TOWARDS A GREENER, HEALTHIERAND HAPPIER FUTURE

The 1st Asia-Pacific Urban Forestry Meeting

Meeting proceedings

Urban and Peri-Urban Forestry Working Paper 10

On 6-8 April, 2016, FAO, the Urban Forestry Research Center of the State Forestry Administration of the People's Republic of China, and the city of Zhuhai, China co-organized the First Asia-Pacific Urban Forestry Meeting (APUFM) in Zhuhai, China. The meeting was attended by over 200 participants representing over 20 countries from Asia-Pacific, Europe and North America. The objectives of the meeting were to: 1) discuss the current status of UPF in the Asia-Pacific region; 2) exchange successful stories and lessons learned of urban forest management; 3) develop UPF strategies and nature-based solutions and discuss possible long-term collaboration between countries and/or cities towards a greener, healthier, and happier future.

Zhuhai, China6 - 8 April, 2016

I6161E/1/10.16

Simone BorelliForestry Officer

Forest Policy and Resources DivisionFAO Forestry Department

Viale delle Terme di Caracalla00153 Rome, Italy

Simone.Borelli@fao.orgwww.fao.org/forestry/urbanforestry

TOWARDSAGREENER,HEALTHIER,ANDHAPPIERFUTURE

The1stAsia-PacificUrbanForestryMeeting

MeetingProceedingsZhuhai,China6-8April,2016

PreparedandEditedby

YujuanChenJuniorProfessionalOfficer

ForestPolicyandResourcesDivisionFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations

CoordinatedandSupervisedby

SimoneBorelliForestryOfficer

ForestPolicyandResourcesDivisionFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations

FOODANDAGRICULTUREORGANIZATIONOFTHEUNITEDNATIONSRome,2016

Thepurposeofthisworkingpaperistoprovideearlyinformationonongoingactivitiesandprogrammes,tofacilitatedialogueand to stimulatediscussion.Theseworkingpapersdonot reflect anyofficialpositionofFAO.PleaserefertotheFAOForestryWebsite(www.fao.org/forestry)forfurtherinformation.

Forfurtherinformation,pleasecontact:SimoneBorelliForestryOfficerForestPolicyandResourcesDivisionFAOForestryDepartmentVialedelleTermediCaracalla00153Rome,ItalyE-mail:simone.borelli@fao.orgWebsite:www.fao.org/forestry

Commentsandfeedbackarewelcome.

Recommendedcitation:

FAO.2016.TowardsaGreener,Healthier,andHappierFuture:The1stAsia-PacificUrbanForestryMeeting.Zhuhai,China,6-8April2016.UrbanandPeri-urbanForestryWorkingPaperNo.11.Rome.

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©FAO,2016

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Coverphoto:©WuChangfu

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ContentsFOREWORD........................................................................................................................................iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................................................v

ACRONYMS........................................................................................................................................vi

EXECUTIVESUMMARY......................................................................................................................vii

INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................viii

Part1.Symposium...........................................................................................................1Openingremarks...............................................................................................................................2

Keynoteaddress................................................................................................................................7

Regionalcasestudies.......................................................................................................................11

Internationalexperience.................................................................................................................18

Postersession..................................................................................................................................25

Part2.FieldTrip............................................................................................................28Fieldtrip...........................................................................................................................................29

Part3.Workshop...........................................................................................................30Asia-Pacificregioncountryprofiles.................................................................................................31

Paralleldiscussionsession...............................................................................................................35

Part4.TheWayForward...............................................................................................40Futurecooperation..........................................................................................................................41

Part5.Annexes.............................................................................................................43AnnexI–ZhuhaiDeclaration...........................................................................................................44

AnnexII–Agenda............................................................................................................................47

AnnexIII–Listofparticipants.........................................................................................................51

AnnexIV–Posterabstracts.............................................................................................................63

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FOREWORDGlobally,54percentoftheworld’spopulationwaslivingincitiesin2014.Thisnumberisprojectedtoincreaseto66percentby2050.Couplingthiswithclimatechange,citiesarepotentiallyfacingachangingandchallengingenvironmentwithincreasingpopulation,landusechanges,environmentaldegradation,extremeevents,economiccrisis,andsocialinjustice.

InordertoaddresstheneedsofurbandwellersitbecomescrucialtoachievetheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)andespeciallySDG11“Makecitiesandhumansettlementsinclusive,safe,resilientandsustainable”.

Asia,oneofthefastesturbanizingregion,isprojectedtoexperiencemajorenvironmentalproblemsincludingwatermanagement,deforestationandlanddegradation,airpollution,andclimatechangeoverthenexttwodecades.UrbanandPeri-urbanForestry(UPF)canprovideawiderangeofbenefitsrangingfromgoodsproduction(e.g.,fruits,nuts,mushrooms,herbs,fodders)toecosystemservices(e.g.,airpollutantremoval,heatislandeffectmitigation,energysaving,biodiversityconservation,waterprotection,andclimatechangemitigation).Italsoplaysanimportantroleingreeneconomybycreatingjobs,increasingpropertyvalue,decreasingelectricitybill,andattractinginvestment.Mostimportantly,itcanimprovethequalityoflifeaswellashealthandwell-beingofresidents.

ThequestionishowwecanbetterutilizeUPFtomitigatetheimpactsofurbanizationandminimizeenvironmentaldegradationinthisregion.Inparticular,UPFisstillaneworrelativelynewfieldinmanydevelopingcountriesintheAsia-Pacificregionandlackofknowledge,information,andcapacitycouldlimitUPFdevelopmentandconsequentlyimpairthefunctionsandbenefitsofurbanforestresources.ThereisanurgentneedtodevelopeffectivestrategiesandsolutionsbasedonthespecificregionalcontextaimingatsustainableurbandevelopmentintheAsia-Pacificregion.

Inresponsetothisneed,theUrbanandPeri-UrbanForestryProgrammeoftheForestryDepartmentoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),theUrbanForestResearchCenteroftheStateForestryAdministrationofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaandthecityofZhuhai,Chinadecidedtoco-organize“The1stAsia-PacificUrbanForestryMeeting”.

Participantstothethree-daymeetingheldinZhuhai,Chinaon6-8April,2016includedrepresentativesofnationalandlocalgovernments,researchandacademicinstitutions,non-governmentalorganizations(NGOs),internationalandnationaldevelopmentcooperationorganizations,professors,researchers,urbanplanners,urbanforesters,arborists,landscapedesigners,urbanforestandtreespecialists,governmentofficials,andprivatesectorsprofessionalsfromtheAsia-Pacificregion,NorthAmerica,andEurope.

Theobjectivesofthemeetingwereto:1)discussthecurrentstatusofUPFintheAsia-Pacificregion;2)exchangesuccessfulstoriesandlessonslearnedofUPFpolicyandmanagement;3)developUPFstrategiesandnature-basedsolutionsanddiscusspossiblelong-termcollaborationbetweencountriesand/orcitiestowardsagreener,healthier,andhappierfuture.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe organizers would like to thank all the participants for their dedication and support in thepreparationofandparticipationtothe1stAsia-PacificUrbanForestryMeeting(APUFM).Thestrongcommitmentofeachofthemwasthekeytothesuccessofthemeeting.

Over 200representatives of national and local governments, research and academic institutions,non-governmental organizations (NGOs), international national and development cooperationorganizations, professors, researchers, urban planners, urban foresters, arborists, landscapedesigners,urbanforestandtreespecialists,governmentofficials,privatesectorprofessionalsandFAO, coming from 17 Asian countries, Europe, andNorth America participated to the three-daymeetinganddiscussed thestatusofUPF inAsia,exchangedexperienceand lessons learned,anddiscussedpossiblelong-termcollaborationonthedevelopmentUPFstrategiesandidentificationofnature-based solutions towards a greener, healthier, and happier future. Our sincere gratitudegoestoallthespeakers,whosharedtheirknowledgeandexperience.

AspecialthanksgoestotheplanningandorganizingteamincludingProfChengWang,DrGuangfaQie, Dr Lin Gu, Ms Jiali Jin, and Ms Teayeon Kim for their strong support, assistance, andcooperation.

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ACRONYMSAP AsiaPacificAPUFM Asia-PacificUrbanForestryMeetingCAF ChineseAcademyofForestryCSR CorporateSocialResponsibilityEFUF EuropeanForumonUrbanForestryEGCA EuropeanGreenCityAwardES EnvironmentalServicesESS EnvironmentalSocialServicesFAO FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsGI GreeninfrastructureMoCM MinistryofCityManagementMoUD MinistryofUrbanDevelopmentNBS NatureBasedSolutionsNF NaturalFunctionsNGO Non-governmentalOrganizationPES PaymentsforEcosystemServicesSDGs SustainableDevelopmentGoalsSFA StateForestryAdministrationoftheP.R.ChinaSPM SuspendedParticulateMatterSUBR SouthernUniversityandA&MCollegeinBatonRougeUCLG UnitedCitiesandLocalGovernmentsUGI UrbanGreenInfrastructureUGS UrbanGreenSpacesUHI UrbanHeatIslandsUN-HABITAT UnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgrammeUPF UrbanandPeri-urbanForestryVOC VolatileOrganicCompounds

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EXECUTIVESUMMARYThe1stAsia-PacificUrbanForestryMeeting(APUFM),co-organizedbytheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),theUrbanForestResearchCenteroftheStateForestryAdministrationofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,andthecityofZhuhai,China,washeldon6-8April,2016inZhuhai,China.

Morethan200participantsfrom17Asia-Pacificcountries,Europe,andNorthAmericaattendedthemeetingrepresentingaround60nationalandlocalgovernments,researchandacademicinstitutions,non-governmentalorganizations(NGOs),internationalnationalanddevelopmentcooperationorganizations,professors,researchers,urbanplanners,urbanforesters,arborists,landscapedesigners,urbanforestandtreespecialists,governmentofficials,andprivatesectors.

TheparticipantsexploredtheroleofUPFinhelpingtoachievetheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs),particularlySDG11,whichfocusesonmakingcitiesintheAsia-Pacificsafe,resilientandsustainable.AmongthetargetsofSDG11areincreasingresourceefficiency,mitigationandadaptationtoclimatechange,resiliencetodisastersincities,andprovidinguniversalaccesstosafeandaccessiblegreenandpublicspacesby2030.

Themeetingconsistedofaone-daysymposium,ahalf-dayfieldtrip,andaone-and-halfdayworkshop.Duringthesymposium(6April,2016),casestudiesfromtheAsia-PacificregionincludingAustralia,P.R.China,India,Iran,Malaysia,RepublicofKorea,NewZealand,Philippines,SingaporeandThailandwerepresented.Furthermore,variousinternationalspeakersfromtheUnitedKingdom,Italy,andtheUnitedStatessharedtheirexperiencesonUPFpolicy,management,andeducation.Duringthefieldtrip,participantsvisitedtheMeihuaCityGarden,aresidentialcommunity,andtheSeashoreParkinZhuhai.Finally,duringtheworkshop(7-8April,2016),17countriesfromtheregionprovidedcountryreportsincludingthemainbenefits,keyissues,successfulstoriesorlessonslearnedonUPFdevelopmentintheirrespectivecountries.Theroleofurbanforestsinenvironmentalquality,healthandwellbeing,greeneconomy,culturalheritage,andurbanplanningwasdiscussedinthefiveparallelworkinggroups.Futurecooperationoninformationsharing,knowledgeexchange,andresourcemobilizationwasalsodiscussedamongdifferentstakeholders.

Basedonthediscussion,theparticipantsagreedthat:

1) themainbenefitsofurbanforestsandtreestocitiesandresidentsintheAsia-Pacificregionarebeautification,airpollutionremoval,andopportunitiesforrecreation;

2) themainchallengestourbanforestrydevelopmentintheAsia-Pacificregionareconflictsoflanduse,weakgovernance,andlimitedtechnicalskillsandknowledge;

3) themainprioritiesofurbanforestrydevelopmentintheAsia-Pacificregionaregoodgovernance,sufficientinvestments/funding,andurbanforestryexpertise;

4) theChineseForestCityexperiencecouldbeusedasanimportantreferencemodelduringthedevelopmentofurbanforestryintheAsiaPacificRegion.

Attheendofthemeeting,theparticipantsadoptedtheZhuhaiDeclaration(seeannexI)whichsetstheroadmapoftheUPFdevelopmentintheAsia-Pacificregionwithdetailedrecommendations.

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INTRODUCTIONAsia,thehometo53%oftheworld’surbanpopulation,isprojectedtobeoneofthelargesturbangrowthregionsinthenexttwodecades.Rapidurbanization,especiallyunplannedandmismanagedurbangrowth,coupledwithclimatechange,canleadtoincreasedheatislandeffect,airpollution,soildegradation,watershortages,foodinsecurity,poverty,andpublichealthissues.StrategiesandsolutionsareurgentlyneededtohelpAsiancitiesachievesustainabledevelopmentgoals(SDGs).

Urbanandperi-urbanforestry(UPF)isoneofthesolutionsasitcanprovideawiderangeofgoods(e.g.,food,fuelwood,water),socio-economicbenefits(e.g.,jobs,recreation,health),andecosystemsservices(e.g.airpollutantremoval,shadingandcooling,stormwaterrunoffmitigation,carbonsequestration,andgreenhousegasemissionmitigation).However,strategiesfordevelopmentandmanagementofUPFarenotyetfullyrecognizedandadoptedinAsiancountries.Itisimportant,therefore,thatcountriesworktogethertoidentifycommonissues,shareinformation,anddevelopsolutionsthroughstrengthenedregionalcollaboration.

ThismeetingaimstodiscussthestatusofUPFinAsia,exchangeexperienceandlessonslearned,anddiscusspossiblelong-termcollaborationonthedevelopmentUPFstrategiesandidentificationofnature-basedsolutionstowardsagreener,healthier,andhappierfuture.ThisregionalinitiativewillalsoassistAsiancountriesincontributingintheglobalpromotionofUPFasakeycontributiontotheNewUrbanAgendathatwillbediscussedduringUNHabitatIII.

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Part1.Symposium

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OpeningremarksThesymposiumwaschairedbySimoneBorelli(ForestryOfficer,FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations)inthemorningandChengWang(Director,UrbanForestResearchCenteroftheStateForestryAdministrationofP.R.CandChineseAcademyofForestry)intheafternoon.TheopeningsessionincludedpresentationsfromSimoneBorelli(ForestryOfficer,FAO),YoudongPeng(DeputyDirector,StateForestryAdministrationoftheP.R.China),ZhiYe(DeputyPresident,ChineseAcademyofForestry),andMingPan(DeputyMayor,CityofZhuhai).Theirstatementsaresummarizedbelow.

SimoneBorelli,ForestryOfficer,FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations

First of all, I would like to thank our partners: the Urban Forestry Research Center of the StateForestryAdministrationof thePeople'sRepublic of China and theCityof Zhuhai, China for theirstrong support and cooperation and for thewonderfulwelcome. I was certain that the Chinesehospitalitywouldbeexcellent, but I thinkourhostshave really gonebeyondourexpectations. Iwouldalsoliketothankallthecolleagueswhomadethelongtriptojoinusheretoday,bothfromalloverAsiaandthePacific,butalsofromEuropeandNorthAmerica,aswellasallourcolleaguesfrom different parts of China. Finally, a special thanks goes to Prof ChengWang and his team,particularlyLinGuandJialiJin,tomycolleaguesYujuanChenandTeayeonKiminRome,butalsoallthe others behind the scenes, who have really worked incredibly hard to make this meetinghappen.

Now,comingtobusiness:

Asyouknow,Asia,thehometo53%oftheworld’surbanpopulation,isprojectedtobeoneofthelargesturbangrowthregionsinthenexttwodecades.Thisrapidurbanizationcanleadtoanumberofproblemssuchas increasedheat islandeffect,airpollution, soildegradation,watershortages,food insecurity, poverty, and public health issues. Urban and peri-urban forestry (UPF) can helpaddresstheseissuesasitcanprovideawiderangeofgoodsandecosystemsservices;andthatiswhywearehere. Infact, intheAsia-Pacificregion,there isgrowingattentionandinteresttothedevelopmentandmanagementofurban forestry and countries likeChinahavemadea fantasticeffortstoensurethatcitiesaregreener,healthierandhappier.However,itwouldappearthereisstill limitedcommunicationandcooperationamongcountriesandamongcities.Overthelastfewyears, FAO has been working really hard to promote urban forestry globally and part of ourmandateistocreatemeetingplacesformembercountriestomeetanddiscussissuesofcommoninterest. I am very pleased to see that we have been able to put together a wide range ofrepresentativesfromthepublicsector,academiaandcivilsocietyandIamsurethateachofuswillbringtothetablehis/herrichexperienceandprovideasignificantcontributiontotheoutcomesofthe meeting. What we would like to do is to discuss common challenges and issues, shareinformationandexperiences,andultimatelydevelopstrategiesandsolutionsforthedevelopmentandmanagementofurban forestry in theAsia-Pacific region. I alsohope thatwewillbeable toidentifymechanismsforcooperationandexchangeandthatthismeetingwillonlybethestartingpointoffutureregionalcollaboration.

IwishyouaverysuccessfulmeetingandIhopeyouallenjoythetimewewillspendtogether.

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YoudongPeng,DeputyDirector,StateForestryAdministrationoftheP.R.China

DearMrBorelli,DistinguishedGuests,LadiesandGentlemen,andFriends:

Ifeeldelightedtoattendthe1stAsia-PacificUrbanForestryMeeting(APUFM)inthebeautifulandgreen April in Zhuhai to discuss urban forestry development with you. On behalf of the StateForestry Administration of China, I would like to extend my sincere welcome to our national,regional,andinternationalguestsandwarmlycongratulatethehostofthismeeting!

In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to urban forestry development bycountries around the world. Many cities have increased their ecological space, increased theecological capacity, and improved the livabilitybyaddingurban forests andgreen coverage. TheAsia-PacificregionhasthelargestpopulationandthemostrapidurbanizationandmanycountrieslikeChinaare suffering fromair pollution,heat islandeffect, ecological fragmentationandotherenvironmental problems. Therefore, the need of promoting and facilitating urban forestrydevelopmenthasbeengreatlyrecognized.TheAPUFM,supportedbyFAO,isinlinewiththisneedand its theme and topics are not only timely, but also science- and practice-based which willcertainlyplayanactiveroleinpromotingascientificandhealthydevelopmentofthemoderncitiesintheAsia-Pacific.

TheChinesegovernmentpaysgreatattentiononurbanforestrydevelopment.Especiallysincethebeginningofthenewcentury,urbanforestryhasplayedasignificantroleintheconstructionofanenvironmentallyfriendlyandbeautifulChinaandhasbeenincorporatedintothemediumandlong-termnational social-economicdevelopmentplanasan importantnational strategy.Forexample,urbanforestryshouldreflecttheconceptofrespectingnature,beinginharmonywithnature,andfosteringtheunityofNatureandMan.Theurbanlandscapeplanninganddesignshouldconsidertocreatenatureincities,sothattheresidentscanenjoymountains,water,andplantsasiftheywerelivinginnaturallandscapes.Ratherthanblindlyintroduce“exoticflowersandrareherbs”,itwouldbebettertofocusongreencorridorsandexplorenatural-basedsolutions.

Since2004,theChinesegovernmenthascarriedouturbanforestryactivitiesinover170citiesand12provinces,creatinganewmodelandanimportantstartingpointforthedevelopmentofurbanforestry. Practice has proven that the development of forest cities has achieved concreteoutcomes: First, the amount of greenery has grown.According to statistics, the average annualnewforestareawasover13,000hectarespercityduringtheirengagementintheactivities,greatlyacceleratingthepaceofurbanandruralafforestation.Second,theResidents'HappinessIndexhasrisenbybuildingup suburbanparks and green countryside, greeningwaternetworks and roads,improvingurbanandrurallivingenvironment,andenhancingresidents’environmentalawareness.Third, the concept of environmentally friendly civilization has been promoted through advocacyandeducationaswell as thedisseminationof ecological knowledge,whichhas raised thepublicunderstanding of the functions and roles of urban forests and formed a new social trend ofplanting, protecting, and loving greenery. Fourth, green economy has been stimulated. Manyresource-basedandindustrialcitieshavenotonlyrevivedtheirexternalappearance,enhancedthequality of urban construction, but also intensified the environmental carrying capacity and theircompetitivenessthroughthedevelopmentofanumberofforest-basedgreenindustries.

Ladies,gentlemen,andfriends!

Chinahasmaderemarkableprogressinurbanforestrydevelopmentinaveryshorttimeperiod.Ithinkthisisanimportantreasonforholdingthe1stAPUFMinChina.Thedevelopmentoftheforestcityconcepthasbecomeasuccessfulmodelofpromotingecologicallysustainabledevelopmentinurban and rural areas. From now on, Chinese governmentwill strive to facilitate urban forestrydevelopmentnotonlyatnationallevel,butalsoatprovincialandlocallevelsandactivelypromotethedevelopmentofforestcities,counties,towns,andvillages.Wewillfurtherenhancethelevelofurban forestry development based on regional ecological conditions, the different urban social-

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economic development levels and historical and cultural features, so as to green the favorableareas in cities and their surroundingareaswhere areunsuitable for farming, andgradually formurban green clusters, expand the green space between cities, upgrade ecological functions,improveurbanand rural livingenvironment, and support greendevelopmentpatterns forurbansocial-economicdevelopment.

Asia-Pacific countries have all launched many beneficial explorations in urban forestrydevelopment. I hope the participants, especially experts and scholars, can share their opinions,participateinthediscussionaroundthistheme,providesuggestionsandrecommendationstosolvemajorconceptualandpracticalissuesofurbanforestrydevelopmentintheAsia-Pacificregion,andcontribute their wisdom and experience to ensure a fruitful meeting. We would like take thismeeting as an opportunity to strengthen the exchanges and cooperationwith other Asia-Pacificcountries and share ideas, techniques and experienceswith you. I believe thatAsia-Pacific citieswillsurelymovetowardsagreener,healthierandhappierfuture.

Finally, Iwish thismeeting a great success andwish all theparticipants goodhealth anda goodmood.

Thankyou!

ZhiYe,DeputyPresident,ChineseAcademyofForestry,China

Goodmorning,everyone.

Lastsummer,FAOinitiatedtheconversationwithourcolleagues,urbanforestryexperts,fromtheChineseAcademyofForestry(CAF)aboutthepotentialofco-organizingthe“1stAsia-PacificUrbanForestryMeeting”. Later,we reported thisproposal to theStateForestryAdministrationofP.R.China and received strong interests from the party group. The director, Youdong Peng, hasprovided clear instructions on the holding of thismeeting. The CAF also carried out regular andrepeated consultations with FAO on this issue. One year later, we are gathering in Zhuhai asexpected to discuss the prospects of Asia-Pacific urban forestry development. I wish you asuccessfulmeetingwithconcreteoutcomesthroughyourconcertedefforts.

I noticed most of the representatives are my colleagues, experts and scholars from researchinstitutesanduniversities(about60%)andtheremaining40%arethefriendsfromadministrativedepartments. Inmyview, it is important for researchersandmanagers to interactandexchangeexperiencestostimulatetherapidconversionfromresearchfindings intopracticalandevidence-basedsolutionstosolveproblems.ThehighattentionoftheChinesegovernmenttotheresearchandpracticesof urban forestryhasplayed an important role in the rapiddevelopmentof urbanforestry inChina.Since2005,thespecialscientific researchfunds invested intourbanforestrybytheStateForestryAdministrationandMinistryofScienceandTechnologyhavereachedmorethan60million RMB and the research grants from local governments at all levels have reached 300millionRMB.Atpresent,thetechnicalstaffofmasterandhighereducationisover1000.Thishasnot only brought numerous technical achievements in urban forestry development, but alsoprovidedstrongscientificandtechnologicalsupportforadministrativedecision-makingresultinginthescientificandhealthydevelopmentofurbanforestryinChina.

Firstofall,scientificandresearchachievementshelptoformulateurbanforestrystrategies

In 1999, the State Forestry Administration invited over 50 experts frommore than 10 institutesincluding Chinese Academy of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Beijing ForestryUniversitytoconductacomprehensivestudyinthetheory,indicators,layout,techniquesandriskmanagementofurbanforestdevelopmentbasedon12pilotcitiesatvariousscalesandlevels. In2002,basedon the research findings, theStateForestryAdministration formulated the“ChineseSustainableDevelopment—UrbanForestryStrategy”,whichsetsforththedevelopmentobjectives

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ofChineseurbanforestryinthefollowing30years:greencoverageratewillreachto39.5%,parkgreenareapercapitawillbe15m2by2020,and70%ofthestateurbanforestcoverageratewillbemore than 40% by 2030. The research achievements clarify the strategic development plan ofChineseurbanforestrywithcleardevelopmentobjectivesandeffectivepromotionmeasuresplaysasignificantroleindrivingtheestablishmentandadvancementofChineseurbanforestrytheoriesandpractices.

Secondly, scientificand researchdataare incorporated into thestandardsystemofdeveloping“NationalForestCity”

Thedevelopmentof“NationalForestCity”policyplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofurbanforests.However, itwasalsovitaltoestablishaclearandrealisticevaluation indexsystembased on urban features when dealing with various cities with environmental diversity anddifferent regional culture. Therefore, since 2002, the State Forestry Administration and localgovernments have initiated and supported research on urban forestry in different cities, e.g.,Shanghai,Beijing,Guangzhou,Chengdu,YangzhouandWuhan.Basedontheresearchfindings, in2007, the State Forestry Administration invited experts and scholars to formulate and test the“EvaluationIndexforNationalForestCities”andamendeditbasedontheexperienceandscientificandresearchresultsobtainedindifferentcities,andthenpromoteditasthenationalstandard.

Finally,scientificresearchpracticesupportsthecriticaltechnicalaspectsofChineseurbanforestdevelopment

Urban forest development is a comprehensive and multi-beneficial ecological project which isdifferent from the traditional afforestation and simple landscaping and involves multiplestakeholdersinmanyfields.Asaresult,researchonthekeypracticesisurgentlyneededandit isalsoamajorfeatureofChineseurbanforestryresearchprojects.Forexample,inrecentyears,thecitiesinthePearlRiverDeltahavelaunchedsuburbanlandscapeforestrenovationprojectsoveratotalareaof3millionhectaresandwithacapital investmentof100billionRMB.Toestablishanurban forest with stable community structure, high biodiversity and rich scenery, tree speciesselectionandlandscapedesignisthekey.Inviewoftheseproblemsanddemands,theScienceandTechnology Division of the State Forestry Administration as well as the Forestry Department ofGuangdongProvincehavestarteddozensofresearchprojectsonecologicallandscapeforestssincethe“9thFive-YearPlan”andcreatedtenresearchinstitutestocarryoutfurtherresearch.Nowthematureclose-to-natureforestdevelopmentmodelhasbeendevelopedandwidelyappliedtothePearlRiverDeltaurbanforestryprojects.Meanwhile,theMinistryofScienceandTechnologyandtheStateForestryAdministrationwillgiveprioritytourbanforestryprojectsrelatedtohealthandwell-being, e.g., the study on urban forest’s regulatory capacity for the treatment of fineparticulatematters(PMs)intheatmosphere,thestudyontheurbanforest’slayoutoptimizationindensely populated areas targeted at the 88 cities of over 5 million residents to address theimbalance of population and natural resources during rapid urbanization, the study on thedevelopmentofurbanforestsinaridareasincludingwatersavingtechniques.

