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2012 Annual Report
SEPTEMBER 2013
Urban Basic Services Portfolio
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4 2012 ANNUAL REPORT | URBAN BASIC SERVICES PORTFOLIO
New blue Citi Bikes linedup at the Greenwich Village
station at 6th Avenue in
Manhattan on May 25, 2013.
The Bike-Share program
begins on Memorial Day
shutterstock
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Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
1. Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.1 Purpose and approach .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.2 Key findings ......................................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.3 Lessons learned.................................................................................................................................................................... 12
1.4 Conclusions and suggestions ............................................................................................................................. 132. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................. 15
2.1 UN-Habitat and Urban Basic Services ...............................................................................................................152.1.1 Rio+20: Relevant Outcomes .................................................................................................................................... 16
2.1.2 The Urban Basic Services Branch .............................................................................................................................. 17
2.1.3 Annual Report for UN-Habitats Urban Basic Services portfolio ................................................................................. 17
2.2 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................................................... 18
2.2.1 Data Sources ........................................................................................................................................................... 19
2.2.2 Overview of the Portfolio ........................................................................................................................................ 19
2.2.3 Template for the Annual Report .............................................................................................................................. 202.2.4 Interviews with Senior Management ....................................................................................................................... 21
2.3 Structureof the Report ..................................................................................................................................... 213. Focus on Urban Basic Services ........................................................................................................................................................ 23
3.1 Water and Sanitation ........................................................................................................................................................... 25
3.1.1 Water for Cities Programme .................................................................................................................................... 26
3.1.2 Regional Model-Setting Initiatives ............................................................................................................................ 31
3.1.3 Global Water Operators Partnership Alliance - GWOPA............................................................................................ 38
3.1.4 Asia-Pacific Region, Bangladesh .............................................................................................................................. 41
3.1.5 Africa Region, Malawi ............................................................................................................................................. 43
3.1.6 Arab States, Iraq ..................................................................................................................................................... 453.2 Urban Energy ....................................................................................................................................................................... 47
3.3 Urban Mobility ..................................................................................................................................................................... 51
3.3.1 Promoting Sustainable Transport Solutions for East African Cities ............................................................................ 51
3.3.2 Sustainable Urban Mobility in UN-Habitat partner countries and cities ..................................................................... 54
3.3.3 GENUS: Pro-poor Mobility Component .................................................................................................................... 57
3.4 Urban Waste Management .................................................................................................................................................. 58
3.5 Summary of financial implementation in 2012 ..................................................................................................................... 62
4. Main challenges and necessary actions .......................................................................................................................................... 65
4.1 Urban Basic Services portfolio/Thematic Level ....................................................................................................................... 654.1.1 Raise profile of urban basic services initiatives .......................................................................................................... 66
4.1.2 Up scaling successful approaches ............................................................................................................................ 66
Table of Contents
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4.1.3 Adoption of alternative/innovative technologies ...................................................................................................... 67
4.1.4 Strategic actions before project exits to achieve greater impact and visibility ............................................................ 67
4.1.5 Prioritise future actions in locations where the need is most acute ........................................................................... 67
4.1.6 Strengthen partnerships through coordination and consensus building .................................................................... 68
4.1.7 Incorporate risks arising due to unexpected events/ Climate Change ....................................................................... 68
4.1.8 Participation in decision making ............................................................................................................................. 684.2 Sub-Thematic Level .............................................................................................................................................................. 69
4.2.1 Water and Sanitation .............................................................................................................................................. 69
4.2.2 Energy .................................................................................................................................................................... 69
4.2.3 Transportation and Mobility ..................................................................................................................................... 70
4.2.4 Waste Management ................................................................................................................................................ 70
4.3 Project Levels ....................................................................................................................................................................... 70
4.3.1 Cross-cutting issues ................................................................................................................................................. 70
4.3.2 Project management ............................................................................................................................................... 71
4.3.3 Project Designs ........................................................................................................................................................ 714.3.4 Project roll-out period and duration ......................................................................................................................... 72
4.3.5 Project implementation and sustainability ................................................................................................................ 72
4.3.6 Building Capacities .................................................................................................................................................. 72
4.3.7 Mobilising community contributions/Micro-finance/Revolving funds ........................................................................ 73
4.4 Looking forward to 2013/ Next steps ................................................................................................................................... 73
References ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 77
Table of Contents
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Passengers wait on a platform as a BTS
Skytrain approaches a station in the
city centre on Apr 5, 2013 in Bangkok,
Thailand. Founded in 1999, the BTS hasa daily ridership of 600,000
shutterstock
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With poverty eradication, environmental sustainability, and
sustainable consumption and production as the over-arching
development goals, UN-Habitat - the United Nations Human
Settlements agency - believes that urban areas are an asset and
a solution, and that the urbanization process can be steered and
shaped. UN-Habitat is committed to working towards promotingan urban paradigm shift for creating cities where economies
of agglomeration and scale are maximized, collective interest
prevails, transport and service delivery costs are minimized, use
of land is optimized and open spaces are protected and better
organized. To address development challenges in urban areas
effectively, several changes have been initiated within UN-
Habitat. This includes the changing of the Water, Sanitation and
Infrastructure Branch into an Urban Basic Services Branch and the
expansion of the Water and Sanitation Trust Fund (WSTF) into an
Urban Basic Services Trust Fund.
UN-Habitats Urban Basic Services portfolio covers four
programmatic clusters/sub-themes: Water and Sanitation;
Urban Mobility; Urban Energy and Urban Waste Management.
Its activities include demonstration projects; regional replicable
model-setting initiatives; pro-poor and gender-sensitive
governance frameworks, research and capacity building initiatives,
and partnerships with water operators. The initiatives are
implemented by the Branch and UN-Habitat Regional Offices incollaboration with other UN-Habitat branches and partners.
1.1 PURPOSE AND APPROACH
The Annual Report for 2012 lists the initiatives undertaken,
outputs, lessons learned, best practices introduced as well as
the challenges in the coming period. The 2012 Annual Report is
divided in two parts.
1. Executive Summary
A Part Aincludes a report on project/ programme activities,
outputs, lessons learned and challenges faced for enhancing
access to basic services.
B Part Bcontextualises the lessons learned and challenges for
the coming years in terms of the Millennium DevelopmentGoals targets, the outcome of Rio+20, the sustainable
development goals, the Secretary-Generals Five Year Action
Agenda and so on. It highlights the key lessons that have
been learnt and the likely challenges in terms of all resources
(financial, human, etc.), and other arrangements for the
remaining part of project periods. It also identifies actions
required at project and Urban Basic Services Branch/regional
office levels to meet future challenges.
The approach to preparing the Annual Report comprised the
following steps:
a. Getting an overview of the context in which the Branch is
functioning, including actions taken following Rio+20
b. Compiling data on all initiatives under the Urban Basic
Services theme on a mutually agreed format
c. Brief introductory meetings with senior managementfor identifying data sources for the assignment
d. Conducting short interviews with the coordinators of
programme areas to identify what they consider to bethe key achievements, lessons learnt, challenges and soon in their focus areas
e. Finalise a template and fill in relevant project information
for each project and send to contact persons for gettingspecific project information
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1.2 KEY FINDINGS
The operational activities supported by UN-Habitat under the
water and sanitation sub-theme during 2012 include three
regional initiatives under the Water for Cities Programme (Water
for African Cities Programme, Water for Asian Cities Programme
and Water and Sanitation for Cities in the Latin American and
Caribbean Region Programme); two replicable/model-setting
initiatives (Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative and the
Mekong Water and Sanitation Initiative) and initiatives supported
by the Regional Offices. UN-Habitat also supports the Global
Water Operators Partnership Alliance (GWOPA) that facilitates
cross-regional knowledge sharing and learning among individual
utilities and networks.
