• Goal: 100 electric Buses (70% of the fleet) in operation for 2030
Warsaw• In 2018 MZA will operate a total of 30 12-meter e-
buses.
• Between 2019 and 2020, MZA intends to purchase further 130 articulated 18m e-buses
• In 2020 the Warsaw fleet will include 162 eBuses(12% of the entire fleet)
Large Operation and Orders in placeRecent Operations
• Schiphol (NL) 100 BEV
• London (UK) 73 BEV
Orders 2018
• Paris (F) 80 + 250 BEV
• London (UK) 68 DD BEV
• Manchester (UK) 105 BEV
• Milan (I) 34 BEV
• Trondheim (N) 35 BEV
• Rotterdam (NL) 55 BEV
• Messina (I) 13 BEV
• Umeå (S) 25 BEV
• Goteborg (S) 30 BEV
• Leiden (NL) 23 BEV
• Oslo (N) 57 BEV
• Berlin (D) 30 BEV
More and more cities in Europe are placing
orders for Electric Buses
• Driven by National or Local Policies
• European legislative framework in definition
for Infrastructure and Procurement
(numbers)
• Financial support by Europe only for large
projects
• Most of financement comes from local
Governments
Support to e-Bus Deployment
35
European Standards for harging
DCBAAutomated connectionManual
connection
Guidelines for Tenders, E-SORT,
Design
Recommendations for e-bus
deployment
A phased approach
4 Phases
39
IF
Know Decide
WHEN
Plan Regulate Finance
WHAT
Specify Procure Deploy
HOW
Operate Maintain
40
• Define a global & integrated mobility vision• SUMP
• UITP AP «Connection people and places, Integrated Mobility Plans for Sustainable Cities » - April 2014
• Exchanges experiences and knowledge
• ZeEUS report, site visits…
• Feasibility study with all stakeholders• Wide scope: risk, cost analyses…
• Define own operational needs from Clean Buses • assess IF eBuses are the right Clean Bus solution for the
identified needs and decide
• Solve trade offs in own scenario• Passenger capacity vs. Battery weight
• Driver/bus utilization vs. Charging time
• Fast charging stations costs vs. Battery/spare bus cost
IF: Know & Decide
Start from the needs, not the solution
Policies and strategies promoting Modal Shift
Strategy for Decarbonisation
41
• Global & integrated mobility vision
• Better Quality of Life through high Quality of
Service:•Cleaner Vehicles
•Accessibility for all
•High commercial speed
•PT Dedicated Infrastructure
• Traffic & operations
management
•Efficient combined & shared mobility
• Smart energy use in the PT System
The Bonn vision to 2030: the complete
conversion from diesel to e-buses
42
• Market exploration
• Feasibility study
• Fields tests
• Technical specifications
• Charging concept
• Operational concept
Complete conversion of all conventional diesel buses to full electric propulsion until 2030 by decision of the Executive Board
43
• Ensuring support from competent Authorities• Ask for Urban policies to get maximum advantage by using
Clean (electric) Buses in the city
• Possible use of PT power network for charging eBuses
• Analyse the different legislation impacting eBuses• Ex. emissions regulations, emission zones…
• Most suitable funding & financing schemes• European or national level
• Ex. EIB, Structural funds, German funding programme, Green Funds scheme
• Set up project governance• Optimise the relation between PT, Energy and ITS in cities,
with mutual convenience
• Possible contribution of eBuses to smart-grid
• Define best contractual conditions for energy provision
• Embrace system approach
WHEN: Plan, Regulate, Finance
Don’t rush, it is all about planning