Mydearguests,practicehasprovedthattheinteractionandintegrityofurbanforestry’sscientificresearchandadministrativedecision-makinghavepromotedthehealthydevelopmentofChineseurbanforestry.IhopetheseexperiencesandactionscanbeyourreferenceandIwouldliketolearntheoriesandpracticesfromothercountriesatthismeeting.

OnbehalfoftheChineseAcademyofForestry,IsincerelyinviteallofyoutovisittheAcademyforfurther exchanges in order to jointly promote urban forestry research cooperation andcollaborationaimingatcreatingahappierfuturewithurbanforests.Thankyou!

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MingPan,DeputyMayor,CityofZhuhai,GuangdongProvince,China

HonorableDeputyDirector,MrPeng,DistinguishedGuests,LadiesandGentlemen,andFriends:

On thebestdayofApril,wearegathering inZhuhai in thiswarmandbeautiful green season todiscuss urban forestry development. At this moment, on behalf of Zhuhai’s municipal partycommittee and government, Iwould like to extendour sincerewelcome to thepresent leaders,experts,andeveryguest,andwarmcongratulationstothehostofthismeeting.IalsowanttoshowmyheartygratitudetotheFAOandtheStateForestryAdministration forchoosingZhuhaiasthehostcity!

Zhuhai, a bright pearl in the South China Sea, is located in thewest bank of Pearl River estuaryfacingHongKong in theeastandborderingonMacao in thesouth. It isknownas“Acityof100Islands”withthe landscapeadjacent totheriversandthe landsand islands facingeachother. Inrecentyears,inlinewiththeGuangdongProvincialPartyCommitteeandgovernment’secologicalconstruction and green growth strategy, with the support from leaders of the state forestrydepartment,ourcity learnsandpracticesthe latestachievementsofurbanforestrydevelopmenttocarryoutthelivelihoodstrategiesandprojectsofbuildingupaforestcityfortheimprovementof urban environment, people’s health and well-being, and the sustainable development ofeconomyaswellassociety.Afterourpersistentefforts,ourcitizenshavedepictedabeautifulandflourishingpicture for this citywith theirwisdomandhardwork. Today, in the city,we can findnumerous parks, either large or small, green spaces on the street which have constructed theurban forest landscape and environmentally friendly system, providing citizenswith green spaceforrelaxation,recreationandentertainment.Inthecountryside,thedevelopmentofhappyvillagesandresidencesledbygreenindustriesanddrivenbydistinctivecultureisinfullswing.Intheareasbetweenthecityandcountryside,greenbeltshavelinkedupparks,scenicspots,placesofinterest,farms,andorchards,expandingtheurbangreennessandformingauniquegreencorridor.GreenspaceprovidesthemostcommonbutcriticalecologicalbenefitsforpeopleinZhuhai.

The1stAPUFM,heldinZhuhai, isthemedwith“towardagreener,healthier,andhappierfuture”,which is not only a cultural conjunction and developmental resonation, but also a practicalguidance and movement. Currently, in line with the theme of “Bringing Forests into Cities andLettingCitiesEmbraceForests”,our city is carryingoutvigorously thedevelopmentof the forestenvironment, economy, culture and related systems. We are launching four major activitiesincluding City of Parks, Miles of Green Corridors, Colorful Ribbons, and Ecological Networks ofWater to optimize urban forest structure and promote its quality. In doing so, it will provide agreenerandhealthierecological spaceandhelpachieve thegoalsof thewin-winofecologyanddevelopment,the jointadvancementofbothcityandcountryside,andthesharingofwealthandcivilization,andconstructZhuhaiasacitycapableof“Being innaturebringsbackthememoryofgoodolddays”featuringgreenness,beauty,mountainsandrivers,andbeingfavorabletolive.Wewishtoleaveouroffspringabeautifulhomelandwithbluesky,greenlands,andcleanwater.

Distinguishedguests,ladiesandgentlemen,thegreen,fullofvigorandvitality,representsthehopeandfuture.Thesuccessofthemeetingandthewonderfulspeechesbytheexpertswillbringusthestate-of-the-art science and practices whichwill broaden ourminds and vision greatly.Wewillmake full use of the outcomes of this meeting, constantly pushing the national forest citydevelopment forward to a new stage and making better contributions to national ecologicalcivilizationconstruction.

Finally, I wish thismeeting a complete success, hoping every leader and guestwill enjoy betterworkandlife.

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KeynoteaddressChengHong(Director,PublicityOfficeofStateForestryAdministrationofP.R.C)andWangCheng(Director,UrbanForestResearchCenteroftheStateForestryAdministrationofP.R.CandChineseAcademyofForestry)deliveredkeynotespeeches.Theirstatementsaresummarizedbelow.

ThePracticeofForestCityinChinaChengHong,Director,PublicityOffice,StateForestryAdministrationofP.R.C

TheChinese Forest Citywas officially launched in 2004. It is an innovative practice of advancingurban and rural ecological construction by the State Forestry Administration based on theachievementsofurbanforestrydevelopmentinlinewiththenationalconditionsanddevelopmentstage.Atthattime,ourmainobjectivewas“OneTheme,TwoGoals”.

The “One Theme” was “Bringing Forests into Cities and Letting Cities Embrace Forests” bymobilizingandunitingthestrongsupportfromgovernmentandsocietytopaymoreattentiontoforests and better participate in the national forest city construction aiming to achieve thesustainabledevelopmentgoals(SDGs)ofurbaneconomyandsociety.

The “Two Goals” was focusing on applying the “planting trees on the earth and growing greenminds among citizens” into practice. One goal is to increase forest green areas through treeplanting, tocreateamoderncityscapeof“forests incityandcity in forests”.Theothergoal is tofosterenvironmentalculture,advocateenvironmentalmoralitytospreadtheecologicaleducationtoeverycornerofurbanandruralareasandtorootitintheresidents’minds.

TheChineseForestCityconceptisnow13yearsold.Lookingbacktothehistory,itcanbedividedintothreemainstages:

Thefirststage,2004-2007,wasastageofcommunicatingideasandbuildingconsensus.

Thesecondstage,2008-2012,wasastageofacceleratingpromotionandimprovingregulations.

Thethirdstage,2013-present,wasastageofrecognizing,developing,andflourishing.

With the Chinese Communist Party’s commitment to construct an ecologically sustainablecivilization and beautiful China, Forest City development plays a more prominent role ingovernmentalworkandhasbeenadoptedatthestrategiclevelofnationaldevelopment,ascanbedemonstratedbythefollowingpoints:

� In2014,ForestCitydevelopmenthasbeen listed inthe“NationalNew-typeUrbanizationPlan”and“NationalMediumandLong-termReformImplementationPlan”.

� In2015,ForestCitydevelopmenthasbeenincludedinthe13thFive-yearPlan.� In2016,ForestCitydevelopmenthasbeenhighlightedbyPresidentXiasoneof fourtop

prioritiesinforestrydevelopmenttoensureforestecosystemsustainability.

Duringthe13yearsofForestCitydevelopmentinChina,wehavereceivedanactiveresponsefromthe government and sincere appreciation from the public and have accomplished remarkableachievements. At present, there aremore than 170 cities involved in the programme and 96 ofthem have already been granted the title of "National Forest City". According to statistics, theaverage annual new forest green area is over 13,000 hectares per city, equivalent to about 1%increase of forest cover. The residents’ supporting and satisfaction rate are both up to 95%.Undoubtedly, Forest City development has become a highlight in urban forestry and ecosystemdevelopment, an effective strategy to improve the public’s well-being and happiness. In thisprocess, we have learned from the world’s urban forestry experience, forming some ideas andactionsthatfitwithChinesecharacteristicsandwhichcanbesummarizedinsevenaspects:

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First, adhere to the typical model and promote "National Forest City". Every year the StateForestryAdministrationselects10citiesandgrantsthemthestatusof"NationalForestCity".

Second,adheretotheprioritiesoftheurbanforestrymanagementplanandensureithasasolidscientificbasis. It isrigidlyrequiredthateverycityhastodevelopaten-yearplanandimplementthisplanduringtheprocessofforestcitydevelopment.

Third, adhere to the people-oriented approaches and focus on building forest green space inaccordancewithpeople’sneeds.

Fourth,adheretothecomprehensiveapproachesandfocusoncreatingaharmoniousurbanandrural natural ecosystem. We consider forest development as our primary task and integratemountains,rivers,forestsandfieldsintoforestcitydevelopmentasimportantecologicalfactors.

Fifth,adheretolearningfromnatureandfocusonimprovingtheclose-to-naturelevelofurbanforest ecosystem. The forest city development is closely linked with the inner laws of forestecosystem and close-to nature forestry theory, building self-sustaining forests through artificialmeansandreducingthepriorityofbeautificationandthedisregardforecologicalprinciples.

Sixth,adheretotheprincipleofintegrationofurbanandruralareasandfocusontheurbanandruralforestationaswellasecologicalmanagementcoordination.ForestCitydevelopmentshouldcoverthewholeregion,bothdowntownandintheoutskirtsandthecountryside.

Seventh, adhere to government-leadership and focus on forming a pattern of co-building andsharing. The municipal government should take the leading role of organizer, promoter andmanageraswell asencourage social forces toactivelyparticipate inandpromote the forest citydevelopmentwithconcertedefforts.

Practicehasprovedthat forestcitiesmeet thenewpublicneeds for improving theenvironment,tallies with the new trend of new-type urbanization, is in line with the plan to construct anenvironmentally friendly and beautiful China, and has paved a successfulway for urban forestrydevelopment.Bothnowandinthefuture,wewill implementearnestlythespiritofPresidentXi’simportantwords,inaccordancewiththedeploymentof13thFive-yearPlan’sOutlineforforestcitydevelopment and accomplish the following priorities. First, scientifically develop the plan.Determinethemajorgoalsandtasksof thenextperiodand incorporate them into the13thFive-yearPlanfornationalandlocaleconomicandsocialdevelopmentplanning.Second,promotetheproject. Initiate a number of key projects conducive to the forest city development, especiallyaround the city clusters inBeijing-Tianjin-Hebei, theYangtzeRiverDeltaandPearlRiverDelta topromotecross-regionalprojects.Third,renewthepoliticalmechanism.Strengthenthecontrolandmanagement of utilization of forest lands andwetlands to sustain the requiredminimumurbanecosystem functions. Fourth, improve management regulations. Further improve the indexsystem,technicalstandardsandregulationsandmanagementsystemmechanismofurbanforestdevelopment, and carry out research on the evaluation index and methods for forest citydevelopmentatcountylevel.

AnOverviewofUrbanForestryintheAsia-pacificRegion

ChengWang,Director,UrbanForestryResearchCenteroftheStateForestryAdministrationofP.R.CandChineseAcademyofForestry

Urban forestry is an important component of the green infrastructure in cities and plays asignificant role in constructing an urban ecosystem with proper ecological structure as well asefficient ecological services to ensure sustainable development. In last decades, the Asia-Pacificurbanforestryhasflourishedalongwitheconomicgrowthandurbanization.Here,onbehalfoftheorganizingcommittee,IwouldliketogiveanoverviewontheAsia-Pacificurbanforestry.

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Basedontheliteratureandthequestionnaires,theconclusionsareasfollowing:

1.TheAsia-Pacificregion,withthegreatestGPDandthelargestpopulationintheworld,isoneofthefastesturbanizingregioninrecentyearswithimbalancedurbanforestrydevelopment,assomecountriesalreadyhavethrivingurbanforestryprogrammeswhileothershavejuststarted.

2. The health condition of urban trees in most countries from the region is above average.However, as some forests are relatively young, there is still a need for good maintenance andmanagement.

3.Ingeneral,themanagementofAsia-Pacificurbanforestryisdominatedbypublicforestrysector,which is engaged in multiple sectors as well as in overall management of the resources. Forexample,thestate-ownedforestsplayapredominantroleinChineseurbanforestresources,whichisobviouslydifferentfromthedominanceofprivateforestsinEuropeandAmerica.

4. Many Asia-Pacific countries have developed medium and long term plans for urban forestrymanagement, mostly at municipal scale. Management funds mainly come from the municipalgovernment,whichindicatesthattheyplayaleadingroleinurbanforestrydevelopment.

5. In terms of management techniques, the urban forests in general have been managed andmaintained well, but mulching is rarely applied, therefore, sound management technique andpracticesneedtobepromoted.

6.Theregularinventoryofurbanforestresourceshasnotstartedinfullswing,andonlyaminorityofcountrieshascarriedoutanationwideinventory.Themajority isatmunicipal levelandmainlyfocusesonstreettrees.

7. Beautification, recreation, health care, air purification, cooling, energy-saving are identified asimportantbenefitsprovidedbyurban forestswhichare related tohumanhealthandwell-being.However, itwould appear that the attention to soil erosion reduction, regulation of stormwaterandflood-relateddisasters,maintenanceofbiologicaldiversityandenvironmentaleducationisstillratherlimited.

8.Themainchallenges forurban forestrydevelopmentareconflictsof landuse, followedby theweak management, limited technical skills and knowledge of policy makers, absence of publicparticipation,capitalinvestmentandforestryexpertsandlow-levelmanagement.

Overall, we need to further explore the effectiveness in urban forestry’s ecology, economy andcultureandexplorethetechniquesandpracticesofplanting,managementandoperation.Throughthis survey,wehavenoticed thegapsbetweeneachcity,butwearealso surprisedby thegreatattention paid by Asia-Pacific cities, especially the municipal governments. Some nations haveaccumulatedextensiveexperience increatingurban forests, forexampleChina,which impressedus with its Forest City development and the achievements reported by the State ForestryAdministration.

Strengthening the international and regional cooperation and communication is vital in sharingexperiencesandresultsofurbanforestrydevelopment. Inrecentyears,boththeFAOand IUFROhaveheld several urban forestrymeetings, and since 1970s, theUnited States andCanadahaveorganizedregularconferences for ideaexchangesandEuropealsoholdsregular forums. In2004,ChinaandDenmarkinitiatedsomeseminarswhichcontinuedforsomeyears.However,thereisstillnostableplatformforurbanforestrycommunicationasawhole.Iexpectthismeetingtoopenthedialogue and start a new chapter in the communication and cooperation of Asia-Pacific urbanforestryandenableeverynation togain furthermutualunderstanding,exchangeand learn fromdifferentexperiencesandoutcomesofforestecologicaldevelopmentincities,bettercopewiththeproblemsandpromotethecommonprosperityofAsia-Pacificurbanforestry.

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Regionalcasestudies

TheRoleoftrees inAdaptingAustralianCitiestoHotterandDrierConditions -StephenLivesley(Australia)Urban forest management and research in Australia has recently focused upon the keyenvironmental goal of reducing the urban heat island by providing an overall increase in treecanopy cover and targeted areas of tree canopy shade for human health andwellbeing. At thesame time, there has been a growing interest in the role of the urban forests and trees inmoderatingstormwaterrunoffandwaterquality.Otherrecognizedrolesthattreescanprovidearehumanmental health benefits and a cultural sense of place. Similarly, biodiversity of the urbanforestitself,i.e.thenumberofspecies,familyandgenusdiversitywithintheurbanforest,andthebiodiversityhabitattreesprovideforiconicAustralianbirdandmammalspecies(i.e.,kookaburras,cockatoos,parrots,microbats,ring-tailpossums,honey-gliders).

Theurbanheat island,globalwarmingandhumandeathandhospitalizationduringsummerheatwaveshasreallyraisedtheawarenessoftherolethatvegetation(especiallyurbantrees)canplayinmitigatingtheheatextremesthatvulnerablesectionsofsocietyexperience.Theseshadingandevaporativecoolingbenefitsaremostpronouncedwhenwater isreadilyavailableenabling large,leafytreestogrowtofullsizeandtotranspirewhenthislatentheatcoolingismostrequiredbythetreeitselfandbypeoplelivinginthesurroundingdry,hoturbanlandscape.Inequityintreecanopycover among Australiancities and towns, and within the different suburbs and neighborhoodswithinagivencity,hasledtocanopycovertargetsbeingset,inanattempttoreversethetrendoftreecoverdeclinewithurbanintensification.Thesimpletargetofincreasingtreecanopycovertoprovideclimatechangeandheatsensitiveadaptationofourtownsandcitiesneedstoconsiderthegreatvariationintreecanopyquality(density)andtreewaterusewithinthetreesplantedinoururbanlandscapes.Similarly,thefactthathightreecanopycoverwithouthighwaterretentionandavailabilitywillnotdeliverthecoolingandlushgreeneryoururbanplanners’desire.

UrbanGreen Infrastructure: Strategies for Healthy and Sustainable Developing Cities -ChiYungJim(People’sRepublicofChina)Urban greening contributes notably to environmental quality, quality of life, human health, andecosystem services in cities. Responding to the earnest quest for urban sustainability, cities areendeavoringtoprotect,enhanceandcreatetheurbangreeninfrastructure(UGI)tobringmultiplebenefits to people andwildlife. Compact cities especially in developing countries are commonlybeset by nature deficit, beingmore acute in the old cores and neighborhoods. The tight urbanfabric incurs intense competition for the inadequate land pool, resulting inmeagre allocation ofplantingspace.The lackofabove-groundgrowing roomforurban trees isoftenaccompaniedbyequally restraining soil volume and quality. Tree growth, health and stability are often gravelysuppressedby thestiflingsoilenvironment.Oldercitiessuffermore fromtheshortagethannewones that tend to pay more attention to provision of UGI. Literature review, field studies andlaboratoryanalysisprovidedthebasistoassesstheconstraintsandremedies.

Urbansoilsarecommonlybesetbyaplethoraofphysicalandchemicalproblems.Thesoilisoftenshallow and stony with highly sandy soil texture, and compacted to conform to prescriptiveengineering standards to support vehicular or pedestrian load. Additionally, compaction can beinduced by vehicles running and humans trampling on unprotected soil. The surface layer ofexposedsoilscouldbecompactedbytherainsplasheffect,whichmayformasoilcrusttosealthesoilsurface.Thepoorsoilstructurewithinadequateporosityofferslittleresistancetocompactionpressureandrestrictswaterinfiltration,causingpoordrainageandlimitedmoisturestorageinthepores.Manyurbansoilsarecomposedof layersofmaterialswithdifferentcomposition, texture,

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structureandporosity.Waterwillnotmovedownthroughtheinterfacebetweentwocontrastingmaterialsuntiltheupperlayerhasbeensaturated.Thuslightrainorirrigationwillnotbeabletowetthesoilbelowtheinterfacetolimiteffectivesoiltothelayeraboveit.

Thelackofrootablesoilvolumeimposesasevererestraintontreerootdevelopment.Insufficientsoil depth is often aggravated by curtailed lateral soil spread. Tree roots normally demand soildepth of about 100 cm, and lateral soil spread ideally should be as wide as the crown spread.Manyplantingsitesespeciallyatroadsidesincompactbuilt-upareascannotmeetthisminimalsoilvolume and soil geometry requirements. Themandatory heavy soil compaction in preparing theroadbedunderthefootpathsandcarriagewayalsoconflictswithrootgrowth. Itcouldmeanthattheeffectivesoilvolumethatcouldbeexploredby roots isnotable reduceddue toconfinementaroundthesmallplantingsitebyhardlyrootablesoil.Thesequesteredrootsysteminturnwouldretard growth rate,weaken trees and jeopardize their stability and safety. Newly planted smalltreesmayfail toestablishandcouldeasilybeuprooted instrongwind.Even if theystruggleandreachlargerdimensions,theanchoragetendstoberestricted,makingthempotentiallyhazardous.

Extensive hard paving at and around planting sites imposes another limitation on rootdevelopment.Widespreadsealingbyconcreteorasphalt,commonincompactcities,leavesonlyasmallareaofexposedsoiltodepriveitofairpenetrationandwaterentry.Thesoilatmospherewillsuffer fromthe lackofoxygen ingressandtheundesirableaccumulationofcarbondioxidewhichcouldnotbereleasedeffectively,creatinginimicalconditionstothehealthofplantrootsaswellasthemicrobialdecomposers.Rainwater couldnot infiltrate into the soil to replenish soilmoisturestorage,oftenleavingthesoildroughty.Leaffallandotherorganiclitterwillbesweptawayinsitecleaningratherthanreturningtothesoiltoallowdecompositionandreleaseofnutrients.Thusthenormalnutrientcyclingprocessisdisrupted.Thesyntheticpavingmaterialstendtoabsorbplentyofsolarradiationtoinduceahighmaterialtemperature.Theretainedheatcanbetransmittedviathethermalgradienttotheunderlyingsoiltoraise itstemperaturetoa levelunfavorabletorootand microorganism activities, and to accelerate the loss of the already small stored soil-waterstock.As thesoil isusuallycompactedtoengineeringspecificationsbeforethepavingmaterial islaid,pavedareassufferfromtheadditionalproblemofsoilcompaction.

Urbanareasare subject to common land levelor grade changes.Developmentareashave tobeformedtoreceiveroads,buildingsandotherfacilities.Intheprocess,thelandsurfaceissmoothedand levelled by cutting (grade lowering) and filling (grade raising) relative to the original soilsurface. Thusthenaturalsoilprofiles incompactbuilt-upareasarewidelydisturbed.ThetopsoilembodyingthevaluableOandAhorizons,whichholdthebulkofasoil’snutrientcapital,couldbetruncatedbygradelowering.Alternatively,thetopsoilcouldbeburiedbyearthfillswhichmaybeof an inferior quality unsuitable for plant growth. The fill materials in built-up areas arecontaminated extensively by construction rubbles, whichmay include rather large fragments ofconcrete,cement,plasterandbrick.Thesecoarsematerialswithlimitedwaterandnutrientholdingcapacityimposephysicallimitationstorootgrowth.Iftheburialisdeeperthan60cm,theoriginalsoilwill become largely out of reach tomost plant roots. Sometimes, old pavements are buriedwithoutremoval,thusrestrictingtheeffectivesoildepthtothelayerabovethesubsurfacepaving.

The remains of construction activities are beset by alkaline calcareous ingredients which couldimposedeleteriouschemical impacts.Theyareparticularlycommonatroadsidestripsoroff-roadareaswithsiteformationmainlyduetograderaising.Thelandsurfacesofmanycompactcityareasaredominatedbyasurficiallayerofearthfillsoftencontainingconstructiondebris.Theirpresenceinappreciablequantitiescouldpushupsoilreactiontothealkalinerange,thussomenutrientsmaybecome less soluble in the soil solution. Iron, manganese copper, zinc, boron, cobalt, andphosphorusmaybecomesparinglyavailable inthepHrange7.5–9.0.Eventhoughthesenutrientelementsarepresentratherliberallyinthesoil,theirsolubilityissensitivetoandcontingentuponsoil pH. Suffering from deficiency of such mineral nutrients, the affected trees could displaysymptomsofleafyellowingcalledchlorosis.

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The lackof organicmatter inmosturban soils presents a chronichandicap to tree growth. Themore available portions of the essential nutrients of nitrogen and phosphorus are intimatelyassociatedwithorganicmatter.Asufficientamountofrelativelyactivesoilorganicmatterisakeybasisforsoiltoserveasamediumforplantgrowth.Theinadequatesupplyoforganicconstituentscouldincurlong-termdeficiencytoimposealimitingfactorontreedevelopment.Besides,organicsubstances in the form of organic colloids play a critical role as aggregating agents to form andstabilizesoilstructure.Theirshortagecouldweakensoilorganizationtorenderthemsusceptibletostructural damage, compaction and erosion. Soil pollutants such as heavy metals and complexorganiccompoundscouldbepresent inunacceptablyhighconcentrationsdueto inheritanceandcontamination.

Thephysicallimitationsinurbansoilsinrelationtotreegrowtharecommonifnotpervasive.Theyareoftenasserious,ifnotmore,thanchemicalproblems.Incompacturbanareas,theyaremoreacutely expressed but widely neglected or ignored. Yet the attention on soils, if any, is usuallyfocusedonthechemical-nutrientaspects.Amelioratingwidespreadsoilconstraintscanremoveacommon andmajor hindrance to urban tree growth. It is high time that this fundamental tree-growthfactorshouldbegivenappropriateattention.Soilassessmentdeservestobeincludedasanintegral componentofaholistic siteassessmentexercise. Theoldpracticeofout-of-sighthenceout-of-mind could be replaced by a package of wholesome soil care which should precede andaccompanytreecareinacradle-to-graveurbanforestryregime.

UrbanGreenSpacesinDelhi,IndiaMilestonesBehind-MilesAhead-ManojDabas(India)Sofarasgreenspacesgo,Delhihashadseveralthingsgoingforit.a)Itwastheseatofpowersincemedievaltimesandcapitalofinitiallycolonial,andlaterindependentIndiasince1911,whichmadeDelhiabeneficiaryofgoodamountofurbanplanningtowhichgreenspaceswere integral;b) ItslocationattheedgeofAravalimountainrangeswhosehigherelevationsescapedhumanhabitationin initialwaves ofDelhi’s expansion and still survive as the largest component ofDelhi’s naturalforestcoverandc)25kmstretchofriverYamunathat flowsthroughthecity,givingDelhiavastopenspaceintheformofafloodplain.

In1970s,thingsbegantogohaywireandmigrationfromthehinterlandoverwhelmedDelhi’surbanplanning efforts. Now 60% of Delhi’s population (17 Million as per last official census) lives invarious types of unplanned settlements. The pressure of economic development incapacitatedDelhi’splanforopenspacesandgreenspaces.SotodaywehavetwoDelhisrolledintoone.Delhi–Athatisanoutcomeofofficialplanning,howsoevershoddyinthepost-independencephase,thathas retained its greenery and givesDelhi the status of oneof the greenest capitals of Asia. AndDelhi-B which bears little resemblance with Delhi A in terms of green spaces, no matter whatamountofretrofittingitmayhaveseenormaybesubjectedto.

Judicial activism, civil society action, regulatory & executive measures, and manifested publicconcernhavecollaboratedtobringurbangreenspacesbacktotheforefrontofpublicdiscourse.Asa city Delhi of today is farmore alive to the need for green spaces to stay and survive. This ismanifestedinanincrease,atleastinquantitativesense,inforestcoverinDelhifrom6percentin1999to20.8percent in2013.Thishasbeenmainlyduetoplantationactivitycarriedout innon-forest areas. This is notwithstanding the fact that qualitative challenges (biodiversity profile,recreational/outreach infrastructure in, and public participation in management of, green areasetc.)stillremainworkinprogressandlotofworkisrequiredtointegrateDelhi’sgreencoverwithpublic psyche. But beginnings have been made by involving public/school children in annualplantingdrives,conductofregulartreecensus,settingupofeco-clubsonmorethan5000schoolsofDelhiwithattendanteducationalprojects.Delhimayberunninglate.Butitisnowrunning,andrunninghard.

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UrbanForestryinIran-FariborzGheibi(Iran)Nowadays, cities face many challenges from the environmental and natural resources point ofview,namely:populationexplosion,waste,urbanandruralsewage,airpollution,noisepollution,magnetic pollution (radio and cell phone waves, etc.), water pollution, dusts, deforestation,desertification,drought,andclimatechange. In this respect, someof theeffectsofgreenspacesand urban forests include:Maintaining health in urban and peri-urban communities; Decreasingstress and speedingupdisease recovery; Improving thequality of living in cities;Decreasing thefrequencyandseverityofcaraccidents;havingsignificantpositiveeffectsonbloodpressure,self-confidenceandmentalcondition.