The Urban Basic Services Branch participated in an interesting
initiative that during 2012 to work towards Delivering as One.
The project development phase for the Rapid Planning for dynamic
metropolises was undertaken in collaboration with the Urban
Environmental Planning Branch (UEPB), and in partnership with AT-
Verband (AT-Association) and several European organizations and
private companies, research organizations and private foundations.
Funding is provided by the German Federal Ministry of Education
and Research and this initiative will also contribute towards a better
understanding of how cross-cutting issues can be incorporated at
different stages of development initiatives.
Cross-cutting issues have since long been addressed by UN-
Habitat in terms how governance, gender mainstreaming, rights
based development and so on affect human settlements especially
the poor, women, people with disabilities, children and youth,
and how they are affected by developmental policies, services
and urbanisation processes. In the current context it is essential to
articulate and integrate climate change, technology, innovationsand the environment clearly into nationally-led processes. The
aim is to advance inclusive development, gender mainstreaming
and empowerment processes in all projects and to contribute
to reduce the effects of climate change. UN-Habitat is already
cooperating with the United Nations and other international
agencies, ministerial bodies and other partners to address impacts
of climate change.
UN-Habitats support for enabling access to energy for all
is affected because the delivery of water, sanitation, waste
management and mobility services/facilities have energy aspects
but the project-based funding is earmarked for specific activities.
Thus, programmatically, interventions for enabling access to
individual services and for introducing energy efficient systems
need to be approached holistically. This situation is further
aggravated when attempts are made to introduce alternative
technologies that are based on use of human or animal waste,
due to misperceptions amongst potential users.
UN-Habitats support for sustainable access to water and
sanitation has included interventions for rainwater harvesting
and storage and for enhancing sustainable water management
systems. It is already promoting pro-poor urban WatSan
governance, empowerment processes, inclusive planning
for effective delivery of urban basic services and supporting
incorporation of pro-poor and equity components in large projectsfunded by the Regional Development Banks. UN-Habitat provides
significant support for building capacities of water supply and
sanitation utilities, local governments, NGOs and communities to
help improve service provision for the urban poor and leverage
resources for scaling up.
Since access to sanitation remains a priority in many countries,
UN-Habitat has supported the introduction of next generation
toilets that capture and process human waste without piped
water, and sewer and electrical connections. UN-Habitat,
specifically under initiatives supported by the Urban Basic Services
Branch, has successfully promoted the reuse of treated waste
water and introduced Human Values-Based approach to Water,
Sanitation and Hygiene promotion (HVBWSHE) to generate
positive behavioural change amongst school children and local
communities. UN-Habitats collaboration with UNICEF for a
possible partnership for scaling-up of the initiative will strengthen
the United Nations efforts in the sector.
With a focus on sustainable development and climate change,
it is essential to promote sustainable modern energy services for
all. Under its sub-thematic area of Urban Energy, UN-Habitat is
already focusing on enhancing renewable energies, on promoting
energy efficiency, clean energies and low energy technologies,
and on supporting implementation of national and sub-national
strategies focusing on energy legislation, regulations and finance.
UN-Habitat is supporting initiatives to achieve considerable
avoidance of CO2emissions through improved practices and
the mainstreaming of energy efficiency measures into housing
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policies, building codes and building practices in Kenya, Uganda,
Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi. Under the Global Energy Network
for the Urban Settlements, UN-Habitat is promoting the design
and implementation of energy-access programmes and projects
globally. The initiatives include exchange and dissemination of
best practices and technologies, awareness creation, advocacy,
tools development, knowledge management and capacity-
building. Other initiatives include development of the Ibadan-
Abidjan urban energy corridor, and a Low Carbon Economy and
Sustainable Urban Development Pilot Project in the Jiangyin non-development zone.
Under the Urban Mobility sub-theme, UN-Habitat has taken a lead
in advocating increased awareness on sustainable urban mobility
approaches, policies and investments, as well as for implementing
strategies and programmes for more transport and improved
infrastructure. UN-Habitat already has the resources under the
Global Energy Network for the Urban Settlements project for
the promotion and implementation of accessible, affordable,
efficient, financially-sustainable, environmentally-friendly and
safe transport systems, and for improving access and mobility for
the poor. It has initiated the Sustainable Transport in East African
cities (Addis Ababa, Nairobi and Kampala) at a time when national
governments had recognised the need for sustainable transport
but were still in the process of identifying the most effective
solutions to meet their needs.
UN-Habitat is promoting the implementation of sustainable urban
transport solutions. The aim is to help to create the technical
and institutional basis for implementing sustainable metropolitan
transport networks and systems. The purpose is to developawareness among policy makers of sustainable mobility options in
cities and also to build the capacity of city managers and planners
to plan and implement incremental, quick-impact interventions
that can improve urban mobility. UN-Habitat is also promoting
the concept of giving the street back to citizens creating public
spaces, establishing more robust public transport systems and
promoting NMT. To address the lack of information amongst
planners and decision makers on the key mobility challenges
confronting their cities, the UN-Habitat project will develop,
field-test and disseminate a Mobility Rapid-Assessment Tool. The
Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) - the host institution for
President Uhuru Kenyatta and Dr. Joan Clos, UN-HABITAT Executive Director flag off the Bike Sharing Campaign during the opening ceremony of GC24 in Nairobi,
Kenya as part of Sustainable Transport Initiative in East African cities. UN-Habitat /Julius Mwelu
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Global Energy Network for the Urban Settlements in Asia - is to
put together about 50 case studies on projects/initiatives focusing
on pro-poor mobility in Asia, Africa and Latin America. In October
2012, 15 case studies that highlighted some interesting and
innovative solutions for improvement of informal transport modes
were published by ethe Institute.
Under the Urban Waste Management sub-theme, UN-Habitat
has been supporting the recycling and reuse of waste, including
wastewater treatment to control pollution and to increase water
quality and the use of biodegradable kitchen and garden waste
in household/institutional level biogas units to complement its
water and sanitation initiatives in informal settlements in several
countries of Africa and Asia. However, these were, by their nature,
addressed in a fragmented manner rather than as an integratedcomponent of basic services delivery. During 2012, UN-Habitat
had evaluated its Vacutug development project, under which
the Mark I and Mark II suction equipment were developed. The
evaluation of Mark II is expected to inform development of a final
version of the Vacutug, which took cognizance of factors beyond
the current applicability of the technology.
The use of the Project Approval and Accountability System shows
that currently, project details, especially descriptive details regarding
project locations, context, goal, activities and outputs are not
always available on the database. In many instances, only the
financial information reflects progress in implementation of the
initiatives. This indicates that the System has yet to become the
reference point for sharing data/ details regarding the different
initiatives supported by different UN-Habitat Branches and regional
offices. For a genuinely coordinated approach to development, it
is essential that the Project Approval and Accountability System
or any appropriate database of UN-Habitat is easier to use for
administrative, financial and project level monitoring.
1.3 LESSONS LEARNED
The water, sanitation, energy and mobility related initiatives
supported by UN-Habitat during 2012 reveal that important lessons
have been learned at the project levels as well as at the Portfolio
level. They were in strategies and approaches adopted at project
levels, implementation partners and arrangements, extent of
community involvement and the challenges in terms of financial and
human resources. The Branch recognises that other arrangements
will be required for the coming years in terms of availability of
funds, planning new projects that optimally incorporate the sub-
theme related issues, wider urban development, management and
environmental issues and what it takes to implement demonstration
and replicable initiatives so that they can be scaled-up.