Inordertocreateurbanforestry,thefollowingissuesshouldbeconsidered:Increaseurbangreenspace per capita and reach the standard green space per capita; Take benefits from localcommunity and people's belief into consideration in planning and creation of parks and greenspaces;Createamixedurbanforest(Ecosystem);Enhancebiodiversity;Createforestedparksinthename of renowned people such as artists (planting memorial trees for renowned people andartists);Installinterpretivesignsfortreesandshrubs;Determinetheplacesforplantationsaroundnew roads and highways; Create green belts around cities, examples include Boushehr,Kermanshah,Hamedan,Kerman,Kashmar,EsfahanandShiraz.

A successful story of urban forestry in Iran is the one of Tehran: One of the environmentalchallenges of Tehran capital is growing vegetableswith urban sewage in southern Tehranwhichthreatenspeople'shealth.Inordertoaddressthisissue,authorities(JihadAgricultureOrganization,Natural Resources and Watershed management Directorate,Forests, Rangeland and Watershedmanagement Organization and Research Institute for Forests and Rangelands) proposedsubstitutingfarmingpatternandconcentrateontreefarminginsteadofvegetableproduction.

Joining Forces for ImprovedUrbanGreen SpaceManagement inMalaysia -NoorAzlinYahya(Malaysia)Malaysia is a rapidly developing country with a projection that 75% of the total area will beurbanizedby2020.Providingawiderangeofimportantsocial,physicalandeconomicbenefitsforsociety,urbangreenspaceneedstobeprofessionallymanagedtoensureeffectivecontributions.Ingeneral, localauthoritieswithaffluencecanafford inputs intoestablishmentandmanagementofgreenareas.Lessaffluentbodiesontheotherhand,haveurbangreeningas the leastof theirpriorities.Itisalsofoundthatthereisalackofmanpowerwithskillsrelevanttourbangreenspacemanagement inmanyof themunicipal councils. ThepresenterdiscussedMalaysianurbanizationconditions and problems encountered in urban green space management. Examples of threemunicipal councilswerepresented toshowthedifferentperspectivesonurbangreening.Havingnetworks of smart partnerships, was suggested as away to improve themanagement of urbangreenspaceespeciallyforlocalgovernmentswithlackofhumanresourceandfunding.

Quantification of Sustainability Index of Urban Forests in Korea - Chan Ryul Park(RepublicofKorea)BothoflandpriceandurbanpopulationareveryhighatthemetropolitancityofKorea,sonotonlyquantitativesecurebutalsoqualitativeenhancementofurbanforestsismostessentialtoestablishandmanage urban forests in Korea. This studywas conducted to develop the sustainable indexincludingquantitativeandqualitative indexofurbanforests insevenmajormetropolitancities inKorea.We extracted candidate indicators for evaluating urban forests with extensive review onliterature, and we selected indicators based on the degree of representative, degree of easemeasurement and quantification. We suggest three criteria and six indicators for quantitativeevaluation of urban forests: 1) natural ecological function (areas of green space and vegetationvitality), 2) function forenvironmental regulation (climatemitigationandairpurification), and3)

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management function of urban forest (ability of animal movement, degree of landscapeimportance).Naturalecological functioncanbeevaluatedbasedon theareaofgreenspaceandvitalityofurbanforests.Theindicatoronthefunctionforenvironmentalregulationconsideredtheabsorption volume of carbon dioxide and emission volume of oxygen from forests. Themanagement function can be utilized to quantify citizen access to urban forest and connectivityamongurbanforests.Thissustainabilityindexshouldbeincorporatedwithsocio-economicfactorsinthenearfuture.

A Case Study on the Impacts of LawnMaintenance Activities on Christchurch’s UrbanForest-JustinMorgenroth(NewZealand)Urbantreessurroundedbygrassaresusceptibletomechanicalwoundingcausedbylawnmowersandtrimmers.Anecdotallythisproblemappearstobepervasive,affectingtreesplantedinschoolanduniversitygrounds,parks,botanicalgardens,golfcourses, roadsidesand indeedany locationwheregrass ismaintainedonaregularbasis.Thepresentationfocusedontheresultsof thefirstformalstudytodocumenttheincidenceandseverityoftreedamagecausedbylawnmaintenanceequipment. Recent field datawasused to explorewhether landuse,mowing frequency, or treesize are correlated with the observed pattern of wounding in surface roots and stems. Thepresentationconcludedwithadiscussiononthelong-termtreehealthandeconomicimplicationsofmechanicalwoundingaswellastheroleoftreeprotection.

TowardaSustainablePlanningandManagementofUrbanGreenSpacesinMetropolitanManila-JosefinaFaulan(Philippines)Theforestcover inthePhilippineshasbeendecreasingsignificantlyfrom16.9Millionhectares in1934downto6.984Millionhectaresin2010,recordinga23%drop.InMetroManilaalone,whichistheNationalCapitalRegionofthecountry,openforestcoverisonly2,124hectareswhichis3%ofthetotallandareaoftheregion.

Despite the countries laws and policies promoting urban forestry and greening activities, thecountry, specifically, Metro Manila faces challenges in planning and managing urban forests toensure sustainable implementation. These include insufficient land for urban green spaces, lowprioritizationtourbanforestryactivities,poormanagement,operationandmaintenanceand lowpublic participation and cooperation. These challenges have to be addressed to make themetropolis responsive to the requirements of environmental greening especially in an urbansetting when determining land use is basically more a factor of the cost of land depending onlocationanddevelopmentdirection, amongothers. Theremustbeaparadigm shift tomaximizegreenarchitectureandlandscapingactivitiesinthemidstofurbanization,combiningtraditionalbutinnovativestrategiesandtechnologicaladvancementwhilemaximizinguseoflimitedurbanspaceaswellaslimitedresourcesdevotedtourbanforestry.

In promoting sustainable planning and management of urban green spaces especially in MetroManila,thegovernmentdoesnothavethemonopolyoftheresponsibility.Theprivatesectorandthecivilsocietyshouldcontributeinthiseffortand,ofcourse,resourcestocomplementthoseofthe government. This requires political will, commitment and determination to continue onpursuingwhathasbeenstartedandtocontinueonplanningandimplementingforsustainableuseofurbangreenspaces.

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Loss of Secondary Forest as an Emerging Concern for Urban Forest Management inSingapore-TanPuayYok(Singapore) Singaporeiswidelyregardedasagreencityinthesensethatthereisapervasivesenseofgreenerythroughout the city despite its high built and population densities.When one looks at the landcoverchangesinthecityoverthepasttwocenturies,itisclearthatthishasbeenachievedthrougha dramatic transformation of land cover types, from natural forests tomoremanaged forms ofurbangreenery.Whatisnotsoapparentisthattodate,suchlandcoverchangescontinue,albeitinvolvingdifferent landcovertypes,atadifferentpaceandquantum,butwithimpactsthathaveoftennotbeenfullyappreciated.Morespecifically,thelossofsecondaryforestsinSingaporedueto various types of land developments account for about 50% of all vegetation cover loss thatSingaporehaswitnessedbetween2007and2012.Thepresentationhighlightedthepatternsinthelossof secondary forests in Singaporeover thepastdecade,potentialprojected lossesbasedonnationallanduseplan,anddiscussthesocio-ecologicalconcernsofsuchchanges.Healsosuggestthat while land development over forested sites are often inevitable, trade-offs between landconservationandlanddevelopmentneednotbeazero-sumgame.Thefieldsofurbanecologyanddesignprovide somedirectionsonhowmore sensitiveapproachescouldbeadopted tomitigatetheconsequencesofsecondaryforestslossinSingapore.

Ecosystem Function and Service of Urban Forest for Air Quality and Water Supply -Woo-KyunLee(RepublicofKorea)Theapplicationofecosystemserviceconceptsinenvironmentalrelateddecisionmakingcouldbeanumerical and objective standard for policymakers to strike a balance between preserving anddeveloping perspectives of environment. Despite increasing interest in ecosystem services, thedifference between ecosystem functions and ecosystem services were still not being clearlyunderstood by policy makers and stakeholders. A study on proposed methods of evaluatingecosystem functions and services based on environmental and socio-economic factors waspresented.Thedifferencesbetweenecosystemfunctionsandserviceswerepresentedintermsofairpurificationandwateryieldofaforestecosystem.ThestudysuggestedNaturalFunctions(NF),EnvironmentalServices(ES)andEnvironmentalSocialServices(ESS)tospecifyecosystemfunctionsand services. NF are direct and potential functions from a specific ecosystem that could beconnectedwithotherspecificecosystemfunctions.ESare theecosystemservices thatemployedonly to environmental conditions. ESS are the ecosystem services related to social conditions aswellasenvironmentalconditions.Inthecaseofairpurification,airpollutantsabsorptioncapacitywasemployedforNF.Ontheotherhand,inthecaseofwateryield,InVESTmodelwasappliedfortheNFquantification.AirpollutantandprecipitationweresetastheenvironmentalconditionforEStoindicatethenaturalorhumaninfluencewhichmadeactualquantificationamongNFcapacity.Populationwassetastheenvironmentalsocialconditiontoindicatethehumanneedswhichmadeservicedemandsinbothairpurificationandwateryield.ThestudyfoundthatthevalueofNFwasspatially, randomly distributed according to the forest condition,while the values of ES and ESSwerehigherinurbanareaswhereindustrialandhumanactivitiesoccur.WithanunderstandingofthedifferencesamongtheNF,ES,andESSconcepts,decisionmakerscouldbeequippedwithmoreefficientandeffectivetoolsforthemanagementofecosystemservices.

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UrbanForestry:DoesBangkokCare?-OrayaSutabutr(Thailand)Bangkok suffers from a severe lack of green spaces. According to the Siemens green city index,Bangkok’sgreenspaceis4m2percapita,wellbelowtheWHOstandardof9m2percapita.Itonlyhas5largeparksinthecitycenterwhiletherestaremostlyintheoutskirts.Meanwhile,potentiallarge green spaces such as Makkasan which is a run-down train depot but a huge expanse ofgreeneryandlargeoldtrees,andthegroundsoftheTobaccoMonopoly,whowillsoonmoveout,leaving behind huge trees, potential bike and jogging lanes and recreational spaces, are beinginfiltrated by commercial interests. Bangkachao, 16 km2 ofmangroves and fruit plantations, justacross the river, is threatened by reckless commercial developments. Lacking of understanding,publicawarenessandskilledexpertstotakecareofexistingurbantreescontributetothesituation.Treesarepoorlymaintained,beingcutdown,plantedwithnorootsandbeingviewedashazards.BigTreesProject,withnearly100,000Facebookfollowers,wasestablishedbyconcernedcitizens6years ago to campaign for awareness, collaboration with government agencies, academics,professionals and businesses, and the public in greening Bangkok via public activities i.e. treeplanting, tree pruning, tree diagnosis, big tree cycling trips. Through publicworkshops, dramaticmediaeventsandnegotiationwithauthorities,wepressureresponsibleagenciestoincreasegreenspaces.Inthefollowingcases,recognitionofgreenspacesandthenecessityforallpartiestoworktogether,havebeenthecentralfocus:Sukhumvit35fellingofoldtrees,protectingoldstreettreesat CentralWorld andMercury Ville;media spotlight on Bangkachao, citizens’ fight against BMAplantodestroyBangkhunnonPark.Amongothereventswas theBangkokprotestmarchagainst,MaewongDam,thefirststreetprotestbycitypeoplewhomarchedhundredsofkilometerforthesakeofMaewongNationalPark.

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Internationalexperience

‘ManagementistheToolbywhichDesignNeverEnds’—ReflectionsupontheSuccessfulEstablishment of anUrban Forest Landscape Structure Plan in a UKNew Town - AlanSimson(UK)Human beings have had a long, deep, cultural relationship with trees, woodlands and thelandscape, which transcends national cultures, and sits as an equal alongside our scientific,economicand spiritual relationships. That said, thereare thosewhobelieve that, asmostofuseitherhavemovedorare intheprocessofmovingto inhabiturbanareas,these linkswithtrees,woodlandandthelandscapehavedroppeddownouragendassomewhatandbecomeoutdated,asotherissuesraisetheirprofileandbecomemorepressing.Theycouldn’tbemorewronghowever.Thepresentationreflecteduponthedesign, implementationandsubsequentmanagementoftheurban forestry-based Landscape Structure Plan for Telford, one of the UK’s 3rd Generation NewTowns.

In1963,theUKGovernmentdesignatedaNewTowntobebuilttothewestoftheexistingcityofBirmingham, primarily to reclaim a post-industrial area, stimulate new economic growth and toprovidenewareasofhousingfortheWestMidlandsregion.ThisNewTownwascalledDawley.Thetownwasexpandedconsiderablyin1968,andre-namedTelford.Newinfrastructure,industrialandhousing estates, educational, health and retail facilitieswere planned, designed and built, and acomprehensiveprogrammeofgreeninfrastructureandurbanforestrywasimplementedtocreatea‘ForestCity’.

The resulting urban area of Telford was characterised by extensive areas of green space andprominent landscape features,which comprises some 40% of the total area of the town. Theseincludenaturallyregeneratedpitmoundsandreclaimedlandfrompastindustrialdereliction,muchof which was integrated with new mass tree planting and large areas of formal and informalparkland. The townwas designed and built by a Development Corporation, which was officiallywound down in 1991. Responsibility for the town was then handed over to a local authority –TelfordandWrekinCouncil.

Muchof thegreen infrastructureplannedanddesignedbytheTelfordDevelopmentCorporationwas incorporated into the new council’s ‘Green Network’, which formed a Landscape StructurePlan throughout the townand linkedwith thesurroundingcountryside.ThisGreenNetworkwasestablishedbetween1991and2001,asasuccessortotheoriginalNewTownLandscapeStructurePlan. It formsan interlinkedsystemofgreen infrastructurewithinTelford,whichhasacollectivevalue for ecology and nature conservation, formal and informal recreation, access, linkage andvisualorlandscapequality.TheNetworkcoversover2800ha,some40%oftheareaofthetown,andincludesallopenareasofbiodiversity,landscapeandamenityvalue.

Thusthroughoutthetown,therearecorridorsofopenland,articulatedbyurbanforestry,thatlinkto the core areas, and create wildlife habitats and corridors. Much of the network is in closeproximityanddirectlyaccessibletolocalpeople,asitintertwinesaroundandthroughthebuilt-upareas.Thetotalareaundertreesisabout18%oftheareaofthetown,whichcontrastswellwiththe10%plusnationalaveragetreecoveroftheUK.

The social, functional, environmental, economic and ultimately human dimensions of Telford’surban forest incorporatemanydesignelements,whichcanbeexamined in relation towoodlandlocation, the size, shape and structure of the woodland, and the plant sizes used and the treespecies selected. Where such woodlands were sited also has many implications, including use,habitat and land use. Distance from the local community influences those who use the newwoodland,whattheyuseitforandwithwhatfrequency.Thisinturninfluencestheamountofuseandhuman impact issues. Theproximityof thenewwoodland toother similar areas affects the

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ratesofcolonisationbyfloraandfauna.Formerlanduseshaveabearinguponsitepreparationandspecieschoice,historiccontinuity,andtheincorporationofancientandremnantlandscapes.

The size, shape and structure of the newwoodlands affect the level of bio-diversity within thewoodland.Large,deeperwoodlandssupportalargenumberofspecies,asdoesstructuraldiversity.Sizehasabearinguponthecarryingcapacityofthewoodland,andthusthebiodiversitypotentialof the area. Carrying capacity also relates to the number of people that can be comfortablysupportedinthearea,andhoweffectivelytherecreationalpotentialandmulti-purposeobjectivesof thewoodlandcanbemet through, forexample, zoning. Inaddition, the relationshipbetweenthe level of environmental benefits and the size of the woodland should be considered –particularly for shelter and noise abatement issues. The creation of different woodland typeswithin the urban forest offers choice and visual interest for the visitor, whilst creating differenthabitatsthatwillsupportawidediversityofspecies.

Partofthecostsofcreatingnewwoodlandsisinfluencedbythesizeoftheplantmaterialusedandthechoiceofspecies.Generally,thesmallerthestock,hecheaperitistopurchase.Smallplantingstockhas the advantageof establishingquickly, and species suited to the site aremore likely tosurviveanddevelopintorobust,resilientwoodland.Small,mediumandlargestockswereusedindevelopingTelford’surbanforest,dependinguponthelocationandtheneedforimmediatevisualimpact.

Thewayanurbanwoodlandisdesignedandhowitisrealisedwillinfluencehowitisusedandbywhom.Timeisanimportantconsideration,asitcantakemanyyearsforanewwoodlandtofullydevelopandbecomeabletofulfilcertainfunctions.However,oncedeveloped,theurbanforesthasthepotential toexistasa functioningunit formanydecades,providing theappropriateDesign /ManagementContinuum’isavailable,whichithasbeeninTelford.Iftheurbanforestistobenefitthewholecommunity,allgroupswithinthecommunityneedtobeconsultedandlistenedto.Theurbanforestneedstobedesignedtomeetcurrentneedsandpressures,whilsthavingthecapacitytowithstandtheinevitablechangesthatwillaffectitinthefuture.Urbanwoodlandsthatarewell-designed will contain common elements that allow for their longevity and long-tern appeal,regardlessofthechangingurbandemandsandpressures.

ThemainquestionsrelatingtourbanwoodlanddesignwithintheLandscapeStructurePlanwerewhere will these woodlands be located, who are they to serve, for what purpose and howwillthese needs bemet? Attempting to understand how urbanwoodlands are to be used providesopportunitiesforsocialinclusion,asmoregroupsofthecommunityarelikelytobeconsultedandinvolved.Inaddition,anunderstandingofthepublicperceptionofurbanwoodedareasandtheirpreferencefordifferentelementswithinsuchwoodlands,canguidedesignersonaspectssuchasthesize,andshapeofurbanwoodland,thedistancefromthecommunitiestheyserve,woodlandstructureandtype,pathwaysandinterpretationsignsandinformation.

TheplantingandestablishmentofthebulkofTelford’surbanforestendedinabout1990.Intotal,over 6 million trees were planted, and this has led to very significant changes in the urbanlandscapeoverthelast25yearsorso.Ifurbanwoodlandcanbelooselygroupedintothreestages–Short-term Impact [0-15years],Mid-Term Impact [10-25years]andLong-Term Impact [25-75+years],thenmuchofTelford’surbanforestisemergingfromMid-TermdevelopmentandenteringintotheLong-Termstageofdevelopment.

Thus, this presentation will consider the rationale behind the concept of Telford’s originalLandscapeStructurePlan,andthesocial,politicalandpracticalissuesinvolvedinitsdelivery.Itwillalso consider the reaction and engagement of the inhabitants of theNew Townwith their newurbanforest,andthe influencethaturbanforestryhashadonattractingandretainingeconomicinvestment. Inparticular, thepartplayedbythestrong linksestablishedbetweenthedesignandprospectivemanagementofanewurbanforestoveraperiodofsome30yearsindeliveringtheseattributeswill beemphasised, togetherwithwhat lessonswemight learn from this reflection toinformthedevelopmentofurbanforestryinthefuture.

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TreesintheCity,OurCommonHeritage-FabioSalbitano(Italy)Culturallandscapesgiveusplaceandrevealourrelationshipwithlandandenvironmentovertime.Thesearespecialplacesthatcontainaspectsofouroriginanddevelopmentthroughtheir forms,features and history of use. Cities are muchmore than just buildings and people. Some of theworld’smostfamouscitiesareasknownfortheiropenspaceastheyarefortheirculture.Nowhereelse as in cities naturemeets culture and culture needs nature. Cities are living-labs for nature-based solutions to societal challenges and cultural heritage as a driver for sustainabledevelopment.

The“urbanadventure” intheMediterraneanregiondatesbackfourthousandyearsormoreandtheroleoftreesandforests,evenifveryoftenunderestimated,hasbeenfundamentalallalongthehistoryofMediterraneancities.OneofthetasksofSILVAMEDITERRANEAworkingGrouponUrbanandPeri-urbanForest,born in2013andmerging theUrbanForestexperienceof24countries intheregion,istohighlighttheimportanceofUrbanandPeri-urbanForestsasaculturalHeritageoftheMedcitiesandtosustainandpromotingtheirroleinthepolicyagendasofthecities.

The presenter summarized the relationships between trees and cities along history, and thenfocusedonsomecasestudies fromNorthernandSouthernMediterraneanbasinbyapplying theapproach of cultural ecosystem services. The perceptual dimension of the cultural role of urbanforests will be emphasized according to the results of recent research. Experiences of design-managementstyleswillbereportedinordertodefinethecurrentneedsandperceptionsandtheapplicability of nature-based solutions to the creative and collaborative design of “new” urbanforest,i.e.theculturallandscapeofthefuture.

The Role of Urban Forests and Nature Based Solutions in the Development andMaintenanceofAdequateLevelsofHealthandWellnessinXXICenturyEuropeanCities-GiovanniSanesi(Italy)Duringthelasttwodecadesawell-establishedresearchstreamhasprovidedsignificantevidencesonthebeneficialeffectsofgreenspacesandurbanforestsandothernature-basedsolutions(NBS)onthehumanhealth.SeveralstudiesonthepositiveeffectsofcontactingwithnaturehavebeenmainlyconductedinsomeEuropeancountries,onthecontrarytheexperienceofnatureforpeoplelivinginothercountriesisstilltobeadequatelyinvestigated.

Research on the positive effects of NBS is particularly important in dense urban settlementscharacterized by heavy environmental stress-related problems where people are also sufferingfromincome-relatedwell-being inequalities.ThepresenceandtheuseofurbanforestsorsimilarNBScanhavearelevantroleinimprovinghumanhealthandwell-beingandinplayinganimportantrole from a social perspective in promoting a sense of safety, social support and cohesion, andintegration. Creating and maintaining positive and interconnected urban environments (greeninfrastructure)andprovidingecosystemservicesforagreaterportionofthehumanpopulationisperhapsoneofthemostcrucialchallengesofourtimes,especiallyinthecontextofglobalchange.

HumanandPlanetaryHealthinAsianCities:TheRoleofUrbanForests-JosePuppimdeOliveira(USA)The planetary and humanhealth is tightly linked to theway cities are developed andmanaged.Forestsplayakeyroletoguaranteeandimprovethewell-beingofurbandwellers.UsingexamplesinAsia,thepresenterdiscussedwhycitiesshoulduseforeststobuildnature-basedsolutions(NBS),how the relation between urban planning and forests evolved over time and the obstacles andopportunitiestohavingforestplanningalargerroleinourcities.

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UrbanForestryasaWaterQualityTool—HowScienceandPolicyConnectintheUnitedStates’ChesapeakeBayWatershed-SusanD.Day(USA)TheChesapeakeBay is the largest estuary in theUnited States of America and one of themostproductivebodiesofwaterintheworld.Inthefaceofincreasedurbanization,however,protectingtheBay’swaterqualityandthefisheriesandotherecologicalsystemsthatrelyoncleanwaterhasbeen challenging. This case study will address how the Chesapeake Bay Program, a policyconsortium of the states thatmake up the watershed, relies on urban forest science to informestimates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sediment (TSS) loads entering the Bay. Availableurban forest science is vettedbyanurban tree canopyexpertpanel forboth scientific rigorandrelevance to policy. Using a credit system, Chesapeake Bay Program estimates of N, P, and TSSinfluence in turn the development of local land use and management policies and practicesintended to protect water quality in the Bay. Gaps in urban forest science and challenges intranslatingsciencetoactionablepolicywillbeexplored.

USAUrbanandCommunityForestryProgram-PhillipRodbell(USA)ProgramDeliveryImportant national partners have helped the Forest Service to establish and grow federalinvestmentinurbanandcommunityforestryprograms,educatingthepublic,tellingasharedstoryandgrowingtheirowncapacitytodoworkincities.TheseincludetheNationalAssociationofStateForesters,ArborDayFoundation,InternationalSocietyofArboriculture,AmericanForests,andtheSustainableurbanForestsCoalition.

EachadministrativeregionoftheForestServicedeliverstheprogramtailoredtotheuniqueneedsdefined by independent State and local partners. With partial funding provided by the ForestService,eachstatedevelopsandimplementsplanstoengagemetropolitanregions,communities,andthepublic.ManystatesareprovidingcompetitivefundingtocitiesandNGOstodemonstratebest practices and createmomentum for local investments in stormwatermanagement, energyconservation,businessdevelopment,andtourism.

TheForestServiceprovidesresourcestothestatestodevelopandmaintaintheirprogramoftechnicalassistance,includingthesebestpractices:� Hireaprogramcoordinator� Providetechnicalandvolunteerservices� Maintainadiverseadvisorycouncil� Developandimplementplansforaction� Focusonimprovingtreecanopycoverandbenefitsforamajorityofpopulationwheretheylive� Assistcommunitiestodevelopsustainabletreemanagementprograms

ImpactsandOutcomesThe Forest Servicemeasures its success by thenumbers of communities andpopulation in eachstate and region that are receiving assistance and showing results in developing Staff, Policies,Advocacy,andPlanstoprotectandimprovetreeandforests.

The graphic below shows growth in the numbers of communities that are fully managing theirurban forest resources as a result of federal and state combined assistance. Managingcommunities have professional staff, tree protection policies, advocacy organizations, and activemanagementplans. Thedevelopingcommunitiesdonothaveallthecomponents.In2015,morethan200millionresidentsliveinthecommunitiesserved–nearly70%ofthenationalpopulation.Outcomes include growing local advocacy and public investment in trees and forest parks,improved public awareness about the value of forests and forest management, and increasingpublicengagementandvolunteerismtoplantandmaintaintreesandgreenspaces.

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StoriesfromtheFieldTheNortheastandMidwestregionoftheUnitedStateshasapopulationof120millionresidentsin100 metropolitan areas. For many of these residents, the urban forest is the only forest theyencounter. The Forest Service and state forestry agencies assist more than 4,000 communitiesannually.IntheirForestActionPlans,theseagencieshaveplacedemphasisonthebenefitsoftreesand forests as green infrastructure, contributing to the quality of life in communities. In anintegratedapproach,mostStatesseektoprotectexistingtreecover,implementbestmanagementpractices, and engage local officials and the public in planning, sustaining, and improving forestresourcesinandaroundcities,suburbs,andtowns.

Inamorelocalexampleofagencyefforts,theForestServiceprovideddirectassistancetothecityofPhiladelphia. Thiscitywasthenation’scapitaluntil theyear1800,when itofficiallymovedtoWashingtonDC. Thecitybeganlosingpopulationduetocrimeandpublichealthconcerns inthe1950’s,losing600,000residentstosurroundingprovinces.Morethan40,000residentialbuildingsbecamepublichazardsandhadtoberemoved,makingmorethan500hectaresofnewland.Intheyear2002,agencytechniciansworkedwiththecitytodevelopagreenplanforthefuture,tohelpthemayorbuildthegreenestcityinAmerica.

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Agencystaffhelpedthecitytostudyitsalternatives,buildpublicconsensus,establishgoalsfortreecover,andbeginworkplantingandcaringfortrees–turningvacant landsintogreenstormwaterinfrastructure and establishing a new research field station to study tree mortality andcontributionstopublichealthandsafety.

ForestServiceActions� Inventoryandecologicalassessments� Managementplanning� Treeplantingandmaintenance� VacantlandenhancementandParkRevival� Improvementstogreenwaysandgreenstormwaterinfrastructure� Foresthealthandinvasivespeciescontrol� Practicalresearch&analysis

Since 2004, the Philadelphia Green Initiative of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society and theGovernor’sTreeVitalizeprogramhaveplanted350,000 treeswith thehelpofmanypartnersandtrained community volunteers, calledTreeTenders. And the citywater department launched itsownGreenCity,CleanWaterprogramusingpublicutilityfeestobuild200greenhectaresofstormwaterfiltrationareas.

Less than 12 years after Forest Service initial investment, the city has become a learningdestinationforthoseinterestedinstudyingadvancedgreeninfrastructureplanning,construction,andmaintenance.

FinancialAssistanceToday,ForestServiceinvestmentsininnercitycommunitiesandmetropolitanareascontinueonacompetitivebasisacrosstheUnitedStates.ClosetoUSD$4millionisawardedannuallyinprojectfunding and is leveraged heavily by state and local investment. An additional USD $1 millionannually supports social science and biophysical research through universities and the privatesector. The agency has hired new scientists and funded fellowships and post-doctoral studiestotalingmorethanUSD$5millioninurbanresearchstations inPhiladelphia,NYC,Baltimore,andChicago,Athens,Georgia,Gainesville,Florida,andournewestinLosAngeles,California.

ToolsandTechnologyTosupportourstateand localpartners,wehavedevelopednewtools thatenable localanalysis,planning,monitoringandevaluation.I-TreeLandscapeprovidesamappingserviceavailablefreelyacrosstheU.S.,whichlayerstreecanopycoverovertopofcensusdemographicdataandpoliticalboundaries to help residents and policymakers study options and impacts in air quality, stormwater runoff, and carbon capture. It answers thequestion: Where should I plant andmaintaintreestohavethegreatestimpactonpublichealthandtheenvironment?

Finally, to support traditional and urban forestry the Forest Service is expanding its continuousforest inventory to include thenation’surban forests for the first time in its 80 year record. 55million hectares of urban land will be surveyed continuously to track trends in tree cover andassociatedbenefitsatalandscapescale.Thisincludestreespeciesmix,foreststructureanddollarvalueforCarbonstorage,airpollutionreduction,avoidedrunoff,residentialenergyconservation,andbiomassproduction.

ConclusionThe Forest Service and its partners havemany lessons learned from their 25 year investment inurbanforestryandbuildingmorelivable,resilientcitiesandcommunities.Theprincipallessonmaybethaturbanforestsdependonthepeoplewhocareforthem. Theagencyknowshowtoplantandgrowtrees,butthereremainsmuchstilltolearnonhowtogrowfuturestewardsofoururbanforests.

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IntegratingEducationandResearchinUrbanForestry–AHigherEducationPerspectiveinUSA-YadongQi(USA)Urbanforestryhasmaturedoverthelast30yearsintheU.S.Itisnolongerjusttreeplanting;itisaholisticapproachusingart,science,andtechnologytomanagingtrees,forests,andnaturalsystemsin and around cities, suburbs, towns and small communities for the health andwell-being of allpeople. Urban forest is recognized as a vital urban green infrastructure, providing enormousenvironmental,ecological,social-economicbenefitswhenmanagedproperly.However,effectivelymanagingurbanandcommunity forest resourcesrequireswelleducatedandhighlyskilledurbanforestry professionals. The presentation focused on urban forestry education and researchprogramsintheU.S.highereducationusingSouthernUniversityandA&MCollegeinBatonRouge(SUBR), Louisiana as a case study. The SUBR has the oldest and themost comprehensive urbanforestryeducationprogramsintheU.S.thatofferBS,MS,andPhDDegreesinUrbanForestry.TheSUBR uses itsmultidisciplinary urban forestry research programs to complement urban forestryeducationandprovideundergraduateandgraduatestudentswithdiverseexperientiallearningandtraining opportunities in urban forest science and management along with the state-of-the-arttechnologies. The SUBR has made significant contributions to urban forestry profession andworkforcediversityintheU.S.overthelast20years.ThepaperpresentedBS,MS,andPhDurbanforestrycurriculaandmajorurbanforestryresearchandoutreachprojectsattheSUBR.

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PostersessionApostersessionwasalsoheldattheendofthesymposium.Youngscientistsandgraduatestudentssubmitted41postersforthesessionwhichhadfivethematicareas,1)urbanforestsandenvironmentalquality,2)urbanforestsandhumanhealthandwellbeing,3)greeninfrastructureandurbanplanning;4)urbanforestsandbeautification;and5)urbanforestsandculturalheritage.Apanelofjudgesselectedthebestposteroneachthematicareaandgrantedawards.AbstractsareavailableinAnnexIV.

BestPaperAwardPublicviewsofthelow-carboneconomyinsmallcitiesZhaohuaCheng

BestPosterDesignAwardBioaccumulationofheavymetalsinplantleavesfromYan'ancityoftheLoessPlateau,ChinaDexiangWangandYouningHu

BestPaperAwardonUrbanForestsandEnvironmentalQualityEutrophicationcontrolandnutrientremovalbyurbanriparianvegetationShuaiYu,WeiChen,XingyuanHe,ZhouliLiu,XueyangWang

BestPaperAwardonUrbanForestsandHumanHealthandWellbeingThecontributionofurbanforestsinachievingsustainabledevelopmentgoalsTeayeonKim,YujuanChen,SimoneBorelli,Woo-KyunLee

BestPaperAwardonGreenInfrastructureandUrbanPlanningCanopy-basedlandscapepatterngradientanalysisoftheurbangreenlandspaceJiaYao

BestPaperAwardonUrbanForestsandBeautificationAbriefdescriptionofhedgefunctionanditschemicalpruningtechnologyLijuanXv

BestPaperAwardonUrbanForestsandCulturalHeritageAnalysisofcastlesettlementlandscapebasedondemandorientedincentralregionofFujianShupingHuang

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# PosterTitle

1 Abriefdescriptionofhedgefunctionanditschemicalpruningtechnology

2 AstudyonlandscapepatternoftheurbanforestandgreennetworkinPudongdistrictofShanghai,China

3 AstudyonthermalenvironmenteffectofurbangreenspacelandscapeinYan’ancity

4 AnalysisofcastlesettlementlandscapebasedondemandorientedinCentralregionofFujian

5 Assessmentofurbantreebenefitsandservicesbasedonthei-Treemodel

6 BachelorofUrbanForestry

7 BioaccumulationofheavymetalsinplantleavesfromYan'ancityoftheLoessPlateau,China

8 Canopy-basedlandscapepatterngradientanalysisoftheurbangreenlandspace

9 CarbonstorageofforestecosystemsinGuangzhouCity

10 Characteristicofdifferentlife-formvegetationanditsrelationshipwithlandusetypesalongriverinezoneofJiushijiuriverinJinjiangcity

11 CurrenturbanforestryresearchatFacultyofForestryUBC

12 EffectsofforesttypeandurbanizationoncarbonstorageofurbanforestsinChangchun

13 Eutrophicationcontrolandnutrientremovalbyurbanriparianvegetation

14 EvaluationofthescenicbeautyqualityofgardenroadlandscapeofclassicalgardensinHangzhou

15 EvaluationtechnologyanddemonstrationofvisuallandscapeofurbanmountainparkbasedonGIS

16 EvolutioncharacteristicsandhomesicknesscultureofruralcourtyardplantlandscapesinZhuhai

17 EvolutioncharacteristicsandhomesicknesscultureofruralcourtyardplantlandscapesinZhuhai—TaketheJiexiaZhuangandPaishanvillageasexamples

18 Greenwaystringshealthandhappylives

19 HugeafforestationprojectsattractbirdsreturninBeijingcity

20 ImportanceofurbanforeststotemperateurbanizedcitiesinChina-Quantifyingcarbonbiomassandvariationinthesoil

21 Photosyntheticcapacity,photochemicalefficiencyandchlorophyllcontentofeightbamboospeciesofdifferentseasonsinZizhuparkinBeijing

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# PosterTitle

22 PreliminarystudyondesignofurbangreenspacewithBVOCshealthcareeffect

23 Publicviewsofthelow-carboneconomyinsmallcities

24 Quantitativeevaluationontheimpactofthestreetgreeninginancienttownlandscape

25 ResearchoncharacteristicofurbanecologicalspaceinBeijingplainarea

26 Researchstatus,problemsandprospectoflandscapeforestvisualization

27 Riskdegreeassessmentofcommongreentrees

28 ShorttermeffectofthinningoncarbonstorageinChinesefirplantation

29 Structureandregenerationpatternoftheisolatedremnantvegetationinurbanizedarea

30 StructureandspeciesdiversityoftypicalforestsinGuangzhoucity

31 StudiesonadsorbingPM2.5functiondifferencesoftreespeciesindifferenturbanforests

32 StudiesonPM2.5concentrationsdynamicsoftypicalurbanforestinthesouthernsuburbofNanjing

33 Studyadvancesontheeffectsofurbanforestsonparticulatematter

34 StudyonaccumulationcharacteristicsofPopulustomentosatoheavymetals

35 Studyoncarbonstorageofpoplarplantationatdifferentstandages

36 StudyonhumancomfortandmicroclimateofsmallurbanforestsinBeijinginsummer

37 Studyonrelationshipsbetweenthefactorsreflectingecologicalandhealthyfunctionsinurbanforests

38 ThecolorquantizationforthefallscenicforestofJinsiCanyonNationalForestParkInShanxiProvince

39 ThecontributionofurbanforestsinachievingSustainableDevelopmentGoals

40 Theenvironmentalbenefitsandsustainabilityofurbanforests

41 Variationinparticulatesofurbanforestwithdifferenthabitattypesinsummer

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Part2.FieldTrip

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FieldtripThefieldtripincludedthreedifferentsites:

1.MeihuaCityGardenApopularurbangardenwithurbanforestsandurbanagricultureclosetoresidentialareasinthecitycenter2.ResidentialCommunityAmodernresidentialcommunitywithwell-maintainedgreenspacesforresidents3.SeashoreParkAnurbanparkneartheshorewithurbanforests,culturalheritage,andecologicallyrestoredbeach

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Part3.Workshop

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Asia-Pacificregioncountryprofiles

Overview

In2015,urbanpopulation inAsia-Pacific regionhas risenup to2,138,497,which isabout48percent of the total population in the region. Total urban population is expected to increase to3,349,957, i.e. 63% of the total population by 2050. Rapid urbanization has resulted inenvironmental, social, andhealth issues in the region.Well planned andmanagedurban forestscan be one of the solutions for these problems by producing goods and providing ecosystemservices.

However, little is known about urban forestry development in the Asia-Pacific region. AQuestionnaireonUrbanForestryintheAsia-PacificRegionwasdesignedtocollectinformationonurban forestry development in each participated country including urban forestry resources,governance, and management (please see the supplementary material for the completequestionnaires). Questionnaires were collected before the meeting and during the workshopparticipants from each country presented their questionnaires in the form of country profiles.There were 19 questionnaires from 17 countries in total. The respondents were mainly fromgovernmental agencies (9) and university professors (7). The rest of them were from researchinstitutes(2)andNGOs(1).

Countryprofiles

Inorder tounderstand themainbenefits, challenges andpriorities topromoteurban forestry intheregion, therespondentswerealsorequestedtohighlight threemainbenefits,key issuesandchallenges,aswellasneedsandprioritiesofUPFdevelopmentintheircountries.

Ingeneral,airpollutionremoval,beautificationandaestheticviewandcoolingeffectandenergysaving were the most expected benefits in the region. Singapore particularly emphasized theirinterestinconservingbiodiversityinthecity.Conflictsof landuse,weakgovernanceand lackofinvestments/fundingwerefoundtobethemainobstaclestothedevelopmentofforestandparksin cities in the region. Better governance, best management practices network/ knowledgeplatform, and sufficient investment/ funding were identified as main priorities in the region(pleaseseethetablebelowfordetails).

Mainbenefits Keyissues/challenges Needsandpriorities

Australia

� CooltheUHI,coolpeople’sstress

� Communitymentalhealthandwell-being

� Providehabitatforbiodiversity

� Communityacceptanceofoldtreeremoval

� Needtoreplacetreespecieswithothertoincreasedroughtandtemperaturetolerance

� Removalofmuchtreecoverintheprivateurbanlandscapethroughurbandensification

� Informationandknowledge

� Sufficientinvestments/funding

� Awarenessraising

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Mainbenefits Keyissues/challenges NeedsandprioritiesCa

mbo

dia � Improveenvironmental

conditionsinthecity� Waterflowandquality� Climateandenergyuse

� Migrationandpopulationpressure

� Landusechangefromurbanandperi-urbanforeststosettlements

� Ineffectivelawenforcement

� Infrastructuredevelopment

Sufficientinvestments/funding,Urbanforestryexperts,Goodgovernance,Bestmanagementpracticesnetwork/knowledgeplatform,International/regionalcooperation

China � Beautification/aesthetics

� Airpollutionremoval� Recreationalpurposes

� Conflictsoflanduse� Lowpublicparticipation� Weakgovernance

� Goodgovernance� Bestmanagement

practicesnetwork/knowledgeplatform

� International/regionalcooperation

DPR

K

� Beautification/aestheticview

� Coolingeffectsandenergysaving

� Airpollutionremoval

� Lackofinvestment/funding

� Lackofexperts� Conflictsoflanduse

� Sufficientinvestments/funding

� Urbanforestryexperts� Informationand

knowledge

India

� Physicalfitness,healthandrecreationalservicesforurbanpoor

� Airpollutionremovalfromcars

� Habitatforbirdsandsmallanimals

� Lackoflongtermplanningandapproach

� Lackofresponsibleagencyfornationalurbanforestprogram

� Inadequateparticipationoflocalcommunitiestomaintainexistinggreenareasandalsoregulateusage/enhanceuserexperience.

� Goodgovernance� Focusmoreonplanting,

lessonmaintaining&nurturing

� Bestmanagementpracticesnetwork/knowledgeplatform

Indo

nesia � Cementdustremoval

� Groundwaterrechargeenhancement

� Habitatforbirds

� Conflictsoflanduse(economicpriority,insufficientgreenspaces)

� Lackoffunding(lowpriorityonbudgeting)

� Communityparticipation(planningbylocalgovernmentwithoutcommunityparticipation)

� Sufficientinvestments/funding

� Awarenessraising� Goodgovernance

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Mainbenefits Keyissues/challenges NeedsandprioritiesIran

� Airpollutionremoval� Dust(storm)alleviation� Foodproductionand

waterpurification

� Waterquality� Airpollution� Duststorm

� Increaseurbangreenspace

� Establishgreenbeltsaroundcities

� Enhancebiodiversity

LaosPDR � Airpollutionremoval

� Recreationalpurposes� Aestheticview

� Lackofinvestments/funding

� Conflictsoflanduse� Lowpublicparticipation

� Sufficientinvestments/funding

� Goodgovernance� Awarenessraising

Malaysia � Aesthetics

� Recreationandsocialinteractions

� Coolingeffects

� Landusechange� Conflictsoflanduse� Insufficientcooperation

betweendifferentagencies

� Awarenessraising� Bestmanagement

practicesnetwork/knowledgeplatform

� Goodgovernance

Mon

golia

� Airpollutionremoval� Fuelwoodprovision� Recreationalvalue

� Illegalloggingcausedbypoverty,andincreaseddemandoffuelwoodbypopulationgrowth

� Lackofknowledgeandurbanforestryexperts

� Landuseissue

� Urbanforestryexperts� Informationand

knowledge� Goodgovernance

Myanm

ar � Airandwaterquality

enhancement� Stromwaterretention� Windandsoilerosion

reduction

� Lackofnational/municipalurbanforestryprogram

� Limitedtechnicalskillsandpublicawareness

� Limitednetworks

� Landscapedesignandspeciesselection

� Capacitybuildingformulti-stakeholder

� Developmentofastandardprogramandamanagementplan

New

Zea

land

� Culturalservices(recreation,placeforgathering,sports,leisure)

� Improveresiliencetonaturaldisasters(stormwaterattenuation)

� Regulatingservices(airpollutionreduction)

� Lackofurbanforestgovernance

� Lackofinvestmentandfunding

� Lackofinventorydataandthereforemanagementofurbantrees

� Sufficientinvestments/funding

� Goodgovernance� International/regional

cooperation

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Mainbenefits Keyissues/challenges NeedsandprioritiesPh

ilipp

ines � Airpollutionremoval

� Climatechangemitigationandadaptation

� Coolingeffectsandenergysaving

� Poormanagement� Limitedtechnicalskills

andknowledgeamongdecision-makers

� Weakgovernance

� Goodgovernance� Sufficientinvestments/

funding� Bestmanagement

practicesnetwork/knowledgeplatform

Repu

blicofK

orea � Coolingeffectinsummer

� Oxygenprovisionandcarbondioxideabsorption

� Positiveeffectonmentalandphysicalhealth

� Publicawareness� Urbanforestforsenior� Citizeninvolvementin

urbanforestrymanagement

� Legalinstitutions� Bestmanagement

practicesnetwork/knowledgeplatform

� International/regionalcooperation

Sing

apore

� “GardenCity”ambiencefornationalimageandidentity

� Supportingurbanbiodiversityfornationalconservationobjectives

� Urbanclimatemodification,inparticularameliorationoftheurbanheatislandeffect

� Conflictsoflanduse–landdevelopmentsoverforestedsitesandlossofmaturevegetationinmanagedsites(relatedtorelativevalueofeconomicversusnaturalcapitalperceivedbystakeholders)

� Lowpublicparticipationandentrenchedperceptionofdesirableformsofurbanforest(managedversusnaturalformsofurbanforests)

� Informationandknowledge

� Urbanforestryexperts

Thailand

� Coolingeffects,energysaving

� Airpollutionremoval� Recreationalpurposes

� Publicandauthorities’lackofunderstandingofimportancegreenspaces

� Lackofknowledgeandskillsformaintenanceofurbangreenspaces

� Poorlyregulatedcommercialinterestscontributingtodestructionofgreenspaces

� Informationandknowledge

� Awarenessraising� Sufficientinvestments

/funding

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ParalleldiscussionsessionTheobjectiveofthisparalleldiscussionsessionwastoidentifymainissuesandchallengesaswellasdiscusspossiblestrategiesandsolutionsofurbanforestrydevelopmentintheregioninthefollowingfiveareas:1)urbanforests&environmentalquality;2)urbanforests&humanhealthandwell-being;3)urbanforests&greeneconomy;4)urbanforests&culturalheritage;and5)greeninfrastructureforcityclusters.Theparticipantsfromtheregionactivelyparticipatedinandcontributedtothediscussionbasedontheirexpertiseandexperience.

WORKINGGROUP1:UrbanForests&EnvironmentalQualityFacilitators:SusanD.Day&AndrejVerlič

Tofacilitatethediscussion,participantsweredividedinto5subgroupsindifferentthematicareas:1)soil;2)water;3)landuseconflict;4)airquality;and5)urbanheatislands(UHI).Eachsubgroupwasaskedtoidentifymainissues/challengesanddiscusspossiblesolutionsfortheirthemes.Thediscussionresultsareasfollowing:

Subgroup1:Soil

Mainissuesandchallengesinclude:1)Soilerosionandsedimentationinurbanareas;2)Heavymetalsinurbansoils;3)Poorsoilconditions,forexample,poorfertilityandcompactioncannotsupportgoodtreegrowth;4)Infrequentuseofmulchingtoimprovesoilconditions;5)Heavymetalsinsoils;and6)Lackoffunding,training,andnewtechnologiestoimplementbestmanagementpractices.Suggestedsolutionsinclude:1)Increasingfinancialsupport;2)Applyingmulching,phytoremediation,andothermanagementtechniques;3)Enhancingcommunityengagement;4)Selectingappropriatespeciestooptimizeurbanforeststructure;5)Establishingalistofvegetables/forestfruits/fungithataccumulateheavymetals;and6)Providingbettertrainingandpubliceducation.

Subgroup2:Water

Mainissuesandchallengesinclude:1)Problemsofdroughtsandflooding;2)Lackofassessmentsystems;3)Insufficientwatershedforestprotectionmeasuresduetolanduseconflicts;and4)Waterpollutionduetolackofstandards.Suggestedsolutionsinclude:1)Conflictmanagementandlawenforcement;2)Providingsoundstormwatermanagement(e.g.,pervioussurface,mulching);and3)Integratingurbanforestsintowatermanagement,forexample,the“SpongeCity”programinChinawaspresentedasanexampleforstormwatermitigation.

Subgroup3:LandUseConflict

Mainissuesandchallengesinclude:1)Urbanexpansionandhumanmigrationfromruraltourbanareasisoccurringtoorapidlyforproperplanning;2)Forestlandtransformationintobuilt-upland;3)lackoflawenforcementduetomanyreasons,e.g.,boundaries/lawsarenotclearlydefined;and4)Increasingurbanpopulationwithhighdemands.Suggestedsolutionsinclude:1)Paymentsforecosystemservices(PES)tocompensateforlanduse;2)AssessmentofUFinA-PACregion;and3)Socialforestry–peoplemayuseforestsforanimalsandforestproducts.

Subgroup4:AirQuality

Mainissuesandchallengesinclude:1)Sourcesofairpollution(e.g.,VOCs,SOx,NOx,PM)fromvehicles,industry,homecombustionsystems,anderosion;2)Measurestocontroltheabove-mentionedemissions(thiswasseenasmoreimportantthanmitigationthroughtrees);3)Betternormsforindustry,vehicles,andconstruction;4)Identificationofspeciesthatabsorb/trappollutantsandmaximizemitigationeffects;5)Researchneedsofidentifyingstrategies(e.g.

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plantingspeciesandconfigurations)thatwouldbesuitablefortheAsia-Pacificregion.Forexample,therewasarecognitionthatmanycitiesdonothavegoodaircirculationbecauseoftopography(theyaresituatedinbasins,forexample).Suggestedsolutionsinclude:1)Communicationwithpolicymakers;2)Speciesselection;and3)Transferringscienceintopractice.

Subgroup5:UrbanHeatIslands(UHI)Mainissuesandchallengesinclude:1)Functionsofbiocorridorsandwindcorridors(seeissuewithaircirculationabove);2)Roleoftreesinloweringairtemperature;3)Lackofintegratedresearchonurbandesign,particularlyonthebestwaystoplantandmaintaintreesindifferentsituations;and4)Insufficientopengreenspace.Suggestedsolutionsinclude:1)Projectofintegratingsciencethatexistandsharewithintheregionandimplementinpilotsintheregion;2)Ensuringequalaccesstourbangreenspacetoseekcomfortfromtheheat;and3)Ensurethaturbanplannersgivesufficientandappropriatespaceforurbanforestsandtrees.

Asixththematicarea,managementpracticesthatinfluenceenvironmentalquality,wasaddedafterthefiveinitialsubgroups,basedonthediscussion.Mainissuesandchallengeshavebeenidentifiedonthistopicincluded:1)Habitatandspeciesmanagement;2)Overuseofpesticidesforurbanforestmanagement;and3)Lackoforinconsistentuseofmulchandotherrecommendedmanagementpractices.Establishmentofaregionaladvisoryboardandofanexpertworkinggroupineverycityregionwasproposedasasuggestedsolution.

Inthesecondhalfofthesession,allissueswerediscussedinplenaryandsolutionsweresuggested.Increasinglevelsoffundingaswellastraining,educationandresearchonbestpracticeswereraisedassolutionsinallsubgroups.Theneedforidentifyinganddevelopingindicatorsandsettingtargetsforthedifferentareaswasalsobeenagreed.Finally,itwasfeltthatintegrationofurbanforestintocitymanagementaswellassettingstandardsandenforcinglegislationarecriticalforthesuccessofanyurbanforestryprogramme.

WORKINGGROUP2:UrbanForests&HumanHealthandWell-beingFacilitators:JosePuppimdeOliveira&GiovanniSanesi

Urbanforestshavephysicalandmentalhealthbenefits(e.g.,reducingstressandobesity,bloodpressure)includingnon-communicablediseases(e.g.,diabetes,heartproblems).Theyimproveenvironmentalcontext(e.g.,buffertoreduceairandnoisepollution)andsocialinteraction(e.g.,communitycohesion,socialcapital).However,therearealsosomenegativeeffectsofurbanforestsifitisnotplannedand/ormanagedwell(e.g.,mosquitobreedingareas,VOCs).Theperceptionofoutcomesoftheworkinggroupwaslinkedtodifferentsocial,economicandculturalcontexts.

Theworkinggroupidentifiedthelinkagesbetweenhumanhealthandurbanforestanddiscussedpossiblesolutionsfromfourdifferentaspectsincluding;1)Forestmanagement;2)Governance;3)Planning;and4)Awarenessraising.

Intermsofforestmanagement,choosingtherighttreespeciesandforestmanagementapproachforthedesiredoutcomes(e.g.,microclimateregulation,exercising,watershedprotection,airpollutionreduction,carbonsequestration,minimizationofVOCs,improvingaholisticapproachalsoinreuseoforganicmatter)andenhancingtheengagementofstakeholdersandusersforthedurationoftheprocesswereidentifiedasimportantelements.Inordertoimprovegovernance,theparticipantssuggestedto:1)improvegovernanceofurbanforestlinkswithothersectorstomaximizeopportunitiesandoutcomesaswellasreduceinvestmentcosts(suchasuseofwastecomposts,developmentofnon-motorizedtransportationpaths,etc.);and2)applyco-management

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asacreativeapproachtoenhancecommunityengagementinurbanforestplanning,management,governance(thatcanreducesomecosts),andotherrelatedactivities,aswellasreduceconflicts.

Toenhanceintegrativeplanning,suggestionsincludedfocusingontheimportanceofintegratingurbanforestinplanningtoallowforestplantationinthemediumandlongtermandgiveaccesstopeopletotheforest(e.g.,casesinChinawherethereisnospaceforgrowingforest)aswellasensuringbothquantityandqualityofforests,tomaximizehealthbenefits(e.g.,itisnotattractivetotreesandpeopleifforestdensityistoohigh).Attheend,environmentaleducation(bothformalandinformal)asimportantcomponenttoengagepeoplewithforestandengagepeopleatearlystageswithurbanforests(e.g.,bringschoolchildrentotheforestsfordifferentactivities)weresuggestedforawarenessraising.

Theworkinggroupalsodiscussedthatnotallthegreenspacesarethesameintermsofhealthbenefitpotential,soweneedtofigureoutwhat(andwhere)kindsoftreescomposition/landscapebringmorehealthbenefits.Alsoforestasaninfrastructureneedstherightinstitutionstobringpeopletobenefitfromtheforest,soitwassuggestedtoenhanceresearchandpracticesonsoundgovernance,planningandmanagementthatcanhelpmaximizehealthbenefits.WORKINGGROUP3:UrbanForests&GreenEconomyFacilitators:PhillipRodbell&ZemingWu

Urbanandperi-urbanforestsprovideproductsandservicesthatmayornotberecognizedbykeyministriesacrossgovernmentandtheprivatesector.Opportunityexiststoincreaseawarenessofdecision-makersandopinionleaders,includingchildrenandyouthandtodevelopnewpartnershipstogrowandmaintainurbanforests.Theworkinggrouponurbanforestsandgreeneconomyhighlightedtheimportanceofidentifyingresponsibleagenciesandinstitutionallinkagesacrosssectors,lookingtolocalgovernmentformodelapplications.