At the field level, as highlighted in the Water and Sanitation Trust
Fund Impact Study, there is a need to support fewer and larger
value integrated projects rather than small-scale interventions. This
will also contribute towards easing coordination between multiple
UN Agencies, development partners and Governments, as well
as strengthening partnerships with Governments and decision-
makers. This will contribute to smooth implementation of projects
and help influence development processes, policy decisions,
programmes and budgets.
It is thus essential to grasp opportunities for synergies with other
stakeholders and interventions that can together contribute to
institutionalizing project processes and to the sustainability of
project assets. Communication, continued advocacy and organising
of consensus-building and coordination events to ensure that all
partners are regularly informed about what is going on are vital.
An important lesson is that changes in average temperatures and
longer dry seasons affect water sources and increase vulnerabilities
of people in project areas. This, and natural calamities such as
floods and droughts, and civil strife or other emergency situations,
affect direct implementation of interventions. They stretch the
staff and financial resources of implementing partners who
are required to concentrate on rehabilitation and relief efforts.
In some situations, lengthy administrative and procurement
procedures, project auditing requirements, limited capacities,
lack of effective coordination mechanisms, non-availability of
contractors, security issues, delays in decision making, extensivenegotiations with governments to secure their support or lengthy
negotiations for mobilising of communities for a bottom-up
development approach can result in delays in implementation.
Thus, project timelines not only need to build in factors that cause
delays but also to provide adequate time while optimising staff
and financial resources.
A related challenge is the depletion of water resources and its
impact on sustainability of projects, especially for areas where
water supply is dependent on underground sources and where
salinity is a major issue. Similarly, the sustainability of facilities
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and post-project operation and maintenance of assets created
under projects are a major challenge. Although community
level institutions are established in project areas, they require
handholding for leveraging support from the government for long
term sustainability.
UN-Habitat supports capacity building initiatives and exposure
visits to address gaps in capacities for strategizing, planning,
and implementing integrated as well as inclusive development
initiatives that exist at various levels. This includes gaps in
capacities among government departments, public service
providers and institutions, partner NGOs, local training institutions
and resource centres. With the emphasis on sustainable
development, environmental issues also need to be addressed
while planning and implementing urban infrastructure projects.These include aspects of energy use/access, use/conservation of
resources and local materials, minimal pollution, climate change
and hazard risk reduction.
1.4 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
UN-Habitat is already reaching out to more people by working at
regional levels and through infrastructure projects in disaster or
civil strife affected areas. The initiatives supported by UN-Habitat
focus on different levels policy, institutional and stakeholder. The
pro-poor focus of initiatives complements the governments focus
on achieving poverty reduction and the Goals targets. It also has
substantial knowledge and experience in implementing sustainable
approaches and processes at a smaller scale in different countries.
UN-Habitat is, therefore, in a position to build on the achievements
and upscale tested initiatives and viable technologies.
However, the context has changed dramatically because of theurgent need to address sustainability issues and risks related to
climate change. In terms of the types of responses and actions
that can be taken to address urban basic services issues, the
context has changed because of the global focus on poverty
reduction and the commitments for achieving the Goals targets.
In addition, advances in information technology have dramatically
impacted upon management practices, communication,
coordination and transparency. The wider changes in context
are complemented by global support for entrepreneurs and
innovations for addressing service delivery and climate change
related problems.
Thus, the key conclusions are related to how limited financial
resources are affecting UN-Habitats potential for planning and
implementing strategic initiatives, building partnerships and
optimally utilising its human resources. UN-Habitat, specifically
the Urban Basic Services Branch, needs to raise the profile of
the urban basic services portfolio by taking a lead in planning
and implementing model, sustainable, inclusive and integrated
initiatives. In order to reach urban basic services to more people,
there is potential for upscaling the successful regional model
initiatives by covering more urban and peri-urban areas.
Urban Basic Services Branch can take a lead in institutionalising
actions that contribute towards UN-Habitat functioning as one
entity. One of the options for facilitating a coordinated approach
is to make the Project Approval and Accountability System (or anappropriate database) the reference point for sharing data/details
regarding new, ongoing and completed initiatives supported by
different UN-Habitat Branches and Regional Offices. It is essential
that theSystem is easier to use for administrative, financial and
project level information and monitoring. UN-Habitat can also
enhance coordination to provide updated information in one
location by linking quarterly and annual programme level progress
reports and appropriate Mission Reports.
There should also be a focus on optimally using financial resources
through demonstration projects in a way that enables partnerships
with the Government and private sector to be strengthened for
upscaling as well as influencing policy guidelines
In ongoing projects, UN-Habitat has the option for investing in
project reviews that recommend ways of making the processes/
community structures, partnerships and assets more sustainable.
This includes actions for optimal utilisation of available human and
financial resources.
Besides the emphasis on energy and mobility related interventions,
there is need to upscale sanitation and HVWSHE related
interventions since the target is among the most lagging of the
Goals. Funding for sanitation interventions is likely to be more
easily available in response to the UN Secretary-Generals Call to
Action on Sanitation1.
1 Launched in March 2013
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Thai woman washes her child outdoors on
August 28, 2010 in Bangkok Shutterstock
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UN-Habitat believes that urban areas
are an asset and a solution, and that
the urbanization process can be steered
and shaped. It is therefore committed to
working towards promoting an urban
paradigm shift for creating cities where
economies of agglomeration and scale are
maximized, collective interest prevails and
where transport and service delivery costs
are minimized, use of land is optimized
and urban open spaces are protected and
better organized.
To achieve this, a holistic, integrated,
and citywide approach that addresses
vulnerability, poverty and inequality issues
is required. This requires positioning the
city within the regional, national andglobal development context, nurturing and
utilizing local human and other resources,
and maximizing local opportunities and
potentials.
UN-Habitat focuses on Urban Planning,
Urban Economy and Urban Legislation
as the three levers of change in urban
areas. It looks to knowledge management,
settlements financing, and strategic
partnerships at the national and local
level, while responding to current social,
economic and political changes. UN-
Habitat contributes to making model
cities, reducing vulnerability and backing
rehabilitation by supporting partner
countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America
and the Caribbean and through projects,
global policy work, and advocacy
activities. UN-Habitat also engages in
global normative and advocacy work to
disseminate good practices and inform on
policies for effective and environmentally
sound development.
The comparative advantages of UN-
Habitats contributions in urban areas are:
i. Combined normative and operationalapproach to urbanisation
ii. Recognized capacity to bring all
spheres of government and civil
society together to engage in policy
dialogue and participatory planning
and social organisation
iii. Long-standing partnership with local
authorities in promoting sustainable
urban development
iv. Technical expertise in such areas as
land and property administration;
urban environmental management;
participatory planning; bridging
relief with sustainable recovery and
reconstruction; urban safety and
security and urban governance.
2.1 UN-HABITAT ANDURBAN BASIC SERVICES
To achieve its strategic vision, besides
other focus areas, UN-Habitat is
focussing on enabling equitable access of
unserved and underserved populations
to environmentally-sound basic urban
infrastructure and services, that is,to adequate and clean water supply,
sanitation and waste management
facilities, and to sustainable energy,
mobility and communication systems. UN-
Habitat does this by providing policy and
technical assistance to partner countries
and local authorities for:
Evolving an enabling policy and
institutional framework to rehabilitate
and expand access to environmentally-
2. Introduction
UN-Habitats strategic vision is that city, regional and national authorities adopt
enabling legislation and establish systems for improved access to land, effective
decentralised governance and urban safety, which foster sustainable urban development
(Strategic Framework 2014-2019) (UN-Habitat, 2013a).