Theparticipantsidentifiedtangible/directbenefitssuchasemployment,commercialproducts,informalmarketplacesandcommercealongshadystreets,shadefordirectcoolingandenergyconservation,andreducedwatertreatmentcost.Lesstangible/indirectbenefitsofurbanforestswerealsobeenidentifiedasfollowing:beautification,attractingbusinessandcommerce,biodiversityconservationandeco-tourism,increasingpropertyvalueandrentalrates,improvingpublichealth,nutrition,andreductioninstressandhealthcarecosts,improvingproductivityandstudentlearning,andprovidingwaterqualitybenefits.Inaddition,theworkinggroupidentifiedchallengeineconomyofurbanforestsistoidentifymodels,metrics,andbaselineindicatorsandmonitorovertime.Itisnecessarytoexplorepositiveexamplesofgovernance,partnershipsandinvestmentacrosstheregion.Thecompilationofresearchandexampleswouldbeenhancedbythecreationofaregionaladvisorycouncilmadeupofrepresentativesfromdiversesectors,expertise,skillsandabilitiesincluding,butnotlimitedtoforestry.

WORKINGGROUP4:UrbanForests&CulturalHeritageFacilitators:FabioSalbitano&YadongQiTheparticipants intheworkinggroupofurbanforests&culturalheritagerecognizedthatnatureand culture in urban forest are currently two separate concepts.Many trees and forests havingcultural value are endangered by the increasing demands of urban development. Four majorthemes were proposed and discussed by the working group including: 1) Trees and Forest ascultural heritage. Bridging the nature/culture divide; 2) Urban Forest and Trees and CulturalEcosystem Services; 3) Design and Management Implications; and 4) Education and CapacityBuilding.

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The participants identified the city contexts and elements of urban landscapeswhere trees andforestsliveandthosethatareorcanbeconsideredasculturalheritageforthecitiesinthepastandin the future. The working group also developed ideas for enhancing the cultural role of urbanforests and proposed some specific and concrete actions to be taken based on action-researchapproachinvolvingresearchers,professionals,practitioners,andthecivilsociety.

Theme1:TreesandForestasCulturalHeritage.BridgingtheNature/CultureDivideTheworkinggroupdiscussedtheelementsofurbanlandscapewheretreesthathaveanoutstandingculturalroleforthepast,present,andfutureculturalheritageoftheurbancommunityincluding:1)Eco-culturalandreligiousvalues;2)Huge,oldandfamousveterantrees;3)Holytrees(symbolic,religious,andholy-medicinaltrees);4)Treesandforestasreferencelandscape(i.e.iconictrees,specialplaces,landscapelabs);and5)Ancienturbanforestsandancientwoodlandsinperi-urbanzones.However,heritagetreesandurbanforestsareofteninconflictwithurbandevelopmentandpeopleveryoften“forget”traditionalaspectoftownscapes,especiallytreecomponents.Possiblesolutionswereproposedasfollowing:1)Includingheritagetreesandforestsconservationrulesincityandnationallaws;2)Plantingtreestoimprovetheperceptionofreferenceculturalplacesinlocalcontexts;3)Consideringthetraditionalpeculiaritiesoftreesandcitiesinurbanplanning;4)Preservingthe“old”butdonotdiluteorignorethe“new”trees/landscapes;5)Definingalocaladaptedschemeforrecognizingtheculturalvaluesoftrees;6)Surveyingonthemeaningandperceptionof“whatisnature”forcontemporaryurbanpeople;and7)Adoptingaclassificationsystemoftreesandurbanforestsasculturalheritage(e.g.RepublicofKorea).

Theme2:UrbanForestandTreesandCulturalEcosystemServicesTheworkinggroupdiscussedthesignificanceoftreesandurbanforestsasculturalecosystemservicesandrecognizedthattheculturalecosystemservicesprovidedbyopenspacesneedtobevaluedandemphasizedinthecitygovernance.However,highlyurbanizedcitiesquiteoftencannotaffordinvestmentsforopenspacesmaintenanceorimprovement.Furthermore,contemporaryurbancultureignoresorunderestimatestheculturalecosystemservicesofurbanforestsandtreesandtheirvaluesineconomic,social,andenvironmentalterms.Solutionsweresuggestedincluding:1)IncludingculturalindicatorsinUPFdesignandmanagement;2)Consideringthetraditionalpeculiaritiesoftreesandcities;3)Preservingthe“old”butdonotdiluteorignorethe“new”trees/landscapes;4)Definingalocaladaptedschemeforvaluingtheculturalecosystemservicesofurbantrees,parks,andforests;5)DevelopingaHeritageTreeDatabase;and6)IncorporatingPaymentforEcosystemServices(PES)conservationmeasuresforHeritagetreesandcompensationforalternativeurbanlanduses.

Theme3:DesignandManagementImplicationsTheworkinggroupdiscussedtheaspectstobeconsideredindesigningnewurbanforestandtreesettingsandmakingthemtheCulturalHeritageoffuturecities.Theseincluded:1)treesaselementstowardstheperceptionofthe“senseofplace”,e.g.Fengshuiforests;2)oldstylesandruralwaysoflandscapeplanning;and3)treesasmeetingplaces,e.g.,SouthChina.However,oldtreesareexpensivetomaintain.Thebudgetandskillsdedicatedtourbanforestsbythemunicipalitiesisdecreasingwhiletheirmanagement(particularlyofheritagetreesandforests)requirespermanentinvestmentandspecificskills.Suggestedpossiblesolutionswere:1)Usingaplacemakingandplacekeepingurbanplanningapproach;2)Ensuringthatmoderndesigndulyconsidersoldtraditionsandimprovesthelifestylesoftodaywithreferencetotraditionalways;3)Plantingsmallbutstrongtrees;4)Speciesselection:newvarietiesofoldtrees;5)Developingcollaborativemanagement;and6)Developingassessmentandmanagementguidelinesforculturallysignificanttreesandpromotingsoundurbanforestdesignintegratingnatureandculture.

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Theme4:EducationandCapacityBuildingTheparticipantsagreedthatspecificactionsarerequiredintheeducationalandcapacitybuildingframeworktostrengthentheroleofurbanforestandtreesasculturalheritage.Thediscussedissueswere:1)Thecultureoftreesisveryoftenbeingignoredinofficialeducationalprogrammes;2)Valuing,designing,andmanagingurbanforestsandtreesstartingfromculturalvaluesinthecityareoftennotincludedincapacitybuildingschemes;3)Mutuallearningamonggenerationsneedstobeenhanced.Possiblesolutionsincluded:1)Preparingcommunicationandfacilitationtoolsfordecisionmakers;2)Developinglifelonglearningprogramesonarthistoryinandwithnatureaccessibletoall(equity-equality);3)Translatingresearchonculturalvaluesoftreesintocapacitybuildingprogrammes,forexample,developingacomprehensiveteachers’kitforprimaryschoolsasguidanceandeducationmaterialontrees,forestandculture;and4)Individualcitiesshouldidentifyurbanforestsitesinwhichtoofferthematicitinerariesforchildren.WORKINGGROUP5:GreenInfrastructureforCityClustersFacilitators:AlanSimson&QingfeiZhang

Urbanexpansionishappeningrapidly,however,greeninfrastructureisrarelybeingincorporatedinurbanplanningduringurbanizationprocess,especiallyin‘expandingandconcentriccities’.

TheconceptofGIwasdiscussed:GIisatoolboxusedtodeliverecosystemservices;GIisstrategicallyplannedratherthanreactive;GIismonitoredviaevaluationorindicatorsystemstoensureafitnessforpurpose;andGImustworkforlocalcultures.

Theissuesofrapidurbanexpansion,lackofstrategicplan,trans-boundaryworkingdifficulties,andlackofawarenessonthebenefitsofurbanforeststolocalpeopleandcommunitieswereraisedduringthediscussion.PossiblesolutionsweresuggestedbytheparticipantsincludingLandscapeStructurePlanning,reversalurbandevelopmentprocess&integrativeandinnovativeurbanplanning;promotingandincorporatingGIinurbanplanning,regional/trans-boundaryurbanforestry/GIaward,andregional/globalurbanforestrynetworksforpolicyguidanceandtechnicalsupport.

Moredetailedsuggestionsinclude:1)Carryoutanauditofwhatyouhaveanditscurrentvalue/potential;2)Developagraphicalvisionofwhereyouwanttobeinthefuture(asfarasyoucouldjudge);3)PlanSeveral‘milestone’plansastowhereyouwanttobealongthewayinsay10years’time,20years’time;4)CommunicatetheconceptofGItopoliticians,decisionmakers,fellowprofessionalsandthegeneralpublic;5)Promotereversalinthedevelopmentprocessfornewareasofdevelopment,puttinggreeninfrastructurefirst,thenthebuiltformandthenthegreyinfrastructureandtheresultingurbandevelopmentwouldbemuchgreener,healthierandhappier,andnomorecostlythatdeployingthe‘traditional’method;6)DevisestandardapproachestoGIforallAsiancountriestoreducedifficultiesoftrans-boundaryworking;7)Acknowledgethata‘onesizefitsall’approachwouldnotfitthebill;8)Createaregional,trans-boundarygreencityawardtopromotegreeninfrastructure(e.g.theChineseForestCityAwardinChina,theEuropeanGreenCityAward(EGCA)inEurope);and9)Betterguidanceandtechnicalsupportshouldbemadeavailableandeasilyaccessible,togetherwithabettersharingofexperienceandnetworking,andappropriatetrainingprogrammes.

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Part4.TheWayForward

41

FuturecooperationFollowingtheparallelworkinggroupdiscussion,urbanforestryexpertsandnationaldelegatesdiscussedpossiblefuturecooperationtogetherinsixmajorareas:knowledgesharing,capacitybuilding,educationandresearch,communication,advocacy,andfunding.Asafirststeptowardsstrongerregionalcooperation,thedelegatesfromRepublicofKoreakindlyannouncedtheirwillingnesstohostthesecondAPUFMintheRepublicofKoreain2017.

KnowledgesharingParticipantssuggestedtoestablishtwoseparatebodies:anadvisorycouncilandaresearchconsortium.Theadvisorycouncilwouldactasanodefortechnologysharing,strategydevelopment,andinter-sectoralcooperation.Itwouldtargetsmallgroups,individualsandregionalco-operationnetworkstotransfertechnologyandknowledgeandexchangeresources.Theestablishmentaweb-basedplatformtodiscussandsharesuccessesandfailedpracticeswouldgreatlyhelpworkingacrosstheregion.Thecouncilcouldalsopromoteurbanforestrybyprovidinginformationfromglobalconferences/workshops.Meanwhile,theresearchconsortiumwouldactasaregionalresearchnetwork,byproducingandprovidingdatabaseofrelevantresearchandbestpracticesinthefield.Itwouldalsosynthesizeknowledge(e.g.,scientificjournalarticles)intohighlightsthatcanbeusedintheFAOwebsite.Ofcourse,financialsupportwouldbeneededfromdiversefundingagenciestocarryoutfurtheractivities.

CapacitybuildingTheadvisorycouncilandresearchconsortiumwouldoffertrainingprogrammesandsupportcooperativeresearch.Participantsnotedthatitisimportanttounderstandandsetrequirementsforprofessionalurbanforestersandprovidetargetedtrainingforplanning,designandmonitoringurbanforests.RelevanteducationalinstitutionsandjobopportunitiesinthefieldcouldbeidentifiedwiththeassistanceofAPUFMparticipantsthroughtheirrespectiveorganizations.Capacitybuildingforpolicymakerswasalsoraisedasanissue.Theyshouldbeexposedtothebenefitsofurbanforestsandtreesthroughtrips,visits,andtourssothattheycanincorporatethemintothedecisionmakingprocess.

EducationandresearchDevelopingindicatorsforsoundUPFpracticeswasbeenrecognizedasprobablythemostimportantresearchtopic.Theparticipantssuggestedthatresearchshouldbenarroweddownfromglobaltocityindicators.Theyemphasizedtheimportanceofquantifyingimprovementssuchastimberandfoodproduction,culturalheritageandeco-tourism.Theresearchconsortiumwouldpromoteknowledgesharingbetweenresearchersthroughonlinepublishingandexchangeopportunitiesforstudents.Submittingabstractsandsessionproposalsrelatedtourbanforestrytoconferenceswouldalsohelp.Alsopubliceducationthroughcitizenscience(e.g.bioblitz)andlive,real-timeonlinecoursescouldbeusedforpubliceducation.Inthisway,publicwouldrecognizebenefitsandeffectsofurbanforestryonregionalenvironmentandbiodiversity.

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CommunicationPublicparticipationandcommunityinvolvementisimportantcomponentforurbanforestsustainability.Urbanforestryshouldbeadvertisedinthebigmediaandpublicspaces(campaign,re-greeningmovement,‘TreePolice’program,andrepeatreportingtomedia)andsocialmedia.Scientistsandcommunicationspecialistsshouldcooperatetotranslatescientificandtechnicalinformationintocreativeandattractivemediasuchasinfographics.FAO’srecentlypublishedinfographic‘BenefitsofUrbanTrees’isoneexampleadvertisingfunctionsofforestsandtreesinthechangingurbanenvironment.Mediaandpublicactivitiesshouldbemorepeople-friendly,funandinteractive.CommunicationbetweengovernmentandsponsoringcompaniesshouldemployCSR(CorporateSocialResponsibility)whileonlinenetworkingtoolwouldbeusefulforcommunicationbetweencountries.Compilingandsharingsuccesscommunicationstoriesandcommonmessageswouldinspireothercitiestofosterurbanforestrycommunication.

AdvocacyImprovingenablinglegislationenvironmentatinternational,stateandlocallevelisneededtosupporturbanforestpolicy.Workingthroughinternationalorganizationswouldinfluenceresponsiblegovernmentagencies(industry,finance,governmentandresearch).TheAPUFMandtheZhuhaiDeclarationcanbeanexampleforconnectingallexpertsandgovernmentalofficersthathaveinterestsinurbanforestry.Urbanforestrycertificationandtestimonialstopeople,symbolictrees,parksintheregioncanencouragecitiesandpeopletobettersupporturbanforestry.Cost-benefitanalysistoproviderobustdataonurbanforestryandhealthisneededatnationalorlocallevels.

FundingWithintheknowledgesharingplatform,therecouldbechancestoapplyforinternationalfunding.Fundingfromprivatesectors,publicandotherscanbenewoptions.Itwasagreedtopromoteconceptof“Polluter-to-pay”principle,stipulatingforexamplethatcompaniesproducingpollutionshouldplanttreestocompensate.SomeexamplesfromIndonesiawerementioned,butitisexpectedthatpublic-privatepartnershipsmighthavemoreimpact(businesstakingcareofgreeningcommunityincooperationwithlocalgovernment).Participantsproposedavarietyofdifferentfundingmechanismssuchascrowdfunding,adoptingatree,encouragingfarmerstopaytomaintainfoodforests,andpublichealthresearchbudgets.TheproposedAdvisoryCouncilwouldbeexpectedtocollectmorepracticesonwhatcitieshavealreadydonebothwithinandoutsideoftheregion.

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Part5.Annexes

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AnnexI–ZhuhaiDeclaration8April2016

We,Representatives of national and local governments, research and academic institutions, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), international national and development cooperationorganizations, professors, researchers, urban planners, urban foresters, arborists, landscapedesigners,urbanforestandtreespecialists,governmentofficials,privatesectorprofessionalsfromtheAsia-Pacific regionandallovertheworldassembled inZhuhai,Guangdong,P.R.China,on6-8April2016,attheoccasionofthe1stAsia-PacificUrbanForestryMeeting(APUFM),co-organizedbythe Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the Urban Forest ResearchCenter of the State Forestry Administration of P.R.China, and the City of Zhuhai, Guangdong,P.R.China,

wishtosendtonational and local governments, international organizations, funding agencies, universities andresearch institutions, NGOs, civil society, urban forestry specialists and practitioners, urbanplanners,private sectorand local communitieswhohave theopportunity to shape the futureofcitiesintheAsia-Pacificregion

amessageexpressingourconcerns,callingforaction,proposingsolutionsandreaffirmingourbeliefthatforestsandtreesinandaroundcitiesarethekeyelementtomakecitiesintheAsia-Pacificregiongreener,healthierandhappierandmoreresilienttoclimatechange.

Giventhat:

� globally,54%oftheworld’spopulationwasresidinginurbanareasin2014andtheglobalurbanpopulationwillincreaseto66%by2050;

� Asia, the home to 53% of the world’s urban population, is projected to be one of thelargesturbangrowthregionsinthenexttwodecades;

� rapid urbanization is posing pressure on fresh water supplies, sewage, the livingenvironment,andpublichealth;

� themajorenvironmental issuesthatpolicymakersacrosstheAsia-Pacific regionwillneedtoaddresstowards2030are:watermanagement,deforestationandlanddegradation,airpollution,andclimatechange;

� strategies and solutions are urgently needed to help cities achieve sustainabledevelopmentgoals(SDGs),especiallytheoneonmakingcitiesinclusive,safe,resilientandsustainable(SDG11).

consideringthat:� urbanandperi-urbanforestsandtreesandgreeninfrastructureplayanimportantrole in

achievingsustainableurbandevelopmentgoalsandcontributingdirectlytohumanhealthandwell-beingofresidents;

� urbanandperi-urbanforestsandtreescanprovideawiderangeofgoods,socioeconomicbenefits, and ecosystems services, in particular by improving environmental quality,enhancingfoodsecurity,mitigatingclimatechange,stimulatinggreeneconomy,preservingnatural and cultural heritage, strengthening social cohesion andprovidingenvironmentaleducationopportunities.

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andhavingagreedthat: � the main benefits of urban forests and trees to cities and residents in the Asia-Pacific

regionarebeautification,airnoisepollutionremoval,andopportunitiesforrecreation;� themainchallengesofurbanforestrydevelopment intheAsia-Pacificregionareconflicts

oflanduse,weakgovernance,andlimitedtechnicalskillsandknowledge;� the main priorities of urban forestry development in the Asia-Pacific region are good

governance,sufficientinvestments/funding,andurbanforestryexpertise;� duringthedevelopmentofurbanforestryintheAsiaPacificRegion,theChineseForestCity

experiencecouldbeusedasanimportantreferencemodel.

Wesubmitthefollowingrecommendationsforconsideration,awarenessraising,andexpressingour willingness to work together with policy- and decision makers, practitioners, and otherstakeholders:

Recommendation1Raiseawarenessofthefunctionsandbenefitsofurbanforestsandtreesbyenhancingadvocacy,communication, and public education,which in turnmay increase urban forestry investment bydiversifyingfundingresources.

Recommendation2Improve the legal environment for urban forestry by enhancing policy support at international,regional,national,andlocallevels,inparticular,reducelanduseconflictsbetweenurbangreenandgrayinfrastructuresbyintegratingurbanforestryplanningintourbanplanning.

Recommendation3Strengthen urban forestry education and research in the region by increasing funding support,facilitatingknowledgeandinformationexchange,andprioritizingtheneeds.

Recommendation4Toensuresustainability,increasepublicparticipationandcommunityinvolvementbymakingurbanforestsmoreaccessibleandcreatingdiverseinteractiveprogrammesandactivities.

Recommendation5ImproveenvironmentalqualityintheAsia-Pacificregioninthenexttwodecadesbycreatingnewurbangreeningspacesandoptimizingthefunctionsandbenefitsofexistingurbangreenspaces.

Recommendation6Protect and restore forests between cities, enhance rural-urban linkage through landscapeplanninganddesign,build interconnected regionaleco-corridors,protect forests forurbanwatersupply, limit unplanned urban expansion, and promote integrated ecological planning ofneighboringcities.

Recommendation7Strengthenurban forestry regionalnetworkingon informationsharing,knowledgeexchange,andresourcemobilizationandfurtherdevelopregionalcooperationthroughperiodicalmeetingssuchastheAPUFMandotherjointactivities.

Recommendation8Developcommontools(includingmethods,modelsandindicators)toaddressresearchquestions,fulfill education needs and develop urban forestry solutions adapted to the needs of individualcitiesandcountries.

We firmly believe that the Zhuhai Statement on Urban Forestry in the Asia-Pacific Region,adoptedinZhuhaiatthe1stAsia-PacificUrbanForestryMeeting,willpromotesustainableurbandevelopmentaimingatagreener,healthierandhappierfuture.

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AnnexII–Agenda

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AnnexIII–ListofparticipantsAUSTRALIADavidGalwayDirectorTreeDimensionsEmail:david@treedimensions.com.auStephenLivesleyAssociateProfessorSchoolofEcosystemandForestSciences,FacultyofScienceTheUniversityofMelbourne500YarraBoulevard,Richmond,Melbourne,VIC3121,AustraliaTel:(+61)392506848Email:sjlive@unimelb.edu.auCAMBODIAPrakMarinaDeputyDirectorSiemReapForestryAdministrationCantonment,CambodiaSalaKamroeukVillage,SangkatSalaKamroeuk,SiemReapCity,SiemReap,CambodiaTel:(+855)012825051Email:prakmarinafa@citylink.com.khCANADAZhaohuaChengMasterofScienceCandidate&ProgramCoordinatoroftheBachelorofUrbanForestryProgramFacultyofForestry,UniversityofBritishColumbia2340-2424MainMall,VancouverBCV6T1Z4Email:zhaohua.cheng@ubc.caCHINABiaoJiDeputyDirector-GeneralChengdeForestryBureauBinWangAssociateResearcherChineseAcademyofForestry-TheInstituteofSubtropicalForestryEmail:ylwangbin@sina.comBingSunResearcherChineseAcademyofForestry-TheInstituteofTropicalForestryEmail:gdsunbing@126.com

BingYeDeputyDirector/AssociateResearcherChineseAcademyofForestry-TheForestryScienceandTechnologyInformationInstituteEmail:yb70@caf.ac.cnBingjieZhuMasterAnhuiAgriculturalUniversityBingqianMaDoctorBeijingForestryUniversityEmail:15600063980@163.comBufengChenResearcherChineseAcademyofForestry-TheInstituteofTropicalForestryEmail:zsjcsdwcbf@126.comChangLiuEditorJournalofChineseUrbanForestryEmail:Liuchang27517096@163.comChangZhangDoctor/ResearchAssociateUrbanForestResearchCenteroftheStateForestryAdministrationofP.R.C.Email:394193609@qq.comChangleMaProfessorSouthwestForestryUniversityEmail:6429400@qq.com

ChanglongMuAssistantDean/ResearcherSichuanAcademyofForestryEmail:mucl2006@aliyun.com ChengWangExecutiveDeputyDirector/ResearcherUrbanForestResearchCenteroftheStateForestryAdministrationofP.R.CEmail:wch8361@163.comChengyangXuProfessorBeijingForestryUniversityEmail:cyxu@bjfu.edu.cn

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CheukYuetWongPresidentISAHongKongChaptercumChapterLiaisonP.O.Box83282ConcordeRoadPostOffice,HongKong,ChinaTel:(+852)93352760Email:simonchiky@yahoo.com.hkChiYungJimProfessor,ChairofGeographyDepartmentofGeographyFacultyofSocialSciencesTheUniversityofHongKongRoom1018,10thFloor,TheJockeyClubTower,CentennialCampusPokfulamRoad,HongKong,ChinaTel:(+852)39177020Fax:(+852)25598994Email:hragjcy@hku.hkChuangrongLiProfessorShandongAgriculturalUniversityEmail:chrlid@126.comChunhuaXieDeputyDivisionChiefThestateforestryadministration-slurrysamplingDayiMaDivisionChiefDanWeiSeniorEngineerGuangdongAcademyofForestryEmail:13168613@qq.comDexiangWangAssistantDean/ProfessorNorthwestA&FUniversityEmail:wangdx66@126.comDongmiWangDeputyDirector-General/SeniorEngineerTaizhouForestryBureauDongshengMaDirectorTaiyuanForestryBureauDongyunHanLecturerNortheastForestryUniversityEmail:10_winter@163.com

ErfaQiuAssociateResearcherUrbanForestResearchCenteroftheStateForestryAdministrationofP.R.CEmail:efqiu@163.comFangjunLiaoSeniorEngineerFairylakeBotanicalGarden,Shenzhen&ChineseAcademyofSciencesEmail:blithe_fang@163.comFengxiZhouDirectorShenzhenYuanshanUrbanForestEco-cultureGreenBuildingInnovationDriveBaseConstructionOfficeFujunZhangDirector-GeneralofaBureauXiningForestryBureauGaofeiLiAssociateProfessorHunanForestBotanicalGardenEmail:34425715@qq.comGuangfaQieAssociateResearcherUrbanForestResearchCenteroftheStateForestryAdministrationofP.R.CGuangzhongJiang

DeputyDirector-GeneralTaiyuanForestryBureauGuipingMaSectionChiefYantaiForestryBureauGuochangDingAssociateProfessorFujianAgricultureandForestryUniversityEmail:fjdgc@qq.comGuoyaoLuDirector/SeniorEngineerTaizhouForestryBureauEmail:Lgy428@163.comHaifengZhengAssociateResearcherChineseAcademyofSciences-NortheastInstituteofGeographyandAgriculturalEcologyEmail:zhenghaifeng@iga.ac.cn

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HaiguangZhongDirector-GeneralChongzuoForestryBureauHaixuanLiuDoctorBeijingForestryUniversityEmail:858206924@qq.comHongChengDirectorTheStateForestryAdministration-PublicityOfficeHonghuiTangSeniorEngineerGuangdongAcademyofForestryEmail:787226271@qq.comHongjunWangDirectorofDepartment/AssociateProfessorBeihuaUniversityEmail:jllxywhj@163.comHongmingLiuDeputyDivisionChiefTheStateForestryAdministration-PublicityOfficeHongMingLuSeniorEngineerJinmenForestryBureauEmail:Zlk2373101@sina.comHuiDengDeputydivisionchiefShenzhenYuanshanUrbanForestEco-cultureGreenBuildingInnovationDriveBaseConstructionOfficeHuiPanProfessorMinjiangUniversityEmail:fjpanhui@126.comJiaYaoDoctor/InstructorNingboInstituteofTechnology,ZhejiangUniversityEmail:yaojia2046@126.comJialiJinDoctorUrbanForestResearchCenteroftheStateForestryAdministrationofP.R.C.Email:380729594@qq.com,King90emily@gmail.com

JianSunDeputyDivisionChiefChineseAcademyofForestry-TheInternationalCooperationEmail:sunjian_caf@163.comJiananWangDirector/AssociateProfessorAnhuiAgriculturalUniversityEmail:Wjn@ahau.edu.cnJianguoShaDirector/SeniorEngineerSuqianAgriculturalScienceAcademyEmail:sqnks@126.comJianwenDongDeanofCollege/ProfessorFujianAgricultureandForestryUniversityEmail:fjdjw@126.comJiaojiaoDiaoDoctorNanjingForestryUniversityEmail:diaojiaojiao@163.comJiapingChenBureauDirectorZhuHaiMunicipalAdministrationandtheForestryBureauJieMaDoctorUrbanForestResearchCenteroftheStateForestryAdministrationofP.R.C.Email:251143791@qq.comJiemingLiangHeadEngineerZhuHaiMunicipalAdministrationandtheForestryBureauJinbaoChangProfessorInnerMongoliaAgriculturalUniversityEmail:Cjbmail@vip.sina.comJingZhangMasterChineseAcademyofForestry-TheInstituteofTropicalForestryEmail:1039332723@qq.comJinyanLiuInstructorFujianAgricultureandForestryUniversityEmail:1395297822@qq.com

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JiuxiShiDoctor/SeniorEngineerChineseAcademyofForestry-TheInstituteofSubtropicalForestryEmail:shijiuxi@126.comJuWuDoctorBeijingForestryUniversityEmail:397612599@qq.comJuanLiDoctor/AssistantResearcherInternationalCentreforBambooEmail:Ljgx2003@126.comJuanSuAssociateProfessorAdministrationofforestryandGardeningofGuangzhouMunicipalityEmail:sujuannihao@126.comJuanXuInstructorAnhuiVocational&TechnicalcollegeofForestryEmail:530844821@qq.comJunguangChenHeadoftheApartment(underaprovincialgovernment)ForestryDepartmentofGuangdongProvinceJunhuaChenAssociateResearcherSichuanAcademyofForestryEmail:295454166@qq.comJunqinLinAssociateCounselForestryDepartmentofGuangdongProvinceJuyangLiaoDirector/ProfessorHunanForestBotanicalGardenEmail:542796447@qq.comKaishunWuCadreGuangdongpearlRiverMouthCityGroupPositioningandMonitoringStationforForestEcosystemKeZhangMasterChineseAcademyofForestry-TheInstituteofTropicalForestryEmail:438253359@qq.com

KefuXuDirector/ProfessorAnhuiAgriculturalUniversityEmail:xkf69@163.comLeiSongSeniorEngineerGuangdongAcademyofForestryEmail:364875240@qq.comLeiWangAssociateResearcherJiangSuAcademyofForestryEmail:8967976@qq.comLibinHuangResearcherJiangSuAcademyofForestryEmail:huanglib@163.comLieHeMasterUrbanForestResearchCenteroftheStateForestryAdministrationofP.R.C.Email:251143791@qq.comLijuanXvDoctorBeijingForestryUniversityEmail:350748568@qq.comLinGuDoctor/ResearchAssociateUrbanForestResearchCenteroftheStateForestryAdministrationofP.R.C.Email:gulin1123@163.comLinRuanDean/researcherGuangzhouInstituteofForestryandLandscapeArchitectureEmail:alinche@126.comLipingSunDirectorXiningParkManagementCenterLixinChenProfessorNortheastForestryUniversityEmail:85273721@qq.comMeijingWangMasterChineseAcademyofForestry-TheInstituteofTropicalForestryEmail:2358219858@qq.com

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MeirongGaoSeniorEngineerZhejiangAcademyofForestryEmail:gmr2010@126.comMingPanDeputyMayorZhuhaimunicipalandForestryBureauMingZhangInstructorAnhuiVocational&TechnicalcollegeofForestryEmail:769934882@qq.comMingcaiZhangInvestigatorYantaiForestryBureauMinhuaWangInstructorFujianAgricultureandForestryUniversityEmail:592032841@qq.comNaLinDoctor/AssistantResearcherChineseAcademyofForestry-TheInstituteofTropicalForestryEmail:magi46755378@163.comNanHuiEngineerChineseAcademyofForestry-TheForestResearchInstituteEmail:huinan@caf.ac.cnNancaiPeiDoctor/AssistantResearcherChineseAcademyofForestry-TheInstituteofTropicalForestryEmail:nancai.pei@ritf.ac.cn,nancai.pei@gmail.comPingLiDeputyDirector-GeneralChongzuoForestryBureauQiangZhangMasterMinjiangUniversityEmail:562041190@qq.comQingZhaoEngineerGuangdongAcademyofForestryEmail:22306040@qq.com

QingfeiZhangSeniorEngineerofProfessorLevelShanghaiChenshanBotanicalGardenEmail:qfzhang@126.comQinghuiChenDirectorForestryDepartmentofGuangdongProvinceQingmingHeDeputySecretaryGeneralZhuhaimunicipalandForestryBureauQingshengChenDean/ResearcherJiangSuAcademyofForestryEmail:8967976@qq.comQingsongLiCadreGuangdongpearlRiverMouthCityGroupPositioningandMonitoringStationforForestEcosystemQingweiGuanProfessorNanjingForestryUniversityEmail:guanjapan999@163.comQingwuLongDeputyDirector-GeneralJinmenForestryBureauQingxiangSongDeputyDirectorGeneralZhuHaiMunicipalAdministrationandtheForestryBureauQiongYangDirector/DeputyStationMasterShenzhenYuanshanUrbanForestEco-cultureGreenBuildingInnovationDriveBaseConstructionOfficeQunCaiSeniorEngineerHuangshanForestryBureauEmail:hsslyw@126.comRuiqingZhengDeputydivisionchiefShenzhenYuanshanUrbanForestEco-cultureGreenBuildingInnovationDriveBaseConstructionOffice

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SainanTangDoctorUrbanForestResearchCenteroftheStateForestryAdministrationofP.R.C.Email:494017515@qq.comShaoboLiaoSecretaryofthePartyCommittee/SeniorEngineerChineseAcademyofForestry-TheInstituteofTropicalForestryEmail:lshaobo1957@126.comShaowenJiangDirector-GeneralofaBureauJiujiangForestryBureauEmail:869659910@qq.comShashaJiangDoctor/ResearchAssociateUrbanForestResearchCenteroftheStateForestryAdministrationofP.R.C.Email:117760535@qq.comShengXuAssociateResearcherChineseAcademyofSciences-ShenYangInstituteofAppliedEcologyShengZhouDirector-GeneralofaBureauTaizhouForestryBureauShihuaQinDirector-GeneralofaBureauJinmenForestryBureauShileiZhaiMasterChineseAcademyofForestry-TheInstituteofTropicalForestryEmail:18620842880@163.comShoubinHuangStaffMemberChongzuoForestryBureauShuaiYuAssociateResearcherChineseAcademyofSciences-ShenYangInstituteofAppliedEcologyEmail:yushuai@iae.ac.cnShuixingLuoExperimentalistChineseAcademyofForestry-TheInstituteofTropicalForestryEmail:596700726@qq.com

ShupingHuangDoctorFujianAgricultureandForestryUniversityEmail:1156798178@qq.comTaoLiDeputyDirectorForestryDepartmentofGuangdongProvinceWanhuiQianAssistantEngineerGuangdongAcademyofForestryEmail:961618604@qq.comWeiChenDirector/ResearcherChineseAcademyofSciences-ShenYangInstituteofAppliedEcologyWeiXingDirectorJiangSuAcademyofForestryEmail:nerring@163.comWeicongFuDoctorFujianAgricultureandForestryUniversityEmail:112986953@qq.comWeijunOuyangDirectorJiujiangForestryBureauEmail:869659910@qq.comWeiweiZhaEngineerChineseAcademyofForestry-TheForestResearchInstituteEmail:zhaweiwei@caf.ac.cnWendyChenAssistantProfessorDepartmentofGeographyFacultyofSocialSciencesTheUniversityofHongKongRoom1004,10thFloor,TheJockeyClubTower,CentennialCampus,PokfulamRoad,HongKong,ChinaTel:(+852)39175259Email:wychen@hku.hkWenjingMiDeanofCollege/ProfessorShanxiAcademyofForestrySciencesEmail:sxmwj@126.com

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WenjunDuanDoctorUrbanForestResearchCenteroftheStateForestryAdministrationofP.R.C.Email:28306079@qq.comXiangbinGaoAssociateProfessorLiaochengUniversityEmail:gaoxiangbin@lcu.edu.cnXiangchunHaoDirector/SeniorEngineerShanxiAcademyofForestrySciencesEmail:575654771@qq.comXiangweiGaoStationMasterShanghaiForestryStationEmail:2548093689@qq.comXiaofanGuanDeputyDirectorGeneralZhuHaiMunicipalAdministrationandtheForestryBureauXiaohongLiStaffMemberChongzuoForestryBureauXiaohongZhanMaster/ResearchAssociateUrbanForestResearchCenteroftheStateForestryAdministrationofP.R.C.Email:icestock@163.comXiaoyuWangCadreTheStateForestryAdministration-PublicityOfficeXiaoyuanWangDeputyDivisionChiefTheStateForestryAdministration-PublicityOfficeXinFanCadreTheStateForestryAdministration-PublicityOfficeXinWangDirector-GeneralofaBureauHuangshanForestryBureauEmail:hsslyw@126.com

XinZhangInstructorAnhuiVocational&TechnicalcollegeofForestryEmail:20645900@qq.comXinpingZhangDoctorNorthwestA&FUniversityEmail:xpzhang2908@yahoo.com.cnxpzhang2908@gmail.comXinqiaoXuSecretaryofthePartyCommittee/ResearcherChineseAcademyofForestry-TheForestResearchInstituteXiuxingZhangLiaochengUniversityDeanofCollege/ProfessorEmail:zhangxiusheng@lcu.edu.cnXuejiaoLiEngineerChineseAcademyofForestry-TheInternationalCooperationEmail:lixuejiaoli@163.comXuexiaNingStaffMemberChongzuoForestryBureauXueyanWangDoctorChineseAcademyofSciences-ShenYangInstituteofAppliedEcologyEmail:15710591658@163.comXuzhongSongDirector/AssociateProfessorZhejiangAcademyofForestryEmail:popsong@163.comYanLiuEngineerHunanForestBotanicalGardenEmail:Ly48786287@sina.comYangSongDoctorUrbanForestResearchCenteroftheStateForestryAdministrationofP.R.C.Email:413379698@qq.com

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YanhongWeiAssociateConsultantZhuHaiMunicipalAdministrationandtheForestryBureauYanpingTanAssociateeditorJournalofChineseUrbanForestryEmail:ypt54@163.comYanqingHuangEngineerChineseAcademyofSciences-ShenYangInstituteofAppliedEcologyYanqiongLiAssociateResearcherSichuanAcademyofForestryEmail:527984863@qq.comYincongYangSectionChiefChengdeForestryBureauYingmeiXuInstructorAnhuiVocational&TechnicalcollegeofForestryEmail:382582076@qq.comYongChenDoctor/AssistantResearcherChineseAcademyofForestry-TheInstituteofTropicalForestryEmail:gzforest@126.comYongjunPanDoctor/AssistantResearcherChineseAcademyofForestry-TheInstituteofTropicalForestryEmail:pyjzsj@126.comYoudongPengDeputyDirectorTheStateForestryAdministrationofP.R.C.YoujieZhangDivisionChiefForestryDepartmentofGuangdongProvinceYuZhengAssociateProfessorMinjiangUniversityEmail:953168046@qq.com

YuanMaDoctorUrbanForestResearchCenteroftheStateForestryAdministrationofP.R.C.Email:251143791@qq.comYuanqiangGuoMunicipalPartySecretaryTheCommunistPartyofChina,ZhuHaiMunicipalPartyCommitteeYujieHanSectionChief/SeniorEngineerShanghaiForestryStationEmail:yujie_han@foxmail.comYuqinFanDirectorXiningForestryBureauYuzhaoChenSeniorengineerwiththerankofaprofessorWenzhouForestryBureauEmail:2535044186@qq.comZeminWuProfessorAnhuiAgriculturalUniversityEmail:zeminw2@qq.comZhaohuiSunEngineerUrbanForestResearchCenteroftheStateForestryAdministrationofP.R.C.ZheZhangDoctorUrbanForestResearchCenteroftheStateForestryAdministrationofP.R.C.Email:zz8990@qq.comZhengshengXieDivisionChief/ProfessorSouthChinaAgriculturalUniversityEmail:zsxie@scau.edu.cnZhiYePartySecretary/DeputyPresidentChineseAcademyofForestryZhipengZhuDoctorFujianAgricultureandForestryUniversityEmail:amazing512@qq.com

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ZhiqiangZhangAssistantDean/ProfessorBeijingForestryUniversityEmail:zhqzhang@bjfu.edu.cnZhiyongZhangDoctorChineseAcademyofForestry-TheForestryScienceandTechnologyInformationInstituteEmail:Zzy100083@163.comZhiyuSunDirector/ResearcherSichuanAcademyofForestryEmail:594981460@qq.comZhouliLiuAssociateResearcherChineseAcademyofSciences-ShenYangInstituteofAppliedEcologyEmail:zlliu@iae.ac.cnDPRKOREABokSimChoViceDirectorForestryDepartmentMinistryofCityManagementUnSunChoeManagerExternal-EconomicCooperationDepartment,MinistryofCityManagementINDIAManojDabasExecutiveDirectorAravaliFoundationforEducation,AravaliHouse431-432/D-22,ChattarpurHillsNewDelhi-110074,IndiaTel:(+011)26303504/26303505Fax:(+011)26301016Email:mdabas@aravalifoundation.inSwayanChaudhuriExecutiveDirectorGoaStateInfrastructureDevelopmentCorporation(GSIDC)EDCHouse,Dr.AtmaramBorkarRoad,Panjim,Goa403001,IndiaTel:(+91)8322425573Cel:(+91)8237091599Fax:(+91)8322226256Email:swayan.chaudhuri@gov.in

CavourightPhantoMarakPrincipalChiefConservatorGovernmentofMeghalaya,Forest&EnvironmentDepartmentEmail:cpmarak@hotmail.comMallampalliSrinivasRaoPrincipalSecretaryGovernmentofMeghalaya,Forest&EnvironmentDepartmentEmail:msrao77@gmail.comINDONESIABontorL.TobingHeadSubDivisionofProgramandBudgetingofSecretaryDirectorateGeneralWatershedManagementandProtectedForest(MOEF)Jl.PalemPutri6KompleksPalemPermai,Bandung,WestJava,IndonesiaWidiasmoroSigitJokoSusiloHeadWatershedManagementandProtectedForestImplementingUnitofJeneberangWalanaeinMakassar,SouthSulawesi(FAO)YuliartoJokoPutrantoHeadDivisionofSoilandWaterConservationDirectorateGeneralWatershedManagementandProtectedForest(MOEF)Jl.PalemPutri6KompleksPalemPermai,Bandung,WestJava,IndonesiaEmail:yuliartojokoputranto@yahoo.comIRANFariborzGheibiHeadArid&semi-aridForestryCentreForest,Ranges&WatershedManagementOrganization(FRWO)-I.R.ofIran No.17,Sarvtower,LodanStreet,SardarJangalAvenue,Tehran,IranTel:(+98)2144869351Cel.:(+98)9126350762Email:Gheibi44@yahoo.comITALYFabioSalbitanoProfessorDepartmentofManagementofRural,ForestandFoodSystemsUniversityofFirenzeViaSanBonaventura,1350145Florence,ItalyTel:(+39)0552755681Cel.:(+39)3200488024Email:fabio.salbitano@unifi.it

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GiovanniSanesiProfessorDepartmentof'ScienzeAgroAmbientalieTerritoriali'(DISAAT)UniversityofBariViaAmendola,165/a70126Bari,ItalyTel:(+39)0805443023Fax:(+39)0805442508Email:giovanni.sanesi@uniba.itLAOPDRVeosavanhSaysavanhTechnicalStaffMinistryofNaturalResourceandEnvironmentNahaidyoRoad,P.O.Box:7864,Vientiane,LaoPDRTel:(+856)021216921Cel:(+856)2054355523MALAYSIANoorAzlinYahyaHeadEcotourismandUrbanForestryProgramForestResearchInstituteMalaysia(FRIM)JalanFrim,Kepong,52109KualaLumpur,Selangor,MalaysiaTel:(+603)62797000,(+603)62797242Cel:(+6019)3875010Fax:(+603)62804625Email:azlin@frim.gov.myMONGOLIADorjIsheekhuuOfficerDepartmentofForestPolicyandCoordinationMinistryofEnvironment,GreenDevelopmentandtourismGovernmentbuilding2,UnitedNation’sstreet5/28ChingelteidistrictUlaanbaatar15160,MongoliaTel:(+796)-99067493Email:Dorj2009@gmail.comMYANMARSounHtweAssistantDirectorOattaraThiriDistrictForestOffice,ForestDepartment,MinistryofEnvironmentalConservationandForestryPyinmanaTownship,NayPyiTaw,MyanmarTel:(+95)94958482,(+95)95382263Email:Sounhtwe2161@gmail.com

NEWZEALANDJustinMorgenrothResearchAssistant,PhDNewZealandSchoolofForestryCollegeofEngineeringUniversityofCanterburyPrivateBag4800,Christchurch,NewZealandTel:(+64)03364-2128Cel:(+64)210617123Email:justin.morgenroth@canterbury.ac.nzPHILIPPINESMaripinFaulanDirectorMetropolitanManilaDevelopmentAuthorityOfficeoftheAssistantGeneralManagerforPlanningBlock3Lot1,Phase-1,Sta.MariaSubdivision,BarangayDalig,AntipoloCityRepublicofPhilippinsTel:(+63)6305229Cel:(+63)09177040010Email:ma.josefina.faulan@mmda.gov.ph

REPUBLICOFKOREAChanRyulParkResearcherForestEcologyDivisionNationalInstituteofForestScience#57Heogi-ro,Dongdaemun-guSeoul02455,RepublicofKoreaTel:(+82)29612612Fax:(+82)29612629Email:maeulsoop@korea.krKyonghaKimDirectorForestEcologyDivisionNationalInstituteofForestScience#57Heogi-ro,Dongdaemun-guSeoul02455,RepublicofKoreaTel:(+82)29612561Email:kkyha6011@korea.krSiHunKeumDeputyOfficerUrbanForestandLandscapeDivisionKoreaForestServiceGovernmentComplex-DaejeonBldg.1189Cheongsa-ro,Seo-guDaejeon,RepublicofKoreaTel:(+82)424814224Email:kohana1@korea.kr

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Woo-KyunLeeProfessorDivisionofEnvironmentalScience&EcologicalEngineering,CollegeofLife&EnvironmentalSciencesKoreaUniversityAnam-Dong5-GaSungbuk-Ku,Seoul,136-701RepublicofKoreaTel:(+82)232903016Cel:(+82)1072428050Fax:(+82)29530737Email:leewk@korea.ac.krSINGAPORETanPuayYokAssociateProfessorDepartmentofArchitectureSchoolofDesignandEnvironmentNationalUniversityofSingapore4ArchitectureDrive,Singapore117566SingaporeTel:(+65)65163531Fax:(+65)67793078Email:akitpy@nus.edu.sgSLOVENIAAndrejVerličResearchAssistant,PhDSlovenianForestryInstituteVecnapot2,1000Ljubljana,SloveniaTel:(+386)040512195Email:andrej.verlic@gozdis.siTHAILANDOrayaSutabutrCoordinatorBigTreesProject159/17BanSansiri,SoiMahadlekLuang2,RajdamriRoad,Bangkok10330,ThailandEmail:osutabutr@yahoo.comUNITEDKINGDOMAlanSimsonProfessorofLandscapeArchitecture+UrbanForestry,LeedsBeckettUniversityHeadofResearchforArt,Architecture+Design,LeedsSustainabilityInstituteFacultyofArts,Environment+TechnologyRoomB502,BroadcastingPlace,WoodhouseLane,LeedsLS29EN.UKTel:(+44)01138124064Cel:(+44)07905477692Email:a.simson@leedsbeckett.ac.uk

UNITEDSTATESOFAMERICAJosePuppimdeOliveiraVisitingScholar,MIT-UTMVisitingResearcher,UnitedNationsUniversity(UNU-IIGH)inKualaLumpur09LawnCourt,apt.#2,CambridgeMA,02138USACel:(+1)6175977467Email:japo3@yahoo.comandpuppim@mit.edu PhillipRodbellProgramLeaderUrbanandCommunityForestryU.S.ForestServiceNortheasternAreaStateandPrivateForestry11CampusBlvdNewtownSquare,PA19073,U.S.A.Tel:(+1)6105574133Cel:(+1)6106807952Fax:(+1)6105574136Email:prodbell@fs.fed.usSusanD.DayAssociateProfessorDepartmentofForestResources&EnvironmentalConservationVirginiaTech310WestCampusDrive,CheathamHall,Suite310,Blacksburg,Virginia24061,U.S.ATel:(+1)5402317264Email:sdd@vt.edu

YadongQiProfessorUrbanForestry,TreePhysiologyandForestEcology,UrbanForestryProgramSouthernUniversityP.O.Box10010,AshfordO.WilliamsHall,Rm233,JamesL.HuntStreet,SouthernUniversityAgriculturalResearchandExtensionCenter(SUAREC)BatonRouge,LA70813Tel:(+1)225-771-4408Fax:(+1)225-771-4464Email:yadong_qi@suagcenter.com;yadong_qi@subr.edu;yadong.qi@gmail.com

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FOODANDAGRICULTUREORGANIZATIONOFTHEUNITEDNATIONS(FAO)SimoneBorelliForestryOfficer(Agroforestryandurbanandperi-urbanforestry)ForestPolicyandResourcesDivisionForestryDepartmentFAO,00143Rome,ItalyTel:(+39)0657053457Email:Simone.Borelli@fao.orgYujuanChenJuniorProfessional(Agroforestryandurbanandperi-urbanforestry)ForestPolicyandResourcesDivisionForestryDepartmentFAO,00143Rome,ItalyTel:(+39)0657053692Email:Yujuan.Chen@fao.orgPatrickDurstSeniorForestryOfficerFAORegionalOfficeforAsiaandthePacific39PhraAtitRoad,Bangkok,10200ThailandTel:(+66)26974000Email:Patrick.Durst@fao.org

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AnnexIV–Posterabstracts

1. Abriefdescriptionofhedgefunctionanditschemicalpruningtechnology

LijuanXv11Ph.D.,BeijingForestryUniversity,(Email:350748568@qq.com)

Abstract:Hedge,asanimportantlandscapeelementinChinesegarden,hasthefunctionofspacedividing,landscapingandnoisereductionwhichprovidemanybenefitstopeople.Itiswidelyusedin the botanical garden green andhas a broaddevelopment prospects. But the hedge has beenfrequentlyprunedeveryyearbecauseofitshighgerminationrateandstrongprincipalstress.Itisspenda lotofmanpowerandmaterialresourcestopruneinordertomaintainthelandscape.Tosavemoneyandlaborsaving,andkeepthemodellingofhedgebetter,plantgrowthregulatorwithchemicalpruninginsteadofartificialpruningwasputforward.Atpresent,thisstudyhasachievedcertain results. In this paper, several functionsof hedge is introduced, and themethod,researchprogress,the advantages and disadvantages and prospects ofthechemical pruning on hedgewithplantgrowthregulatorissummarized.

Keywords:Hedge,Plantlandscape,Chemicalpruning,Plantgrowthregulator,Urbanlandscaping

2. A study on landscape pattern of the urban forest and green network in PudongdistrictofShanghai,China

JiananWang1,HuiLiu,ZeminWu1AssociateResearcher,AnhuiAgriculturalUniversity(Email:Wjn@ahau.edu.cn)

Abstract:ThelandscapepatternofurbanforestandgreennetworkstructureofPudongDistrictofShanghai were interpreted using ArcGIS Software in this paper. The study area covers 533km2including253km2ofthebuilt-uparea.Thetotalareaoftheurbanforestpatches(>900m2)andthebuilt-up indistrict reached to5.15%and5.78% respectively.Areaof the green corridornetworkwas 101.15 km2 while the density was 1.99 km/km2. The linkage of green network was 1.301,circuitry 0.196, connectivity 0.478. Tree canopy coverage was 7.02% in the entire study area,10.27% in the built-up area, and the potential tree canopy coverage (technical) can reach to8.68%~9.79%intotalstudyarea,and11.49%~12.3%inbuilt-upareaifmoretreesareplantedatpermeableland.

Key words: Landscape pattern, Green corridor, Network, Tree canopy coverage, Distributiongradient,Urbanforest

3. AstudyonthermalenvironmenteffectofurbangreenspacelandscapeinYan’ancity

XinpingZhang1,DexiangWang*1Professor,CollegeofForestry,NorthwestAgriculture&ForestryUniversity(Email:wangdx66@126.com,wangdx66@nwsuaf.edu.cn)*CorrespondingauthorAbstract: In all urbanization’s eco-environment effect, greater considerationwasput on thermalenvironment. Urban thermal environmentwas co-influenced by land surface physical propertiesandhumansocialandeconomicactivities,whichisasynthesismanifestofurbaneco-environment.In all urban landscape types, the thermal environment effect of green space landscape is verydifferentwith the other landscape types. Studies on thermal environment effect of urban green

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space landscape are of great significances for urban planning and urban eco-environmentevaluating. Spatial data of urban green space landscape patches and land surface temperature(35.758±5.097 ℃) obtaining, thermal environment effect of landscape patch characters arediscussedinthispaper,usingthedatacollectedbytheLandsat8OperationalLandImager(OLI)andspatial analyst is function of GIS in the city of Yan’an. For the spatial pattern of urban thermalenvironmentinYan’ancity,thishasanintenseurbanheatislandeffect.Heatislandcenterliesonthedenselypopulated interchangeof threehills (Bao ta,Qing liangandFenghuang)andYan’annewcityarea.There isan intensetemperaturevariance inthe innerofheat island.Forexample,there are some low temperature valleys associating with green spaces. There are apparentnegative correlativitybetweenarea,perimeterof green space landscapepatches (n=797)and itsassociatewithtemperature.Thereisanapparentpositivecorrelativitybetweenshapecomplexityindexofgreenspacepatchesandenvironmenttemperature,whichismuchsignificantthanthatofareaandperimeter.Therearenotapparentstatisticallyrelationshipbetweenareas,perimeterofgreenspacepatchesandgreenspacesinfluenceonaroundthermalenvironment.Bycontrastthereisa significantpositivecorrelativitybetweenshapecomplexity indexofgreenspacepatchesandgreen spaces influence on around thermal environment, the shape is more complexity theinfluence ismore intense. So in urban green space buildings, except for green space types andspatiallocationselection,theoutlineshapeofgreenspaceshouldbeaconsideredfactorforurbanthermalenvironment.

Key words: Green space landscape, Urban thermal environment effect, Yan’an City, Shapecomplexityindexofgreenspacepatches,Landscapepatches

4. AnalysisofcastlesettlementlandscapebasedondemandorientedinCentralregionofFujian

ShupingHuang11Ph.D.,UrbanForestryandLandscapeArchitecture,FujianAgricultureandForestryUniversity(Email:1156798178@qq.com)

Abstract: Castle living space is introversion, independence and integrity. Residents based ondemandintheplanting,self-sufficiency,formingplant landscapeofuniqueethnicculture.Aimingat the castle of Fujian architecture and landscape research, including types of castle, Gardenlayouts,plantplantingdistributionofplantspecies,purpose,use,analyze,summarize.Throughtheanalysisofcastleofplantresources,aimedatbetterprotectionandrecoveryrequirementsofplantresources.

Keywords:Fujian,Castle,Plants

5. Assessmentofurbantreebenefitsandservicesbasedonthei-Treemodel

XueyanWang1,WeiChen*,XingyuanHe1Ph.D.,InstituteofAppliedEcology,ChineseAcademyofSciences(Email:15710591658@163.com)*correspondingauthor

Abstract: Urban trees can effectively mitigate environmental degradation accompanying rapidurbanizationviaarangeoftreebenefitsandservices.Toquantifytheecosystemservicesofurbanforest is an important prerequisite to make the maximum use of the services. Currently, themethods for evaluation urban forest economic benefits have developed from conventionalmethods(suchasCLTAmethod,Burnleymethod,carbondutymethod,etc.)tomodelcalculationmethods. In this paper, we introduced the i-Tree model, which has numerous irreplaceableadvantagescomparedwithothermodelssuchasCITYgreenmodel,andithasbeenwidelyusedin

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domesticandinternationalurbanforestresearch.Thei-Treetoolshelpcommunitiesofallsizestostrengthentheirurbanforestmanagementandadvocacyeffortsbyquantifyingtheenvironmentalservicesthattreesprovideandassessingthestructureoftheurbanforest.Here,theresearchandapplication progress of thismodelwere described and evaluated by a quantitative review of 50original urban tree studies based on i-Treemodel. The use of i-Treemodelmainly focus on theUnited States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia. And the i-Tree model was used toevaluate the tree benefits (economic, social, health, visual and aesthetic benefits), ecosystemservices (carbon sequestration, air quality improvement, storm water attenuation, and energyconservation) and disservices (maintenance costs, light attenuation, infrastructure damage andhealthproblems).FurtherresearchandapplicationofthismodelisrequiredtobeconductedinalargeareaofeasternAsia,especially inChina.Andtheevaluationofhumanhealthandwellbeingshouldbeconsideredasthekeyresearchcontent.