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One UN (UN-Habitat, 2011a). This includes
changing the Water, Sanitation and
Infrastructure Branch that was responsible
for water and sanitation before 2012 into
an Urban Basic Services Branch and the
expansion of the Water and Sanitation
Trust Fund into an Urban Basic Services
Trust Fund (UN-Habitat, 2013b). The
Urban Basic Services portfolio covers four
programmatic clusters/sub-themes: Water
and Sanitation; Urban Mobility; Urban
Energy and Urban Waste Management.
2.1.1 Rio+20: RelevantOutcomes
At the Rio+20 conference (20 to 22 June
2012), the participants renewed their
commitment to sustainable development
and reaffirmed their commitment to
making every effort to accelerate the
achievement of the internationally
agreed development goals, including the
Millennium Development Goals by 2015.
They also reaffirmed the need to achieve
sustainable development by promoting
sustained, inclusive and equitable
economic growth, creating greater
opportunities for all, reducing inequalities,
raising basic standards of living, fostering
equitable social development and inclusion
and promoting integrated and sustainable
management of natural resources andecosystems that supports, inter alia,
economic, social and human development
while facilitating ecosystem conservation,
regeneration and restoration and
resilience in the face of new and emerging
challenges.
The outcomes relevant to the four
programmatic clusters under the Urban
Basic Services portfolio of UN-Habitat are
given below.
Overall, Governments, private companies
and multilateral agencies committed
themselves to voluntary pledges worth
USD513 billion toward a series of
development projects aimed at reducing
fossil fuel use, improving renewable
energy sources, conserving water, and
reducing poverty (Suan Ee, 2012).
Water and SanitationThere is widespread commitment to
progressive realization of access to safe
and affordable drinking water and basic
sanitation for all, the empowerment
of women and to significantly improvethe implementation of integrated water
resource management at all levels. To
achieve these objectives, there is a need
to mobilize resources from all sources,
build institutional capacities and support
technology transfer (Goransson, 2012).
Sustainable TransportIn order to introduce sustainable public
transport systems to cut down on
congestion and emissions over the next
decade, eight international development
banks (African Development Bank, Asian
Development Bank, CAF Development
Bank of Latin America, European Bank
for Reconstruction and Development,
European Investment Bank, Inter-American
Development Bank, Islamic Development
Bank, and the World Bank) agreed toinvest USD175 billion in loans and grants
over a ten-year period (UNCSD, 2012a).
Experts also agreed that, to have a
significant global impact, Asian and Latin
American countries would have to take
the lead in shifting to sustainable public
transport systems.
Sustainable Energy for AllThe focus is on meeting the three inter-
linked objectives of the Sustainable Energy
sound urban infrastructure and services
to keep pace with growing demand,
especially for unserved and underserved
populations, and address climate change
and risk prevention, including mitigation
and adaptation
Increased institutional efficiency and
affordability in service provision to foster
cross-sectoral planning at different
levels, facilitate partnership and dialogue
among various stakeholders, different
administrative levels and partners and
through promotion of decentralized
decision-making
Enhancing consumer demand for
efficient and sustainable basic urban
infrastructure and services
To meet the various development
challenges in urban areas, UN-Habitat has
over the past few years commissioned
a peer review of the implementation of
UN-Habitats 20082013 Medium-Term
Strategic and Institutional Plan (2010); a
review of UN-Habitats Participation in the
Delivering as One initiative (2011), and
a Review of the governance structure of
the United Nations Human Settlements
Programme (2012). In addition, the first
Water and Sanitation Trust Fund Impact
Study (including a Nepal Country Impact
Study and a Gender Mainstreaming ImpactStudy) (October 2009 to January 2010);
and an external evaluation of BASF The
Chemical Company-funded initiatives in
India and Nepal were undertaken.
One of the most significant outcomes of
the first Water and Sanitation Trust Fund
Impact Study was the initiation of the
internal reorganisation within UN-Habitat
in response to the need for Delivering as
One both as one UN-Habitat as well as
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I. Brief introductory meetings with
senior management where key
documents and requirements were
identified with reference to the
assignment. The documents are listed
in Table below.
II. In addition, short interviews were
conducted in the Branch with
the coordinators of focus areas
to identify what they consider to
be the key achievements, lessons
learnt, challenges and so on in their
focus areas.
2.2.1 Data Sources
The Branch provided and/ or identified the
sources of information listed in Table 1 for
this report.
Table 1: Sources of information
Documents
Rio+20 Outcomes: Implications and Relevance for UN-Habitats Urban Basic Services portfolio, July 5-6, 2012
Strategic Plan Medium-Term Strategic and Institutional Plan (MTSIP)
Thematic Paper on Urban Basic Services
2 pagers for senior management by focus areaswater and sanitation
urban mobilityurban energy, andurban waste management
The Future we WantRio+20 draft declaration
UN-Habitats Strategic Vision/ Framework (2014-2019)
MTSIP Annual Report Guidance template
MTSIP Regional and country level reporting templates Organisational structure of UN-Habitat and initial list of projects
Project Based Management Strategy
Six-monthly Progress Report (JanuaryJune, 2012), Implementation of the Medium-term Strategic and Institutional Plan for 2008-2013 through
Work Programme 2012-2013
January December 2011: Annual Progress Report on the Implementation of the Medium-Term Strategic and Institutional Plan (MTSIP) 2008-
2013
Country activities Report 2009
External evaluation document including the 35 recommendations
Project Approval and Accountability System database for financial and project information
2.2.2 Overview of the Portfolio
The Project Approval and Accountability
System database enabled access to a
list of all projects by Branch and focus
area; errors were identified in the list
of initiatives under the Branch. As per
the first list of projects from the System
(December 2012), of the 67 projects being
implemented by the Urban Basic Services
Branch, 55 were being implemented by
the Branch, two by the Regional Office
for Africa, seven by the Regional Office
for Asia and the Pacific, one by the
Regional Office for Latin America and the
Caribbean and two by the Arab States and
Europe offices.
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Table 2:Project data on Project Approval and Accountability System (PAAS)
Worldwide Africa Arab
States
Asia-
Pacific
LAC Europe Total
Nos Value in USD
Urban Basic Services Branch 27 11 0 14 0 2 54 170,903,009Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 0 0 0 7 0 0 7 64,583,39
Regional Office for Africa 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 290,000
Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2,741,777
Regional Office for the Arab States 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 2,853,023
Total 27 13 2 22 1 2 67 241,371,205
Based on data accessed on PAAS 2 December2012
However, subsequently, cross-checks and
queries with listed project coordinators
revealed that fewerprojects were being
supported by the Branch. Table 2 gives an
overview of the projects. Of these, five are
on urban energy, four on urban mobility,
52 on water and sanitation, one on solid
waste, four on global best practices and
one is not clear.
The next step was to conduct a quick
assessment of projects by all four sub-
themes. The Database enabled access to
information on project finances, project
start and end dates, funding and partners.
A list was prepared of all initiatives listed
under the Urban Basic Services theme
(as of 2 December 2012), including the
key contacts for the different initiatives.A review of the list by the Branch
Coordinator revealed that there was lack
of clarity and information on some of the
initiatives, including whether the initiatives
actually came under the Branch or were
ongoing. Email communication with the
identified persons helped resolve the
inaccuracies identified.
Further attempts at garnering additional
information on the initiatives revealed
that, while Cooperation Agreements with
detailed objectives and planned outputs
were available for some of the initiatives,
descriptive details were not available in
some cases (especially for new initiatives at
Regional levels such as Myanmar).