Keywords:i-Treemodel,Urbanforest,Treebenefits,Ecosystemservices,Disservices

6. BachelorofUrbanForestry

ZhaohuaCheng1,StephenSheppard2,JormaNeuvonen31MasterofScienceCandidate&ProgramCoordinatoroftheBachelorofUrbanForestryProgram,FacultyofForestry,UniversityofBritishColumbia(Email:zhaohua.cheng@ubc.ca)2Professor,ProgramDirectoroftheUrbanForestryprogram,FacultyofForestry,UniversityofBritishColumbia(Email:Stephen.sheppard@ubc.ca)3DirectorofSpecialProject,FacultyofForestry,UniversityofBritishColumbia(Email:jorma.neuvonen@ubc.ca)Abstract: Faculty of Forestry at University of British Columbia (UBC) in Vancouver Canada hasintroduced a new undergraduate degree in Urban Forestry. This unique program goes beyondstreettrees,encompassingforestsandgreen-spacesystemsthatserveandprotectourcitiesandcommunities.Theprogramoffersstudentsvariousuniqueopportunitiesincludingthedual-degreetransferprogramswithdifferentforestryuniversitiesandtheVancouversummerprogram.Aone-yearcourse-basedMaster’sprograminUrbanForestryisalsobeingdevelopedatUBC.

Keywords:Urbanforestry,education,UniversityofBritishColumbia

7. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in plant leaves from Yan'an city of the LoessPlateau,China

DexiangWang1,YouningHu1Professor,CollegeofForestry,NorthwestAgricultureandForestryUniversity(Email:wangdx66@126.com,wangdx66@nwsuaf.edu.cn)

Abstract: Rapid and unorganized urban and industrial developments have created substantialenvironmental pressures on urban areas in developing countries. Urban plants are capable ofreducing environmental pollutions through bioaccumulation contaminants in their tissues. Theaccumulationofheavymetals(Pb,Cu,Cd,Cr,andZn)inleavesofninetreespeciesandfiveshrubspecies from Yan'an city of Chinawere investigated, and totalmetal accumulation capacities ofdifferent plantswere evaluated using themetal accumulation index (MAI). The results indicatedthat plants in polluted environments are enriched in heavy metals relative to those in pristineenvironments, this is mainly caused by traffic emissions and coal combustion. Species with thehighestaccumulationofasinglemetaldidnothavethehighesttotalmetalaccumulationcapacity,theMAIshouldbean important indicatorfortreespeciesselection inphytoextractionandurbangreening. Considering total accumulation capacities, Sabina chinensis, Juniperus formosana,AilanthusaltissimaandSalixmatsudanavar.matsudanacouldbewidelyusedintheLoessPlateau.

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Key words: Yan'an, Heavy metal, Loess Plateau, Urban forests, Metal accumulation index,Phytoextraction

8. Canopy-basedlandscapepatterngradientanalysisoftheurbangreenlandspace

JiaYao11Lecturer,NingboInstituteofTechnology,ZhejiangUniversity(Email:yaojia2046@126.com)

Abstract:Theexperimentwasconductedtoanalyzetreecanopycoveragelandscapepatternofthenorthernurban-suburbregioninBeijingbyGISandRStechnology,andthisanalysisbasedontheimages from 2013 august worldview satellite and combined gradient analysis with landscapemetrics.TheresultshowedthatPublicgreenlandshadthelargesttreecanopycoverageareaandurban accessory green lands of branches had the lowest among nine types. The tree canopycoverage ratio was higher in urban region, the ratio in suburb region showed the rapid growthtrendandthatcouldbemorethanthecitycenterinthefuture.Thetreecanopycoveragefromthecity to suburb presented that the number of green patches and patch density decreased,meanpatch area increased, degree of fragmentation decreased; The tree canopy coverage ratio,Shannon landscape diversity index and evenness increased at first then decreased obviously,landscapepatternwasnotstableinUrban-SuburbBindingArea.Throughgradientanalysisofthemeanpatchfractaldimension,edgedensityandpatchshapeindex,theresultshowedthesecondgreenbarriersinBeijingwasfacingconstructionlandconcentration,forestpatchesfragmentationandpoorqualityoflandscape.

Keywords:Beijing,Urbantreecanopy,Greenland,Landscapepattern,Gradientanalysis

9. CarbonstorageofforestecosystemsinGuangzhouCity

JuanSu1,ZhangZhou2,YideLi21AssociateResearcherinAdministrationofForestryandGardeningofGuangzhouMunicipality(Email:sujuannihao@126.com)2ResearchInstituteofTropicalForestry,ChineseAcademyofForestryAbstract:Toaccuratelymeasurecarbonpoolsofzonalforests isonesteptoestimatethecarbonsequestrationcapacityofforestsinoneregion.Therefore,astudyofthevegetationandsoilcarbonpoolof forestecosystemwas conducted in lowsubtropicalChina.Basedon the forest areadatafrom the forest resources inventory in 2014, forest plot and soil survey and the tree biomassequations.Thecarbonstorageandcarbondensityofurbanforestecosystem inGuangzhouwereevaluated.Theresultsindicatedthat,carbonstorageofforestecosysteminGuangzhouwas52.16TgC,inwhichthecarbonstorageofforestvegetationandofsoilorganicwere21.97TgCand27.16Tg C, respectively. The main characters of carbon storage in Guangzhou was following: carbonstorageofurbanforestwasdistributedmainlyinConghuaandZengcheng,andthecarbonstoragecapacityof forest indifferent times sorted indescendingorder: young forest,middle-age forest,near-matureforest,over-matureforestandmatureforest;Thelargestfactionsofcarbonstockinthe forests were soil layer (58%), and the following were the tree layer (40%). The fractions ofbiomassforshrublayer,herblayer,abovegroundlitterandfineroots(≤2.0mm)weremostly1~2%.Thecarbonstorageofnaturalforestisneartothatintheplantation,butthecarbondensityofnatural forest was significant larger than that in plantation (P<0.05). Carbon density of forestecosysteminGuangzhouwas178.03tCha-1,ofwhichvegetationandsoilorganicwere79.61tCha-1 and 98.42 t C ha-1, respectively. The total carbon storages in low subtropical forests withdifferent communityweremeasured in our study. These resultsmay be helpful to estimate thecarbonsequestrationcapacityfortheurbanforestecosystemsandtomanagethecarbonforestinGuangzhoucity.

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Keywords:Guangzhou,Forestecosystem,Carbonstorage,Carbondensity

10. Characteristic of different life-form vegetation and its relationship with landusetypesalongriverinezoneofJiushijiuriverinJinjiangcity

ChangZhang1,WangCheng,SunRuilin,QieGuangfa,LiShuhan,ShiShangrui1ResearchAssistance,UrbanForestResearchCenterofStateForestryAdministrationP.R.China(Email:394193609@qq.com)Abstract: To conduct the relationshipbetween thevegetation characteristicof various life formsandthemajoruseofriparianland,thispaperchoseJiushijiuriverwhichhinterlandhadarelativelyhighdegreeofurbanizationanddeveloped industryandagricultureas thesubject thathadbeendividedinto9segmentsbycomprehensivefactorsofecology,scenery,landuse,cityfunction.Eachsegmenthadsomematchedsurveysites(24fortotal) forfetchingdatestocomputeandanalyzethe constitution and diversity of various plant life forms. Based on comparing the grass, shrub,arbor,differentvegetationfeaturesamongthemwerefoundout,andaccordingtocouplethistothedistinctionof landusebesidesriverriparian , therelationshipbetweenthemwerediscussed.The five research resultswere: (1)Differenceexistbetween two riversides. Similarities show thegeneral interferencefromhumanbeings,whichisseeninbothsidesofriverbanksperformingasthedominant speciesof all life formplants canhighlyenduranceenvironment changeespeciallythegrasswhichisvitallycontributetoriparianvegetationspecies,andtheunbalanceofcommunitystructure which is indicated by the relatively higher diversity comparing the evenness, anddissimilaritiesshowthewide-rangingtypeandsourceofrightsideofriverbank’dominantspecies(2)Dissimilaritiesofvegetationconstitution,dominantspeciesamonggrass,shrub,arborbetweenthetwobanksarecorrelatedtothedistinctionoflanduseinriverside;(3)DivergenceofVegetationdiversitybetweenthetwobanksarecorrelatedtothedistinctionof landpatch’stype,shapeandproportionalong river segments. Finally, thedifferenthuman interferences corresponding to thevariousmethodsofprimarylandusearethemajorcauseofvariantvegetationcharacteristic.

Keywords:Riverinezone,Lifeform,Vegetationcharacteristics,Landuse,Dissimilarity,Reason

11. CurrenturbanforestryresearchatFacultyofForestryUBCZhaohuaCheng1,StephenSheppard2,AndrewPlowright3,DavidFlanders41MasterofScienceCandidate&ProgramCoordinatoroftheBachelorofUrbanForestryProgram,FacultyofForestry,UniversityofBritishColumbia(Email:zhaohua.cheng@ubc.ca)2Professor,ProgramDirectoroftheUrbanForestryprogram,FacultyofForestry,UniversityofBritishColumbia(Email:Stephen.sheppard@ubc.ca)3MasterofScienceCandidate,FacultyofForestry,UniversityofBritishColumbia(Email:plowright.andrew@gmail.com)4AdjunctFaculty&ResearchAffiliate,SchoolofArchitectureandLandscapeArchitecture,&CollaborativeforAdvancedLandscapePlanning,UniversityofBritishColumbia(Email:david.flanders@ubc.ca) Abstract: Researchers atUBC’s Faculty of Forestry have strong interests in urban forests relatedissues.CurrentresearchunderwayintheFacultyrelatedtourbanforestrycoversawidearrangeofareas, including traditional urban forestry methods (such as tree care and ecosystemmanagement), social sciences (such as human well-being, aesthetics and social equality), andtechnology (such as “app”development, 3D visualization and future scenariodevelopment). TheposterhighlightssomerecentresearchintheFaculty.

Key words: Urban forestry, University of British Columbia, valuation of urban forests, futurescenarios,visualanalytics,citizenengagement

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12. Effects of forest type and urbanization on carbon storage of urban forests inChangchun

HaifengZheng1,DanZhang2,ZhibinRen2,ChangZhai,XingyuanHe31AssociateProfessor(Email:zhenghaifeng@iga.ac.cn),2AssistantProfessor,3Professor/Dean,NortheastInstituteofGeographyandAgroecology,ChineseAcademyofSciencesAbstract:Rapidurbanizationhasledtodramaticchangesinurbanforeststructuresandfunctions,and consequently affects carbon (C) storage in cities. In this study, field surveyswere combinedwith high resolution images to investigate the variability of C storage of urban forests inChangchun,NortheastChina.Themainobjectivesof thisstudyweretoquantify theCstorageofurban forests in ChangchunCity,Northeast China and understand the effects of forest type andurbanizationonC storageofurban forests.The results showed that themeanCdensityand thetotal C storageof urban forests in Changchunwere 4.41 kg/m2 and 4.74 ×108 kg, respectively.ThereweresignificantdifferencesinCdensityamongurbanforesttypes.Landscapeandrelaxationforest (LF) had the highest C densitywith 5.41 kg/m2,while production andmanagement forest(PF) had the lowest C densitywith 1.46 kg/m2. Thesedifferences demonstrate that urban foresttype isan important factorneededtobeconsideredwhentheCstorage isaccuratelyestimated.Further findings revealed significant differences in different gradients of urbanization, and themeanCdensitydecreasedfromthefirstring(6.99kg/m2)tothefourthring(2.87kg/m2).ThetotalC storage increased from the first ring to the third ring. These results indicate thatC storagebyurban forests will be significantly changed during the process of urbanization. The results canprovideinsightsfordecision-makersandurbanplannerstobetterunderstandtheeffectsofforesttypeandurbanizationonCstorageofurbanforestsinChangchun,andmakebettermanagementplansforurbanforests.

Keywords:Urbanforest,Carbonstorage,Carbondensity,Urbanizationgradients,Climatechange

13. Eutrophicationcontrolandnutrientremovalbyurbanriparianvegetation

ShuaiYu1,WeiChen*,XingyuanHe,ZhouliLiu,XueyangWang1ResearchAssistant,InstituteofAppliedEcology,ChineseAcademyofSciences(Email:yushuai@iae.ac.cn)*CorrespondingauthorAbstract: With rapid development of global industrialize and urbanization, air pollution hasbecomethemostextensiveandheaviestpollution.Beingoneofthemajorsourcesofairpollution,vehicleexhaustemissionhasattractedextensiveattentionfromtheinternationalcommunity.Forthe current problemof urban forest species lacking of response and sensitivity identified to thevehicleexhaustemission,wechoosethetypicaltreesinnorthernChinaastheresearchobject.OTCgradient simulation is conducted to compare the sensitivity and response process of differentlandscapeplants tovehiclebysuchparametersasgrowthmorphology,physiologicalparameters,photosynthesis, endogenous hormones and ultrastructure. The tolerance mechanisms of urbanforest to vehicle exhaust emission stress are to be explained. Themain objectives of our studyprovideda theoretical referenceandpractical guidance for screeningurbangreeningvegetation,urbanecologicalsecurityandenvironmentalmanagement,aswellasthesustainabledevelopmentofurbanecosystem.

Keywords:Stresstolerance,EnvironmentalAdaptability,Streettrees

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14. EvaluationofthescenicbeautyqualityofgardenroadlandscapeofclassicalgardensinHangzhou

MinhuaWang11Lecturer,FujianAgricultureandForestryUniversity(Email:592032841@qq.com)

Abstract:Thegardenroadisanimportantelementinthegarden.Itsaestheticvaluedirectlyaffectsthe comprehensive valueof thewhole landscape. In order to explore a better evaluationmodeland to improve the landscape, the studyusesScenicBeautyEstimationmethod (referredasSBEmethod) and multiple linear regression comprehensive analysis to conduct the scenic beautyevaluationofthephotographsoftheHangzhouclassicalgardenroadlandscape.Ithasextracted19landscapeelementstoanalyzeandtobuildpredictivemodels.Thishelpedtoextract factorsthataffecttheroadviews,summarizegardenroadbuildingtechnologies,includingplantarrangement,materialselection,formbuildingandotherconstructiontechniques,andthusprovideatheoreticalbasisforgardenroadlandscapeconstruction.

Keywords:Classicalgardens,Gardenroad,Scenicbeauty,Evaluation

15. Evaluation technology and demonstration of visual landscape of urban mountainparkbasedonGIS

QiangZhang1,HuiPan2*,YanlingWang1,YangjiaoLi1,HengXu1,HaoluHuang11CollegeoflandscapearchitectureofFujianagricultureandForestryUniversity2Professor,MinjiangUniversity(Email:fjpanhui@126.com)*CorrespondingauthorAbstract: Compared with general urban park or forest park, urban mountain park has a greatparticularity, ithasnativemountainvegetationtypes,andthepublicspacetocreateanartificial.Compared with urban parks under artificial intervention, it owns unique spatial distribution,ecologicalcomposition,landscapecompositionandclimateenvironment.Therefore,thelandscapeplanninganddesignofurbanmountainpark requiresnotonlyconsidering theparticularityof itsown, but also establishing the Multi-layer spatial model to meet people’s visual aestheticexperienceandachievingeffectivebalancebetweenecologicalprotectionandresourceutilization,thus, it isof theoreticalvalueandpractical significance toexplore thequantitative technologyofurbanmountainparkvisuallandscapeevaluationbasedonGIStechnology.ThispapertakesFuzhouJinjiMountainParkasanexample,thedataarequantizedbaseonthesimulationappliedofGIStosmallandmedium-scaleurbanmountain’sslopeandaspect,elevation,andthequestionnairescoreobtainedbyhuman’ssubjective landscapeperception,andthentheresultswereweightedbasedon GIS and questionnaire score. The results showed that the landscape vision spot 4 (Rockerywaterfall),10(FeiHongbridge),15(JinAnstation),19(Qixiastation)wasthebetter,whilethespotof5(foreststage)wastheworst.Theapplicationindifferentscalesofvisuallandscapeevaluationsystemwereverifiedonthisaccount,andtheresultswouldprovidereferencesandsuggestionsfortheestablishmentofurbanmountainevaluationsystem.

Keywords:UrbanForestry,Environmentquality,UrbanMountainPark,Landscapevision,GIS

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16. Evolution characteristics and homesickness culture of rural courtyard plantlandscapesinZhuhai

SainanTang1,ChengWang2,RuilinSun3,ChangZhang31Ph.D.,2Professor,3AssistantResearcher,UrbanForestResearchCenterofStateForestryAdministrationP.R.China(Email:494017515@qq.com)Abstract: Homesickness Ecological Landscape is a new direction for the construction of rurallandscapeinfuture.Ruralcourtyardplantlandscapeisanimportantconstitutionofhomesicknessecologicallandscapeanditisalsoanimportantcarrierofhomesicknessculture.Inthispaper,themethodof combining thevisual interpretationof satellite imageswith thepractical investigationwas adopted, then the courtyardplant landscapeof traditional andmodern rural areaswerebecompared and analyzed. Research indicates that: firstly, the general evolution trend of spatiallocationof thecourtyardplant landscapeshowed“from inside tooutsideof courtyard, fromthecentertothecornerofcourtyard”.Secondly, thereare30and42typesofcourtyardplant inthetraditionalandmodernvillage inZhuhai.Comparewiththetraditionalvillage,themodernvillagehad increased12 kindsof plants but thenumberof courtyardplant showedadecreasing trend.Thirdly, the style of the traditional courtyard plant landscape mainly based on fruit trees, theeconomic edible plants accounted for 81.8%. However, on the basis of inheriting the originalfeatures,themodernruralcourtyardhadmoreattentiontoornamentalplants.Ornamentalplantsaccounted for 45.5%,while the economic edible plants reduced to 36.3%. Fourthly, the averagegreen coverage rate, the number of green patch and the green patch area of traditional ruralcourtyardplantswere10.26%, 142.2 and8.81 squaremeters,while atmodern rural areaswere4.97%,92.4and5.98squaremetersrespectively,whichshowedasignificantdownwardtrend.Thecourtyard ecological space is obviously reduced, and theplant size tends tominiaturization. Thehomesickness characteristics of rural courtyard plant landscape in Zhuhai which has full-bodiedLingnanflavoristhebigtree,fruitfragrance,andthepictureoflifethatpeopleenjoythecoolairandchattoeachotherunderthetree.Intherecentyears,however,theproblemofurbanizationandregularizationcourtyard landscapewhich lackofcharacteristicsandculturalconnotationhadappeared. The evolution is the result of the reduction of courtyard ecological space and thedisappearanceoftheregionalstylewhichcausedbythepursuitof livingspacemaximizationandthegreeningmodeofurbanization.

Keywords:Ruralcourtyard,Plantlandscape,Evolution,Homesicknessculture

17. Evolution characteristics and homesickness culture of rural courtyard plantlandscapesinZhuhai—TaketheJiexiaZhuangandPaishanvillageasexamples

SainanTang1,ChengWang2,RuilinSun3,ChangZhang31Ph.D.,2Professor,3AssistantResearcher,UrbanForestResearchCenterofStateForestryAdministrationP.R.China(Email:494017515@qq.com)Abstract:Studyingthestylecharacteristicsandhomesicknesscultureoftraditionalrurallandscapehas important reference significance for guiding the construction of homesickness ecologicallandscape.Inthispaper,themethodofcombiningthevisualinterpretationofsatelliteimageswiththepracticalinvestigationwasadopted,andtheevolutionofecologicallandscapedistributionandmorphological characteristics of landscape elements were analyzed, the causes of change werediscussed,andthechangetendencyhomesicknessculturewasinterpreted,thensuggestionswereproposed accordingly. Research indicates that: firstly, the proportion of waterfront space wasreduced,from2004to2014,theJiexiaZhuangdecreasedfrom30%to23%,andthePaishanvillagedecreasedfrom5.1%to4.3%.Newlandtypesappearedintheruralarea,andtheproportionwasrelativelylarge.Comparewith2004,thetouristfacilitieslandappearedinJiexiaZhuangaccounted

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for11.7%,thefactorylandappearedinPaishanvillageaccountfor2.7%,andmainlyoccupiedtheforestlandandwaterfrontspace.Secondly,thespeciesofruralplantgraduallyenriched,thetypesofplantwere24and increased to44 from2004 to2014 in JiexiaZhuang,aswellas thePaishanvillage increased from 32 to 40. The function of new plants had more attention to economy,ornamental and aromaticity. Thirdly, the average forest coverage area of new rural residentialspacewasvery low, the Jiexia Zhuangwas0.12 squaremeters, and thePaishanvillagewasonly0.02 square meters. Fourthly, the influence factors of the change of rural ecological landscapecontainssixaspects:1)aserious invasionoftownshipenterprises;2)fuzzypositioningoftourismdevelopment;3)Paymoreattentiontotheeconomicvalueof forestry;4)urbanwindblowing inthecountry;5) lifedemandschange;6)Thegovernmentlackofdecision-makingability.Fifth,thecharacteristicsofruralecologicallandscapeinZhuhaiwhichhasfull-bodiedLingnanhomesicknesscultureistheancestralhallinthevillagehead,Toweringtrees,thepondinfrontofthevillage,pureriver and green banks, streams, the lush bamboos in the back of the village, tree-lined village,courtyard flower and fruit fragrance and the life picture with vitality. In recent years, however,pursuetheruralfunctiondiversificationandfollowthepatternofurbanization,causedadeclineofruralecological spaceand reduceof regionalhomesickness culture.Combine the featuresof therural landscape with the new demand of modern life, so that the countryside becomes thebeautifulspacewhichcarriesthehomesicknesscultureandthemodernculture.

Key words: Rural ecological landscape, Ecological space, Plant landscape, Homesickness culture,Evolution

18. GreenwaystringshealthandhappylivesKefuXu11Professor,AnhuiAgriculturalUniversity(Email:xkf69@163.com)

Abstract:Greenway,whichhasdiverse functions andplays a connection role among all kindsofgreen space in urban and rural areas, not only protects urban green space ecology system, alsofacilitates the recreation for city residents, thus the planning and construction of greenway isbooming. Planning and construction of Huan Yushanhu greenway network in the center ofMaanshan city,which enjoyhugepopularity among the citizens, not only create a beautiful andnatural ecological landscape, also provide citizens with a green open space of recreation.so itemerges a large number of peoplewalking along the lake in themorning and evening for bodyexercises. Through the survey of “people walking along the lake”, this paper has an in-depthanalysisof thesociological significance fromtheaspectofcitydevelopmentprinciple,happiness,senseofsecurity,etc.

Key words: Greenway Planning, Greenway Network, Accessibility, Walking along the Lake,SociologicalSignificance

19. HugeafforestationprojectsattractbirdsreturninBeijingcityNancaiPei1,ChengWang2*,BufengChen1,GuangfaQie2,LinGu2,JialiJin2,RuilinSun2,BaoquanJia2,Jin-LongZhang31Assistantprofessor,ResearchInstituteofTropicalForestry,ChineseAcademyofForestry(Email:nancai.pei@ritf.ac.cn,nancai.pei@gmail.com)2ResearchInstituteofForestry,ChineseAcademyofForestry/ResearchCenterofUrbanForestry,StateForestryAdministration3FloraConservationDepartment,KadoorieFarmandBotanicGarden*Correspondingauthor

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Abstract: Biodiversity issues in urban regions attract increasing attention from biologicalresearchers, governmental officers and also the public. The present study focused on diversitypatternsofbird speciesand the interactionwithhistoric recordsof forest coverage inaChinesemega-city (Beijing)undertemperatezone.Threeupdated,comprehensiveandreliablerecordsofbird species diversity was obtained from the previously published literature; specifically, 344specieswas reported in1987, 375 species in 1994, and430 species in 2014, respectively.About15% of bird species were resident in Beijing. The results showed that bird species diversity inBeijingwaspositivelycorrelatedwithforestcoverage.Large-scaleafforestationprojectscarriedoutin recent several decades, together with improved environmental quality and reducedanthropogenic disturbance, contributed sufficient foods and nesting sites for birds. The studyinferredthatthedynamicsofbirdspeciesdiversitymightalsobeaffectedbymultiplefactorsfrombiotic,meteorological,andevensocialdimensions,whichcouldbeinformativeformonitoringandresearchesonaviandiversityinBeijingandotherurbanareas.

Keywords:Urbanforests,Forestbiodiversity,Aviandiversity,Ecologicalcivilization

20. Importance of urban forests to temperate urbanized cities in China - Quantifyingcarbonbiomassandvariationinthesoil

HailiangLv1,WenjieWang,XingyuanHe1Ph.D.,NortheastInstituteofGeographyandAgriculturalEcology,ChineseAcademyofSciences(Email:zixindeliliang@sina.cn)Abstract: Greater focus is being placed on the ecological service function of urban forests;however,moreinformationisrequiredonthespatialandtemporalvariationinCbiomassandsoilCcontentduringurbanization.Toaddressthisissue,thisstudyaimedtoquantifyvariationinCinthe trees and soils of the Harbin urban region. In 219 plots of this region, various tree and soilparametersweresampled todetermine temporalandspatialvariationwithin the forth ring roadregionwithover100-yearhistory.InHarbinCity,theaveragedensityofCinthevegetationandtheSOC (soil organic carbon content) density were higher than that detected in other local cities(ShenyangandChangchun),butweremuch lowerthan localnatural forests.TheCdensityofthevegetation varied 3.2-fold among ring roads (urban-rural gradient), 2.3-fold among forest types,and3-foldamongdistricts.Thesevariationswerecloselyrelatedwithspeciescomposition,speciesShannon-Wiener index, and DBH, rather than urbanization level or tree density. In comparison,spatialvariationinSOCwasmuchlower(1.4–1.5fold),andwascloselyrelatedwiththeurban-ruralgradient data of ring-roads, history of settlement, and SOC content. Overall, total SOCaccumulationinurbanforestsoiltookoveronequarterofstoredCbiomass.Muchlargervariationin the C density of vegetation was a casual process, mainly related to tree size. In contrast,variation in theCdensityof soilwas anurbanization-dependentprocess,mainly associatedwithurbansettlementtimeandtherateofspreadofring-roads.Ourresultsprovidenewinsightsaboutspatial and temporal variation in above- and below-ground carbon distribution.We recommendthat urbanization effects should be incorporated into calculations of soil C budgets in regionssubjecttorapidurbanexpansion,suchasChina.