2.2.3 Template for the Annual
Report
It was essential to finalise a template for
the Annual Report in consultation with
the Branch Coordinator before initiating
communication with the key contact
people. It was decided to primarily
follow the template used by UN-Habitats
Regional and Technical Cooperation
Division (RTCD) for preparing the Annual
Country Activities Report. For the
additional information required for this
Report, the sub-heads of best practices,
lessons learned and main challenges and
necessary actions required to address them
were added.
Please note that programme details
provided in the template below do not
include small scale initiatives valued at
less than USD50,000 as well as those
for which details were not available on
the Project Approval and Accountability
System.
Project Code The identified initiatives are listed in a sequence
Total Cost The total cost, expenditure to 2012 and remaining to be spentbeyond January 2013 for the initiatives are listed in the same
sequence as aboveExpenditure to 2012*
Amount remaining to be spentbeyond January 2013*
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2.2.4 Interviews with SeniorManagement
Brief interviews were held with
senior management of the different
programmatic areas with the objectivesof finalising the list of initiatives under the
sub-theme, request for the relevant/ latest
progress reports and to get their feedback
on the key issues to be addressed, namely:
Main project outputs and results
achieved
Best practices
Lessons learned
Financial issues, partnerships and so on
Main challenges and necessary actions
required to address them
2.3 STRUCTURE OF THEREPORT
The 2012 Annual Report of UN-Habitats
Urban Basic Services portfolio is in two
parts as given below.
PART A: Progress report onUN-Habitats urban basic services
projectsThis part highlights the status during2012 of UN-Habitat initiatives under the
four programmatic areas under urban
basic services. This includes the following
information for each initiative:
Main outputs and results achieved
Best practices introduced
Lessons learned
Main challenges and necessary actions
required to address them
Summary of financial implementation
in 2012
The report is based on data available in
the Project Approval and Accountability
System, and other relevant documents
and reports identified and/or provided
by the Branch and Regional Offices. This
includes progress monitoring reports
and evaluations conducted during
2012. This was supplemented through
interviews with key UN-Habitat staff atthe Headquarters during 26 November-12
December 2012. Additionally, more
detailed information was sought from
contact persons in Regional Offices and in
the field through e-mails.
PART B: Report on the state ofurban basic services in 2012In the context of the changing urban
development scenario, specifically the stateof the art in the areas of water, sanitation,
waste management, energy and mobility/
transport, this part of the Report will
focus on how UN-Habitat, specifically the
Urban Basic Services Branch and Regional
Offices, is responding to emerging issues
and trends. Specifically, it contextualises
the lessons learned and challenges for the
coming years in terms of:
Goals targets, the outcome of
Rio+20, the formulation of Strategic
Development Goals to replace the
Milliennium ones, the Secretary-
Generals Five Year Action Agenda and
so on
Key lessons learnt under the
project, including (project strategyand approach, implementation
arrangements and partners and the
extent of community involvement
For the remaining part of project
periods, what are the challenges in
terms of all resources (financial, human
and so on), and other arrangements?
What are the necessary actions required
at the project and Urban Basic Services
Branch/regional office levels to meet the
identified challenges?
Any other comments/observations that
can contribute to enhancing the role
of UN-Habitat and Urban Basic Services
Branch as the key urban settlements
agency in the coming years?
This part of the Report is based on
information provided by the Branch as
well as the ongoing global debates on thesector.
Public toilets, Nairobi, Kenya UN-Habitat
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Modern Dutch houses with
solar panels on roof Name
Allard One / Shutterstock
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3. Focus on Urban Basic Services
The initiatives under the urban basic services theme during 2012 are presented in this
Section as follows:
Programmatic Area Total
Nos Value in USD1 Water and sanitation
Water for Cities Programme, which includes Water for African Cities Programme, Water for Asian CitiesProgramme and Water and Sanitation for Cities in the Latin American and Caribbean Region Programme
18 12,812,542
Replicable Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative 4 25,578,261
Replicable Mekong Water and Sanitation Initiative 5 988,533
Regional Offices initiatives 8 66,753,824
Global Water Operators Partnerships 3 4,399,956
2 Urban Mobility 3 4,031,0173 Urban Energy 6 3,666,822
4 Urban Waste Management 1 765,457
The support provided by UN-Habitat and partners is having a catalyticeffect on national policy reforms for improved access to basic urban
services, resulting in the adoption of financing mechanisms targetingpoor households including gender mainstreaming and womenempowerment in all operational and normative activities
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UN-HABITAT FOCUS AREA 4Environmentally sound urban infrastructure and services
Provide policy and technical assistance to partner countries and local autjorities to:
An enabling policy andinstitutional framework to rehabilitate and expand access to environmentally sound urban infrastructure and services to keep pace withgrowing demand, especially for unserved and underserved populations, and address climate change and risk prevention, including mitigation and adaptation
Increased institutional effeciency and effectiveness in service provision in order to foster cross-sectoral planning at different levels, facilitatepartnership anddialogue among various stakeholders, different administrattive levels and partners , and through promotion of decentralized decision-making
Enhance consumer demand for efficient and sustainable basic urban infrastructure and services
Source: UN-Habitat, 2011b
WATER AND SANITATION
Increased institutionalcapacity for pro-poorgender-sensitive Watsaninitiatives and policies
Increased flow of
investments into the Watsansector
Improved MDG monitoringmechanisms
URBAN ENERGY
Increased access to cleanand reliable energy serviceswith a focus on energyefficiency
Energy effeciency measures
for the built environment
Demonstrate use of
renewable energytechnologies
URBAN MOBILITY
Improved mobility throughafforadable publictransport solutions andappropriate technologies
Improved infrastructure for
pedestrians and cyclists
Urban design to reduce
travel needs
URBAN WASTEMANAGEMENT
Capacity development fprsolid waste management
Community based solidwaste managementsystems
Wastewater management
Safe and clean energy
from charcoal briquettes.
UN-Habitat
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3.1 WATER ANDSANITATION
The urban basic services focus area builds
on UN-Habitats Water and Sanitation
Trust Fund (WSTF) - a consolidated fundthat provides a coordinated programmatic
approach and an opportunity to donors for
improving their aid affordability. Through
this Fund, UN-Habitat has established
strategic partnerships with multilateral
organizations and regional development
banks for capacity development and
access to investment funding. The support
provided by UN-Habitat and partners ishaving a catalytic effect on national policy
reforms for improved access to basic
urban services, resulting in the adoption
of financing mechanisms targeting
poor households including gender
mainstreaming and women empowerment
in all operational and normative activities.
The operational activities, funded throughthe trust fund, are:
i. Water for Cities Programme in
Africa, Asia and Latin America and
the Caribbean, which was initiated
in 2002 in Africa and gradually
introduced in the other regions
ii. Replicable/model-setting initiativesto address the water and sanitation
needs of poor people living in
WATER & SANITATIONIncreased institutional capacity for pro-poor Watsan initiatives, policies and governance frameworks
Increased flow of investments into Watsan sector
Improved MDG monitoring mechanisms
Institutionalization of participatory, transparent, and accountable water governance to benefit the poor
and marginalized
Mainstreaming adaptation to climate change
Promote a human value-based approach to water, sanitation and hygiene education
Promote community based water and sanitation projects in Africa, Asia and Latin America and theCarribean
Address regional water chllenges and protect their fresh-water resources through regional model-setting initiatives in the Lake Victoria znd mekong regions
Water education, with emphasis on public health, hygiene and water resource conservation
Strengthen capacities of water and sanitation providers
secondary urban centres in the Lake
Victoria and Mekong regions
iii. The Global Water Operators
Partnership Alliance (GWOPA) that
complements the normative andoperational activities of the Water
and Sanitation Trust Fund, and which
aims to improve the knowledge base
of water utilities through a number
of capacity-building initiatives, and by
facilitating cross-regional knowledge
sharing and learning among individual
utilities and networks
Each of these is described in detail in the
following sections.
Promote a human value-based approach to water,
sanitation and hygiene education UN-Habitat
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3.1.1 Water for Cities Programme
Project Title Water for Cities Programme
Project Location(s) Africa: Nigeria, Mozambique, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Mali, Rwanda, Sudan, Senegal, Tanzania and UgandaAsia: India (Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur and Gwalior Narsullahganj in Madhya Pradesh, Madhepura in Bihar, Cuddalore in
Tamil Nadu, Mangalore in Karnataka, and Support My School Campaign in Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, HimachalPradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal); Nepal {15 small towns,35 municipalities and 9 peri-urban towns (WAC); 6 districts, 7 municipalities (GSF)}, and Lao PDR (MDG Goal WASH and
partnership with Department of Statistics on Urban Inequities Survey in 17 towns)Latin America and the Caribbean: Mexico (Municipality of Alpuyeca); Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz, Patacamaya, Sacaba, SanIgnacio de Velasco, Santa Cruz, Tiquipaya); Cuba and Ecuador
Project Code W054, W063, W062, W052W017, W012, W065, W040, W032, W044, W037, T050, W015, W023
W049, F074; F080
Total Cost USD815,868 + 500,000 + 369,518 + 74,347USD145,000 + 301,000 + 750,000 + 195,659 + 100,000 + 299,895 + 130,000USD274,843 + 757,281 + 2,741,777USD5 million (WAC) + USD5 million (GSF)
Part of activities under an Agreement of Cooperation USD130,000
Development partners Governments of Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Kazakhstan, Lao PDR, Nepal, the Netherlands, Norway, the Philippines,Thailand and Viet Nam. International Organizations:Mexican Institute of Water Technologies (IMTA)
Funding partners Global Environment & Technology Foundation Contribution-GETF
WSTF and Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC)/ GSFAsian Development BankAfrican Development BankMexican Institute of Water Technologies, Ministry of Social Development (SEDESOL)
Coca-Cola, BASF Social Foundation
Partners Government entities, I/NGOs, water and sanitation users committeesMexican Institute of Water Technologies, Ministry of Social Development (SEDESOL)Municipality of Alpuyeca; Municipality of Tiquipaya;
Starting Date 2005 (WAC) 2010 (GSF)
Completion Date 31-Dec-2013 (WAC) 2015 (GSF)
Expenditure to 2012* USD372,953 + 70,905 + 329,238 + 62,505USD121,132 + 289,508 + 23,100 + 159,406 + 76,840 + 296,037
USD4,500,000 (WAC) + 900,000 (GSF)
Amount remaining to bespent beyond January 2013*
USD442,915 + 429,095 + 40,280 + 11,842 + 140,641USD23,868 + 11,492 + 726,900 + 36,253 + 23,160 + 3,858USD300,000 (WAC) + 4,600,000 (GSF)
* Expenditure to 10 December 2012 with PSC on PAAS.
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Background and objectivesUnder the Water for Cities Programme,
UN-Habitat has implemented pro-poor
initiatives in Africa, Asia and Latin America
and the Caribbean. The regionally-
focussed programme supports partnercountries to improve management
of urban water supply and sanitation
through a combination of policy dialogue,
normative work and on-the-ground
demonstration projects. The initiatives are
undertaken in partnership with regional
development Banks, other development
agencies and the private sector.
In Africa, where the first phase
interventions were started in 1999, the
programme was undertaken in Abidjan
(Cte dIvoire), Accra (Ghana), Addis
Ababa (Ethiopia), Dakar (Senegal),
Johannesburg (South Africa), Lusaka
(Zambia) and Nairobi (Kenya). The second
phase of the programme, which covers
Nigeria, Mozambique, Burkina Faso,
Cameroon, Mali, Rwanda and Uganda,has a multi-faceted strategy to programme
formulation and implementation. It uses
a top-down approach to encourage
and support national governments in
the development of policies, regulations
and legal frameworks, and a bottom-
up approach to build capacity in local
authorities, and strengthen relevant
institutions through training programmesand other capacity building measures.
In Asia, the Programme was formally
launched in March 2003 and is a
collaborative initiative of UN-Habitat,
the Government of the Netherlands, the
Asian Development Bank and countries
in the region, including Bangladesh,
Cambodia, China, India, Kazakhstan, Lao
Peoples Democratic Republic, Nepal, thePhilippines, Thailand and Viet Nam. The
programme focuses on three interlinked
priorities:
Introducing demand management
strategies to improve efficiency of water
use and give priority to those currentlydeprived of water and sanitation services
Scaling-up sanitation provision city-wide
through innovative publicprivatenon-
governmental organization (NGO)
partnerships, financing mechanisms and
appropriate technical options
Pro-poor investments in urban watersupply and sanitation with emphasis on
serving the urban poor with piped water
and formal sanitation facilities
In Latin America and the Caribbean, the
Programme was initiated after 2006 and
aims to increase the flow of investments
to the water and sanitation sector in the
region through strategic partnerships
amongst different institutions andorganisations, donor countries, central
governments, local authorities, the private
sector, NGOs and local communities. The
strategic interventions in Latin America
and the Caribbean are:
Adaptation to climate change impact
Promotion of sustainable sanitationnetworks and technologies
Promotion of sanitation as a business concept
Water governance and civil participation
Integral water and sanitation projects
Piloting low-cost innovative technologies
for sustainable sanitation in peri-urbanareas
The programme is mainly funded by the
Spanish Government and, in 2008, a
strategic partnership was forged with the
Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
to achieve greater leverage in the flow
of resources and concerted actions inselected countries across the region. Other
partners include multi-lateral agencies,
national and local governments as well
as local and international NGOs (INGOs),
universities, water utilities and training
institutions. The programme has been
providing technical support in Bolivia,
Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador,
Mexico, Nicaragua and Peru.
Activities and OutcomesThe activities and outcomes in the three
regions during 2012 are given below.
Africa
Integrated Community School water
and sanitation (WatSan) Project in theunplanned settlements of Tandale
Chakula Bora, Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania),
for which UN-Habitat is collaborating
with UNICEF and the World Health
Organisation (WHO) under the One UN
Development Assistance Plan. Jointly
with the African Development Bank, UN-
Habitat technical aid has strengthened
the Zanzibar Water Authoritysprocurement management function
and contributed greatly to accelerating
implementation of the Zanzibar
(Tanzania) Water and Sanitation Project.
Further, an additional USD560,000
has been secured from the second
year programme of UN Development
Assistance Plan for the project.
UN-Habitat and the Ministry of State forDevelopment of northern Kenya and
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water treatment and safe storage
(HWTS) products can best be introducedin a national market, and to assess the
benefits of using HWTS products. This has
contributed to a reduction in the cost of
energy used to boil water by 48 per cent
per household. In a post-project survey,
99 per cent of beneficiaries reported the
project helped them improve their hygiene
and health conditions. The initiative has
reduced prevalence of diarrheal diseasefrom 27 to 11.6 per cent and resulted in
savings of 0.5 Kg of firewood and 0.9
Kg of charcoal per household per day.
Thus, there is a saving of the equivalent
to 2.2 tons of CO2 per Solvatten per year.
Replication of the project is foreseen using
local businessmen networks.
A biogas project, which was
implemented at the main Bamakoprison, has improved the urban
environment significantly and supported
vegetable gardening using the treated
wastewater. The project has been
recognized as a best practice by
Association Malienne des Droits de
lHomme(the Malian Association ofHuman Rights) - an international human
rights organization.
In Rwanda, the construction of 40
ecosan toilets has increased access
to water and sanitation facilities with
emphasis on improving hygiene. Further,
rainwater harvesting systems and urban
hillside protection initiatives have beenintroduced to mitigate negative impacts
of development activities in the peri-
urban areas of Kigali.
In Malawi, UN-Habitat promoted the
ecosan technology as a sustainable
sanitation tool in a densely populated
area where space for new pit latrines
to replace old ones was not available.
The project initially targeted thesettlement of Mtandile in Lilongwe.
After community members from other
low-income settlements visited the
settlement on a study tour, communities
from ten settlements are now promoting
this technology in their settlements.
Quick Impact Project: Urban Water and
Sanitation Project in Southern Sudan(United Nations Mission in the Republic
of South Sudan (UNMISS) (01-Aug-2012
to 31-Dec-2014).
Vacutug Development Project: Post-
Project Evaluation (20-Feb-2012 to 31-
Dec-2013).
Overall, approximately 20,800 people in
Africa have gained access to water andsanitation, including 16,000 beneficiaries
other arid zones supported projects for
provision of adequate and safe drinkingwater and improved sanitation in
Mandera County. UN-Habitat mobilized
funds to support the initiative and
preparatory activities for implementation
of a WatSan project in a congested
settlement of Mandera town have been
completed.
Technology transfer to access safe waterin a changing climate. The Solvatten
(water purification using solar ultraviolet
(UV) rays) demonstration project was
implemented with a contribution to Water
Sanitation Trust Fund (now Urban Basic
Services Trust Fund)from Tillvaxtverket
(Swedish Agency for Economic and
Regional Growth). It was implemented in
a peri-urban area of Africa - Dialakorodji
area north of Bamako, Mali. The aimwas to identify how suitable household
Water project in South Sudan. UN-Habitat
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of schools and community water
sanitation projects in Tandale Chakula
Bora; 230 households (total population
of about 2,300) benefitted in Bamako,
Mali from the water purification system
using solar UV project and 1,500 inmatesin Bamakos main prison from the biogas
facilities, and 96 households or about
1,000 people benefitted from household
water supply connections.
Asia
In India, a project on promotion ofHuman Values Based Water, Sanitation
and Hygiene Education (HVWSHE)
with main objective of bringing about
behavioural change among students
and the community through value based
education towards water, sanitation and
hygiene issues was successfully completed.
34 teachers training programme and
138 classroom programme for students
were organised in 4 cities where morethan 7,000 students were benefitted. In
addition, UN-Habitat and Coca-Cola India
Pvt Ltd. (CCI), in association with NDTV
(New Delhi Television) - a leading news
channel and Charities Aid Foundation
(CAF) embarked on a unique nationwide
public service initiative called Support My
School on 24 January 2011. The aim is to
create awareness on water and sanitation,environment, healthy active living and for
providing a holistic environment in schools.
The Programme has covered 63 schools
in eight states (Andhra Pradesh, Haryana,
Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka,
Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal) of India
benefitting over 32,000 students. This
includes initiatives in 40 schools in four
states during 2012. Further, with support
from Coca Cola Atlanta, and under aCooperation Agreement with CAF, the
campaign has been initiated in 18 other
schools in five States.
Similarly, a Support My School
programme, financially supported by
Coca Cola Foundation (Nov 2012-March2013), was launched in ten schools of
Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. The aim is to
improve the learning environment in
schools through: i) improved access to
water and sanitation facilities for girls
and boys; ii) improved sports facilities
for better health and fitness of students;
iii) improved education facilities such as
libraries and iv) enhanced awareness aboutground water recharge and promotion of
school-led rain water harvesting. During
2012,
Ten schools were selected for the
intervention in consensus with the
District Education Office
Relevant teachers, headmasters of
selected schools were oriented on theprogramme focus, and
School level support plan was finalized
in consensus with respective schools
Further, in Nepal, UN-Habitat has
successfully partnered with the national
government and with communities for
community-led initiatives for enablingsustainable access to water and sanitation.
The achievements during 2012 are:
1. Capacity developed for addressing
water and sanitation challenges in
municipalities and small towns:
The institutional capacity of
15 Water Users and SanitationCommittees (WUSCs) under the
Asian Development Bank-supported
Small Towns Water Supply and
Sanitation Sector Project has been
strengthened for sustainable service
delivery to the poor
Pro poor WatSan governance was
initiated in ten municipalities
Solid waste management strategy
plans were prepared and integrated
in respective municipal periodic
plans, and capacity for urban solid
waste management was enhanced
through training of municipal staffin 15 municipalities
Three municipalities with
community-managed water supply
systems have introduced graded
tariff system to build affordable
services to the poor households
A demonstration project on water
supply scheme for low incomeconsumers was completed
2. To achieve the national goal of
universal sanitation coverage by
2017, the Global Sanitation Fund
(GSF) supported by Water Supply
and Sanitation Collaborative Council
(WSSCC/GSF), is assisting the
government of Nepal. The aim is
to trigger the sanitation campaign
in selected areas, to work towards
achieving Open Defecation Free status
and sustainable promotion of hygiene
and behavioural change (01-Oct-2010
to 31-Sept-2015) through:
Stimulating community action for
achieving Open Defecation Free
status
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Developing capacity of stakeholders
Strengthening the national
sanitation sector strategy
Supporting knowledgemanagement
The capacities of five District level
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene
(WASH) Coordination Committees
were enhanced to meet the sanitation
goal, 240 communities in two districts
achieved Open Defecation Free status
and Sanitation Strategy Plans were
prepared for two districts and two
municipalities. Overall, 500 schools
with 150,000 students were reached
through the sanitation campaign.
Following three years of collaboration
between UN-Habitat and the BASF Social
Foundation, an impact assessment of
projects supported under the partnership
in India and Nepal was completed during2012. The key findings are as given below.
Under the PostTsunami Water and
Sanitation Reconstruction in Cuddalore
District (India), various innovative
approaches have been adopted to
improve access to safe drinking water
and sanitation, specifically for reaching
vulnerable groups. Improved and secure
water and sanitation services have been
achieved for at least 11,000 people in
13 Tsunami-affected villages, while a
Disability Resource Centre established at
Saraswathi Nagar is providing support
to more than 2,000 people with
disabilities.
Under the project on Water and
Sanitation Education in Mangalore,India, water and sanitation facilities
have been created in 15 schools, water
laboratories were established in eight
schools and water testing kits were
provided to all 25 project schools. In
addition, teachers and students were
trained to implement a communitydrinking water quality monitoring
programme.
The outcomes of the project Enabling
access to quality water and improved
sanitation facilities to Koshi flood
affected people in Bihar, India and
Sunsari District, Nepal have been
achieved. In India, drinking water
sources with iron removal systems were
created in 24 locations to provide safe
drinking water in 21 wards and 240
household toilets were constructed
to provide sanitation facility to every
family in four wards of three Gram
Panchayats of Kumarkhand Block
in Madhepura district. In Haripur
village, 235 single pit toilets and 50
hand pumps were successfully put inplace for the resettled people. Village
Development Committees and Water
Users Committees were established to
facilitate project implementation and for
the proper maintenance and up keep of
the infrastructures created.
At the regional level, 400 water utility
staff from the participating towns under
the Water for Cities programme in Asia
and the Mekong Region Water and
Sanitation Programme (Mek-Watsan) were
trained in project management, logistics,
procurement, gender mainstreaming,
HIV/AIDS awareness, water demand
management, operations and
maintenance.
In Lao PDR, under the MillenniumDevelopment Goal WASH initiative, the
water supply and sanitation national sector
strategy for the emerging towns have
been developed. Urban inequities survey
focussing on 17 towns is ongoing. In the
process more than 52 water utility staff
have been trained.
Latin America and the Caribbean
The projects in Bolivia are focussed in
poor peri-urban areas of La Paz (through
an agreement with the Municipal
Government); Cochabamba {through five
projects with the Municipality, INGOs such
as Water for People and Yaku and the
WatSan operator (EMAPA) of the District
of Sacaba} and Santa Cruz (in cooperation
with Plan International).
In the Patacamaya Municipality, UN-
Habitat, jointly with Plan International,
completed a Programme in water,
sanitation and solid waste management,
resulting in 60 percent water coveragein Municipality area. This includes
expanded water networks and 132 new
connections in five neighbourhoods
benefiting 16,000 inhabitants.
Extension of sewerage networks to
one neighbourhood has enabled
approximately 90 households have
access to sanitation.
In addition, 11 local schools have new
sanitary modules. Two programmes in
Human Values Based Water, Sanitation
and Hygiene Education were implemented
in 11 local schools and the community,
and guides were prepared with the
American NGO Project Wet. A total of
3,427 students (1,807 boys and 1,620
girls) were trained in water, sanitation,
hygiene, water resources and solid wastesmanagement in September 2012.
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With the aim to reduce waterborne
diseases in schools and to create a
culture of hygiene and good water use,
a Human Values Based Water, Sanitation
and Hygiene Education component was
included in UN-Habitat projects in Bolivia.To date, more than 20.000 students and
1,000 teachers have been trained in this
methodology with the use of materials
and guides to change bad practices and
improve hygiene and health in La Paz,
Cochabamba and Santa Cruz.
The Villa Satelite Norte in Tiquipaya,
Cochabamba completed a project
between UN-Habitat, the Italian NGO
Yaku and the Municipality in September
2012. The project in a neighbourhood
included 83 sewerage connections
and a wastewater treatment plant
with constructed wetlands. A total
of 52 families have connected to the
treatment plant.
A capacity-building programme wascompleted in two water utilities: EMAPA
- Patacamaya and EMAPA - Sacaba,
Cochabamba. A new billing system
that was introduced in Sacaba in June
2012 has resulted in increased revenue
collection for the utilities.
In Cuba, UN-Habitat supported the
implementation of four projects that
have built capacity for the production
of local materials that are used for the
construction of houses, social facilities,
water harvesting tanks and potable water
storages and sidewalks.
In Ecuador, the programme Governance
in the Water and Sanitation SectorMDGs
enabled 11,000 persons from 2,750 families
to have access to water services. The familieshave been trained to operate the water
systems. With the provision of the basic
urban infrastructure, local communities
through consultation have developed a
mechanism and agreed to pay for water
services. The social component that
accompanies the building process had ledthem to define the minimum rate to be paid.
The programme also empowered women
and men to be more active with their
demands and to work together and protect
the environment and water resources.
UN-Habitat collaborated with the Gender
Water Alliance for providing tools in
mainstreaming gender in water and
sanitation projects and developing a
monitoring mechanism for the integration
of gender related issues in ongoing
projects in the Region. In March 2012,
a final regional workshop organised in
Ecuador for sharing of experiences, was
attended by participants from the UN-
Habitat Regional Office, Bolivia, Ecuador,
all Gender Water Alliance facilitators
involved in the programme. Based on thesharing of experiences from the different
countries, a Gender and WatSan matrix
was developed.
In Mexico, a regional document The right
to waterwas produced in partnership
with the Inter-American Development
Bank, and distributed to relevant national
partners to raise awareness on the
issue. Further, UN-Habitat launched a
distance-learning diploma for water and
sanitation operators in partnership with
the National Association of Water Utilities
and the Distance Learning Division of the
Faculty of Engineering of the National
Autonomous University of Mexico.
The topics covered included technical,
managerial, legal-regulatory matters, as
well as billing and accountancy systemsimprovement. Training for the first group
is underway while the Womens Justice
Centre Implementation Guideline project
achieved provision of specialized urban
infrastructure and services to address
particular needs of women who have been
victims of violence.
Following UN-Habitats Human Values
Based Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
EducationProject in Mexico in 2010 in the
context of the National Level Democratic
Governance Programme supported
financially by the Spanish Millennium
Development Goal Achievement Fund, a
series of HVBWSHE Initiatives have been
undertaken. Alpuyeca - a small town
with intermittent water services and no
water treatment facilities - was selected
for a pilot climate resilient Community
Development Centre. The HVBWSHE
project in the Municipality of Alpuyeca is
being implemented under a Memorandum
of Understanding (MoU) with the
Ministry of Social Development. The aim
is to support the initiation of appropriatetechnologies for water supply, sanitation
and water treatment in the context of an
urban poverty alleviation programme.
This pilot, which would be autonomous
from the main water services and also
be more climate-resilient, is expected
to help establish a replication model.
The main activities comprised diagnostic
participatory workshops, feasibility studies,
project design, project construction and
capacity-building processes.
3.1.2 Regional Model-SettingInitiatives
These are the Lake Victoria Water and
Sanitation Initiative, and the MekongWater and Sanitation Initiative.
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3.1.2.1 Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Program
Project Title Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Program
Project Location(s) Kericho, Keroka & Isebania (Kenya); Geita, Sengerema & Nansio (Tanzania);Mayuge, Buwama/Kayabwe, Bukakata & Ntungamo (Uganda);
Nyagatare, Kayonza & Nyanza (Rwanda); Muyinga, Kayanza & Ngozi (Burundi)
Project Code W006, W057, W014, W055, W036
Total Cost USD20,719,970 + 4,244,445 + 553,000 + 225,000 + 60,846
Development partners African Water Facility
Funding partners African Development Bank AfDBGlobal Environment & Technology Foundation Contribution-GETFEuropean Investment Bank
Coca-Cola Africa Foundation
Implementing Partners LVBC (Lake Victoria Basin Commission on behalf of East African Community) with five Implementing Agencies - LakeVictoria South Water Services Board LVSWSB (Kenya), Mwanza Urban Water and Sewerage Authority MWAUWASA(Tanzania), Directorate of Water Development DWD (Uganda), WSSSUI (Energy, Water and Sanitation Authority) EWSA
(Rwanda), Rgie de Production et de Distribution de lEau et de lElectricit REGIDESO (Burundi)
Starting Date 01-Dec-2005/ June 2010
Completion Date 31-Dec-2015
Expenditure to 2012* USD20,759,654 + 1,206,288 + 551,759 + 222,037 + 63,343
Amount remaining to be spentbeyond January 2013*
USD-39,684 + 3,038,157 + 1,241 + 2,963 + -2,497
* Expenditure to 10 December 2012 with PSC on PAAS.
Background and objectivesLake Victoria, the second-largest lake in
the world and one of the sources of the
River Nile, is an important trans-boundary
natural resource in Africa. UN-Habitats
Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation
initiativeis one of several programmes in
the region. The programme objective is to
support secondary urban centres around
the lake meet water and sanitation related
Millennium Development Goals.Phase I
(2005 onwards) focused on 10 towns in
Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania, while Phase
II (2009-2012) has been expanded to
cover three towns each from five partner
states, including Rwanda and Burundi
which joined the East African Communityin 2009. It is expected that the programme
will be expanded to other towns in the
basin with subsequent phases.