Keywords:Urbanforest,Vegetationcarbondensity,Soilcarbondensity,Foresttype,Ringroad

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21. Photosynthetic capacity, photochemical efficiencyand chlorophyll contentof eightbamboospeciesofdifferentseasonsinZizhuParkinBeijing

JuanLi1,RuiFan3,JianGao2,ChunjuCai21Assistantprofessor,InternationalcentreforBambooandRattan(Email:Ljgx2003@126.com)2InternationalcentreforBambooandRattan3ZizhuParkAbstract: Eight bamboo species (Phyllostachys vivax McClure F. aureocaulis, Phyllostachys vivaxMcClure f.huanwenzhu J.L.Lu, Phyllostachys aureosuleata McClure F. flavostriata, Phyllostachyspraecox C.D.Chu et C.S.Chao , Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd.ex Lindl.)Munro,Phyllostachys glabrataS.Y.Chen et C.Y.Yao, Indocalamus latifolius (Keng) McClure, and so on) grown in Zizhu Park inBeijing were tested to evaluate and compare their photosynthetic, transpiration rate, stomatalconductance and maximal quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) reactions in differentseasons. Every variety grown demonstrated higher light-saturated photosynthetic capacity inspring.PhyllostachysvivaxMcClureF.aureocauliswerefoundtoacclimatizebetterphotosyntheticin spring.Phyllostachysnigra (Lodd.ex Lindl.)Munrohadhighphotosynthetic rate inwinter. Thediurnal patterns of Fv/Fm indicated that bamboo species encountered less photoinhibition inwinter. Fv/Fm had no significant difference of every bamboo species in winter. A decrease inchlorophyll(chl)a/bratioinleavesofbambooswithsignificantincreaseinchlbwasobserved.

Keywords:Bamboo,Photosyntheticcapacity,Photochemicalefficiency,Chlorophyllcontent

22. PreliminarystudyondesignofurbangreenspacewithBVOCshealthcareeffect

JuWu1,ChengyangXu21Ph.D.(Email:397612599@qq.com),2Professor(Email:cyxu@bjfu.edu.cn),BeijingForestryUniversity

Abstract: In recentyears, the functionofgreenspaceonpromotinghumanhealth isgivenmoreemphasis.Andasanimportantpartofforesthealthcare,BVOCs,thatiscalledphytoncidere,needstobeputtopracticaluseinurbangreenspace,butitisaclassofchemicalthateasytobeoxidized.So it isnecessarytodesignasuitablegreenspacethattheBOVCscouldexiststeadilytoplaythehealthcarefunction.Inordertodeterminetheminimumareaofthistarget,wecollecttheBVOCssample of different distance from the forest edge in the Badaling Forest Park by themethod ofdynamic head-space samplingwith Tenax TA components and contrast the concentration of themainmaterials.Inaddition,wemadealistofalternativeplantslistbasedontherelatedresearch,anddividedthemintohealthcaretypeandspace-creatingtypewhichcouldformulatearecreationspacesuitableforBVOCsexisting.Andfinally,accordingtotheuseofgreenspaceandtheBVOCsquantityreleasedfromdifferenthealthcaretypeplants,theplantcollocationisdiscussed.

Keywords：Urbangreenspace,Foresthealthcare,Phytoncidere,BVOCs,Humanhealthfactor

23. Publicviewsofthelow-carboneconomyinsmallcities

ZhaohuaCheng11MasterofScienceCandidate&ProgramCoordinatoroftheBachelorofUrbanForestryProgram,FacultyofForestry,UniversityofBritishColumbia(Email:zhaohua.cheng@ubc.ca)Abstract:Lowcarboneconomieshavebeenproposedinmanyareasoftheworldasastrategytomitigateclimatechange, including intheworld’sbiggestgreenhousegasemittingcountry,China.WhilemuchefforthasbeenputintodevelopinglowcarboneconomiesinmajorcitiesinChina,lessattentionhasbeenpaid tosmallercitiesandcounties.Thegoalof this research is tounderstand

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citizens’ perceptions of low carbon economies and their attitude towards low carbon policies insmallercities(orcounties)inChina.Aquestionnaire-basedcross-sectionalsurveywasconductedinFuding City and Zherong County in Fujian Province (southeastern China), with three sub-populations - general public, community residents, and government employees. Results of thesurvey indicated several possible knowledge gaps and inconsistencies about climate change andthe lowcarboneconomyamongcitizens.However,citizensdid indicatehigh levelsofsupportfordevelopingalowcarboneconomyinlocalareas.Binaryandmultinomiallogisticregressionmodelsdevelopedinthisstudyindicatedthatcitizens’knowledgeoflowcarboneconomiesandtheirlevelofconcernaboutclimatechangeweresignificantfactorsinfluencingtheirlevelofsupportforalowcarboneconomy.Ingeneral,citizenswithmoreknowledgeoflowcarboneconomiesandagreaterlevel of concern about climate change showed greater support for developing a low carboneconomy in local areas. However, greater knowledge and more supportive attitudes did notnecessarily lead to behavioural changes. This research discovered an ‘attitude-behaviour’ gapbetweensomeoneshowinggreater support for lowcarbonpolices (e.g.developinga lowcarboneconomy)andhaving less intentiontochangetheirbehaviour(onaveragerespondentshadtriedthree to four low carbon activities andwerewilling to conduct onemore low carbon activity tofurtherlowertheircarbonfootprint).Findingscallformoreefforttobeputtowardsinformingandengaging citizens in order to more closely align behaviours with attitudes and initiate morebehavioural responses to climate change. Significant differences were found between the studyareas andbetweendifferent sub-populations,which suggestedpriorities for further engagementandsociallearningamongthepopulationsofsmallercitiesinChina.

Keywords:Publicperceptions,climatechange,low-carboneconomy,China

24. Quantitative evaluation on the impact of the street greening in ancient townlandscape

ZhipengZhu11Ph.D.,CollegeofArts&LandscapeArchitecture,FujianAgricultureandForestryUniversity(Email:amazing512@qq.com)

Abstract: Streets are important components and spatial connection paths in ancient townlandscape and their landscape optimization is beneficial for improving the taste of the ancientcities.Thethesisadopts landscapebeauty judgingmethodandmultiple linearregressionmethodtomakecomprehensiveanalysisofDayanancienttownandShuheancienttowninLijiangandputsforward 13 impact factors of green landscape. Fromwhich 9 are removed after calculation as aresultoftheirminorinfluenceand4mostinfluentialonesonstreetgreening,includinglayeringoftheplants, colornumberof theplants,environmental coordinationand thediameterandbreastheightoftheplants,aretakentoanalyzethegreenlandscapeofthestreets.Withthe4landscapefactorsastransformationobjects,itproposesthetheoreticalbasisintheprotectionofthegreeningof ancient town streets aswell as some recommendation for optimizing the green landscape ofancienttownstreets.

Key words: Lijiang ancient town, Street greening, Scenic beauty estimation (SBE), Landscapeenhancement

25. ResearchoncharacteristicofurbanecologicalspaceinBeijingplainareaJialiJin11Ph.D.Candidate,ChineseAcademyofForestry(Emily:king90emily@gmail.com)Abstract: The research range in this paper is the plain area of Beijing city. The Beijing forestresourcessurveyin2009(1:10000),theplainafforestationprojectin2014(1:10000),theLandsat-8

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imageinSeptember2014andotherfoundationalgeographic information(1:10000)wereusedasthe main basic data under the ArcGIS platform to explore the characteristic of plain ecologicalspace pattern and the heat island effect. The purpose of this paper is to study the relationshipbetween ecological space and urban heat island effect, and finally provide scientific strategy forecologicalspaceoptimizationinplains.Themainresultsshowed:

(1) The current land use intensity in Beijing plain is really high, the landscape matrix is non-ecological space (area proportion 65.84%), while the forestry is plain's main ecological space,gardenspacetakesthesecondplace;thenumberofsmallpatchesofeachecologicalspacereachesmorethan90%intheplainarea.

(2)From2009-2014, theecological landfragmentation,diversityandevenness inplainareahaveincreased.Fromtheperspectiveofurbandevelopment,thischangewastoenablemorepeopletoenjoythecity'secologicalproductsandserviceperformancewhichprovidedbyurbanforest;fromthe view of different types ecological space, the fragmentation of garden space increased, anddifference between different size patches became larger, the shape of patches tended tomoreirregularly.

(4)As forthedistributionofheat island intheplainarea, themiddle,strongandpowerful islandmainly concentrated in City development area, City expanded function area and two greenisolationzones.

(5)Withrespecttothestudyofecologicalspaceformitigationofurbanheatislandfoundthatthemaximumeffectiverangeofcoldislandeffectproducedbyecologicalspaceis300meters.

Keywords:Beijing,Ecologicalspace,Plainafforestation,Landscapepattern,Heatislandeffect

26. Researchstatus,problemsandprospectoflandscapeforestvisualization

BingqianMa11Postgraduate,SchoolofForestry,BeijingForestryUniversity(Email:15600063980@163.com)

Abstract:Landscapeforestisanimportantpartofattractingvisitorsineverytouristarea,andtherise of the tourism industry urgently needs to improve the quality of the landscape forest.However,themanagementmeasureofthetraditionalforestfarmproductionunitisfarbehindthedemandof the times, and the vigorous development of the forestry information technology hasinjected new vitality into the management of the landscape forest. At the end of the 1970s,visualizationtechnologywasproposedandhadbeendevelopingrapidly,theninvolvedinmedicine,finance, entertainment, public transport, agriculture, forestry, industry research in a very shortperiodoftime,andjumpedintohotemergingtechnologiesintoday'ssociety,absolutelyreceivedgreat attention from the scholars at home and abroad. In contrast, the two-dimensionalinformationtechnologywhichhasonlyfocusedonthesimplegeometricfigurehasbeenunabletoexpress the forest landscape features (i.e., landscape reconstruction), and three-dimensionalvisualizationhasbecomeanimportantmethodfortheresearchoflandscapeforest.Atpresent,theresearchof landscapeforestvisualization focusesonthevisualangleof the forest landscapeandthe characteristics of the landscape. This paper aims to summarize the application range of theforest landscape visualization, research methods and index decomposition and evaluationtechnology, and explore the main problems and the application prospect of visualizationtechnologyinforestlandscape.Finallytheaimistoprovidemorecleardirectionforthescholarsinthefuture.

Key words: Urban forestry, Landscape forest, Visualization, Landscape visual quality, Evaluationtechnology

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27. Risk degree assessment of common green trees in southern Fujian area coastalvillages

WeicongFu11Ph.D.,CollegeofArts&LandscapeArchitecture,FujianAgricultureandForestryUniversity(Email:112986953@qq.com)Abstract: To assess the risk degree of rural green trees correctlywill improve themanagementefficiencyanddecreasethe lossofhuman lifeandproperty resulting fromdamagedgreentrees.MethodsofAHPandVTAwillbeusedtoinvestigateandanalyzethepotentialrisksof20kindsofcommonruralgreeningtreesinsoutherncountryofFujian.Resultsshowthat:1)thethreeindexeswithhigherweightvalueincludingtheinstablerootsystem,unnaturallyincliningtrunkandhollowtrunk.While the indexeswith lowerweightvalueare:water sprout,physical injuryof trunk,anddie-back.2)TheGreen trees in southerncountryofFujian include47genera,90 familiesand98kinds.Thetop20greentreesintermsofthefrequencyaremainlyfruittreesandothereconomicoptimumtreespecies,withhighproportionofevergreenandnative treespecies;3) treespecieswithhigherriskindexesincludingeucalyptusgrandis,loquat,guavaandphoenixwood;treespecieswith lowerrisk indexes includingflickercamphortreesandbamboo,grapefruit;4)Thetest itemshigher than 0.6 include: V-angle trunks, dangerous deadwood, inclining trunk, trunks’ internaldecayandothersymptoms.

Keywords:VTA,Ruralgreentrees,Riskdegree,SoutherncoastalvillagesofFujian

28. ShorttermeffectofthinningoncarbonstorageinChinesefirplantation

JiaojiaoDiao,WenyaXiao,FeiFei,QingweiGuan1,BinChen1Professor,NanjingForestryUniversity(Email:guanjapan999@163.com)Abstract:Inordertoexplorethinningeffectsoncarbonstorageinforestplantationandtoprovidetheoretical bases for sustainable forestmanagement, we investigated the change of biomass invegetative layer and the stand carbon storage of aCunninghamia lanceolate (Lamb.) Hook pureforest thinned with four intensities, namely, light intensity thinning (30%, the number of treesintensity, the samebelow),medium intensity thinning (50%), heavy intensity thinning (70%) andtheun-thinning (CK), seven years ago in Lishui farm forestry.We found:As compared to theCKtreatment,(1)treegrowthrate(evaluatedbydiameteratbreastheight(DBH),crowndiameterandvolume) was significantly higher under thinning treatments, and increased significantly with theintensityofthinning;(2)standcarbonstoragehasincreasedby2.86and7.83t·hm-2inLITandMITrespectively, but decreased by 2.85 t·hm-2 in HIT. We suggest that a proper thinning intensityshouldbeappliedtothecorrespondingforesttypeinurbanforestmanagement.

Keywords:Thinningintensity,Standstructure,Carbonstorage,Carbondistributionpattern

29. Structureandregenerationpatternoftheisolatedremnantvegetationinurbanizedarea

QingfeiZhang1,YantingWang,WeiChen,KankanShang1Professor,ShanghaiChenshanBotanicalGarden(Email:qfzhang@126.com)Abstract: The semi-natural remnant woodland, which is one of the most representative zonalvegetationinurbanarea,cantakeimportantreferentforunderstandingurbanvegetationdynamicandecologicalrestoration.Weestablishedan1hapermanentplotinansemi-naturalforestwhichthe former plantation aftermore than 50 years natural generation in ChenshanHill in ShanghaiChenshanBotanicalGarden.And all free-standing treeswith ≥ 1cm in diameter at breast height

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(DBH) in the plot were mapped, tagged and identified to species.We analyzed the communitycomposition, size class structure, and spatial distribution of the forest. The results showed asfollows: (1)Therewere11typesof forestvegetationcommunity intheplotwhichthedeciduousbroadleaf dominated community accounts for a large proportion. (2) As for communitycomposition,thereare53species,whichbelongto46generain28familiesintheplot.Atboththefamilyandgenuslevels,thePan-tropicplantsarethemostabundanttype,followedbytheNorthTemperateZoneplants. (3)Therichnessof individualswashigher for the4cm<DBH≤10cmclassthan thatof theDBH>10cmclass. Thediversityof individualdifference for the1 cm≤DBH≤4cmclass in different community types was high. (4)The distribution pattern of dominant species inscale 0-15 m showed that Cinnamomum camphora, Robinia pseudoacacia, Celtis sinensis,Ligustrum sinense, Aphananthe aspera, Acer buergerianum, C.japonicum and Broussonetiapapyifera have a clumped distribution on a smaller scale and tend to have random spatialdistributionswithincreasinglyenlargedscales.Incontrast,ElaeocarpusglabripetalushasaclumpeddistributionandUlmuspumilahasarandomspatialdistribution.Withincreasinglyenlargedscales,LiquidambarformosanaandIlexchinensishaverandomspatialdistributiontoclumpeddistributiontorandomspatialdistribution.(5)Theregenerationofwoodyplantswasmainlythroughseedlings.Therewassignificantdifference intheestablishmentofseedlingsofdifferentheight levels inthesampled populations and that the establishment of seedlings appeared to correlate well withbiologicalfactorssuchasdiameterclassandlifeform,butnotwithenvironmentalfactorssuchascrownandelevation.

Keywords:Permanentplotof1ha,Speciescomposition,Spatialpattern,Seedlingsregeneration,Semi-naturalremnantwoodland

30. StructureandspeciesdiversityoftypicalforestsinGuangzhoucityShileiZhai1,BufengChen*1MastersStudentinResearchInstituteofTropicalForestry,ChineseAcademyofForestry(Email:18620842880@163.com)*correspondingauthorAbstract: 0.48, 0.48 and 0.24 hm2 evergreen broad-leaf forests of Maofeng Mountain, BaiyunMountain and Tianhe Park in Guangzhou urban scale were selected respectively. Communitiesstructure, species diversity and interspecific association of dominant populations of threevegetation types were comparative studied by the method of community ecology. The resultindicated that speciesnumber, standdensityand canopydensityare characterizedbyEvergreenBroadleaved Secondary Forest (EBSF) > Evergreen Broadleaved Artificial and Natural Forest(EBANF) >Evergreen Broadleaved Plantation (EBP). The same character was showed on theShannon-Wiener(SW)indexandGleasonindexoftreelayer,shrublayerandallwoodyplants.TheSWindexandGleasonindexofshrublayerhadahighervaluethantreelayer inEBSF,anditwasconverse inEBANFandEBP.While thePielouevenness index showeda changeable feature. Thediameter-classstructureofEBSF,EBANFandEBPwererecognizedasStandard,bimodalandpeakyinverse “J” type respectively. 20 dominate populations of woody plants showed insignificantpositiveassociationinEBSFandEBANF.Theinterspecificassociationof190species-pairswerethesimilarconclusionofinsignificantpositiveassociationanalyzedbyχ2correctiontest,percentageco-occurring (PC) and association coefficient (AC). Moreover, the interspecific association of EBSFspecieswasmoresignificant.Thepaperrevealedthedifferenceincommunitiesstructure,speciesdiversityandmaininterspecificrelevanceofthreevegetationtypesinGuangzhoulocalarea,whichwould provide a good theoretical basis for the construction and evaluation of the near-naturalforestandbeautifulcityforestlandscapeasatypicalexample.

Key words: Guangzhou, Urban forest, Community structure, Species diversity, Interspecificassociation

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31. StudiesonadsorbingPM2.5 functiondifferencesof tree species indifferenturbanforests

LeiWang1,XinWan2,LibinHuang3,QingshengChen31AssociateProfessor(Email:8967976@qq.com),2AssistantProfessor,3Professor,JiangsuAcademyofForestryAbstract: Taking thecityofNanjingasanexample, this study selected foururban forestson thehorizontalgradientwhichincludedMochoulakepark,Yuhuaterracepark,GeneralmountainscenicspotandJiangsuacademyofforestry,andchosethreeurbanforestsontheverticalgradientwhichincludedZhongshanbotanicalgarden,WhitehorseParkandobservatory intheZijin inMay,July,August of 2015. In order to make a positive contribution of effectively controlling urbanatmosphericPM2.5pollution, the leavesof10 tree species respectively collected,andmeasuringthe contribution values of PM2.5 in different typical greening tree species through aerosolgenerationsystem.TheresultsshowedthatabsorbingabilitiesofPM2.5ineachplantofdifferenthorizontalgradientenvironmenthavecertaindifferences.AccordingtothecontributionvaluesofadsorbingPM2.5, thebetterspecies in this studyorderlywereCedrusdeodara,Sabinachinensis,Photinia serrulata andMagnolia grandiflora, which should be popularized and applied on thefutureurbantreespeciesconfiguration.

Keywords:Urbanforest,PM2.5,Treespecies,Leaves,Absorbingvalue

32. Studies on PM2.5 concentrations dynamics of typical urban forest in the southernsuburbofNanjing

LeiWang1,XinWan2,LibinHuang3,QingshengChen31AssociateProfessor(Email:8967976@qq.com),2AssistantProfessor,3Professor,JiangsuAcademyofForestry

Abstract:Inordertoprovideascientificbasisforbuildingthetypeofdustdetentionurbanforestinthefuture,thedataofPM2.5concentrationfromJune2014toMay2015wereanalyzed,thedaily,monthlyandquarterlyvariationofPM2.5concentrations inthisurbanforestwerestudiedbasedontheplatformofforesthealthenvironmentalmonitoringsysteminJiangsuacademyofforestry.The results showed that the diurnal variation of PM2.5 concentration in urban forest had anundulatevariationcharacteristics,presentedtwopeaksandtwolowpeaks.Apeakappearedin9-10am,anotherpeakappearedatnightof22-23.TheaverageconcentrationofPM2.5 fromJune2014toMay2015intheurbanforestappearedtwopeaks, inwhichthehighestconcentrationofPM2.5wasinMarch2015,at100.32ug/m3,thelowestaverageconcentrationofPM2.5inAugust2014, at 40.21 ug/m3. According to seasons, the seasonal variation characteristics of PM2.5concentration were that the highest PM2.5 concentration was in spring and the lowest wassummer.

Keywords:Urbanforest,PM2.5,Variationdynamics

33. Studyadvancesontheeffectsofurbanforestsonparticulatematter

DonghuiHan1,HailongShen2*1Lecturer(Email:10_winter@163.com),2Professor(Email:shenhl-cf@nefu.edu.cn),SchoolofForestry,NortheastForestryUniversity*Correspondingauthor

Abstract:Hazephenomena isgettingmuchmoreseriousthroughoutChinarecently,especially innorthern industry city like Harbin, and has given severe impacts on human life and health. This

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paper summarized the effects of urban forests on particulatematter (PMx),which are themainingredients of haze, from macroscopic scale to microscopic view, including the time and spacedistributionofPMxindifferentdistricts,thechangeofPMxconcentrationinandoutoftheurbanforests or other vegetation; the main compositions and characteristics of PMx, the sourceapportionmentandtheinterception/depositionorotherreductioneffectsofurbanforestsandsoon,casesstudiesinHarbinwereincluded.TheresearchmethodsincludeCartography,GeographicInformation System, Mathematical Statistics, Model Simulation; physical methods like washingleaves and weighing dusts, different source apportionment analysis tools, modern biologytechnique and so on. Besides, the climate change is important for PMx transmission path andconcentrationchangeandurbanforestsarerelatedtoprecipitationandtemperature,sothispaperinvolvestheeffectsofmeteorologyfactorstoPMx.Tosumup,intheurbanizationcourse,rationalutilizationof urban forests andmaintaining ecological balance is benefit for reducing particulatematterharmandimprovetheenvironment.

Keywords:Urbanforests,Particulatematter,Timeandspacedistribution,Sourceapportionment,Climatechange

34. StudyonaccumulationcharacteristicsofPopulustomentosatoheavymetals

RongfenWang,ErfaQiu1*,LiqingTang,LieHe1AssociateProfessor,UrbanForestResearchCenterofStateForestryAdministrationP.R.China(Email:efqiu@163.com)*Correspondingauthor

Abstract: This study takes the Populus tomentosa forest belt besides Beijing Capital AirportExpressway, the enrichment and distribution of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu,Mn,Ni, Pb and Zn in treeswereanalyzed. The study results showed that: Theheavymetal concentration in treeorgans are: Zn>Mn> Cu (Cr)> Pb> Ni> Cd. The concentrations of the same heavy metal element are differentamong various organs, Cu, Mn, Ni and Pb are highest in the leaves of Populus tomentosa, theconcentrationofZnishighestinthebark,CdandCrarehighestinthebranchandrootrespectively.The heavy metal accumulation in various organs depend not only on biomass, but on theconcentration, theaccumulationofCd,CrandNielementsareallhighest in the trunk,whileCu,Mn,PbandZnelementsareinthebranch.Fromtheheavymetalaccumulationofindividualplant,eachelementinadescendingorderas:Zn>Mn>Cr>Cu>Ni>Pb>Cd.Thepercentageoftheamountofheavy metals in fallen leaves to that in the whole tree before leaves fallen is:Mn>Ni>Pb>Zn>Cu>Cd>Cr, which illustrates that the Populus tomentosa has a relatively strongpurificationabilityagainstMnandNielementsandarelativelyweakpurificationabilityagainstCdandCrelements.Inallorgans,thecuttingstrunkmeasureledtotheincreaseofMnconcentration.Intheroot,stemandbark,theconcentrationsofZnandCuincutting-offplantarehigherthannotcutting-offplants.Intheleaveandbranch,theconcentrationsofCuandZnincutting-offplantarelowerthannotcutting-offplant.

Keywords:Populustomentosa,Heavymetals,Elementenrichment

35. StudyoncarbonstorageofpoplarplantationatdifferentstandagesWeiXing1,DanrongBu,ZhiweiGe,QindongGuo,YonghuaJi1AssociateResearchFellow,JiangsuAcademyofForestry(Email:nerring@163.com)Abstract:Inthispaper,biomasshasbeenestimatedandcarbonstorageandsoilorganiccarbonofpoplarstandsatagesof4,8,12,15and20years-oldhavebeenstudied,basedonthesurveyofsampleplotsinDongtaipoplarplantation,Jiangsu.Themethodsofallometricgrowthfunctionand

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samplingharvestwereusedtoinvestigatethebiomassoftreelayer,undergroundvegetationlayerandforestfloor.Astheresultsshowed,withthestandagesincreased,thetotalcarbonstorageinthefivestands increasedaswell.Besides,thespatialcarbonstoragedistributedasthefollowing,thatofsoil layer(130.87t·hm–2)>treelayer(56.32t·hm–2)>forestfloor(1.2t.hm–2)>undergroundvegetation layer(0.37 t·hm–2). The dynamic trend of carbon storage of underground vegetationlayer and forest floor in different stages enhanced first and then decreased. In different stands,carbon concentration increased first and then decreased. Our study suggested that poplarplantationhadahugepotentialforcarbonsequestrationandthatthedifferencesincarbonstorageof poplar plantation at different stand ages were mainly caused by the differences in carbonstorageoftreelayer.

Keywords:poplar,plantation,standage,carbonstorage,organ

36. Study on human comfort and microclimate of small urban forests in Beijing insummer

HaixuanLiu1,ChengyangXu21Ph.D.(Email:858206924@qq.com),2Professor(Email:cyxu@bjfu.edu.cn),BeijingForestryUniversity

Abstract:Tostudythemeteorologicalconditionandtheeffectsonhumancomfortofsmallurbanforests during hot period in summer in Beijing, 5 approximate 2000m2 urban forests similar instructurewereselected.Windspeed,airtemperatureandairhumiditywereobservedineveryplotduringhotperiod(10:00-14:00) insummer.1) Inthehorizontaldirection,thesmallurbanforestscoulddecreaseairtemperatureby0.32℃-2.67℃withanaverageof1.67℃,andincreasehumidityby1.29%-8.1%withanaverageof4.54%.Thehumancomfortindexwasinarangeof43.73-58.97in and out of the plots which was comfortable for people. 2) In the vertical direction, the airtemperatureincreasedatfirstthendecreasedwiththeheightrose,whilethehumiditywasonthecontrary.Thewindspeeddecreasedwiththeheightrose.Thehumancomfortindexwaslowestat1.5m.Smallurbanforestshavecertaineffectondecreasingairtemperatureandincreasingcomfortforpeople.Managementofsmallurbanforestsshouldbepaidmoreattentiononinbigcitywithlargegreenareadisappearing.

Keywords:Smallurbanforests,Microclimate,Humancomfort

37. Study on relationships between the factors reflecting ecological and healthyfunctionsinurbanforests

LinGu11Assistantprofessor,UrbanForestResearchCenter,StateForestryAdministrationP.R.China(Email:gulin1123@126.com)

Abstract:Itissignificanttounderstandtherelationshipsbetweenecologicalandhealthyeffectsofurbanforest.Astudymonitoredthevariationsofatmosphericmasters(TSP,PM10,PM2.5,PM1),microclimate,BVOCs,airnegativeionsandtherelativecontentofoxygenintypicalurbanforestsofHuiMountaininWuxiCityduringthedaytime(5:00am–19:00pm)inautumnandwinter,2011andinspringandsummer,2012.Bypathanalysis,itwasfoundthattherewerecloserelationshipsbetween the five kindsof ecological andhealthy factorswithin theurban forests. ThedominantfactorsthatlimitingconcentrationofnegativeaeroionwasPM10,whereasthestimulativeswerecationandTSP.ThepromotingeffectswereobviousbetweenTSPandPM10,orPM10andPM2.5.Temperaturewasthedominantfactorinpromotingoxygencontent.Thesmallparticulatematter,negativeaeroionandoxygencontentcouldbeenhancedbyVOCs.

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Keywords:Urbanforests,Ecologicalandhealthyfunction,Relationship,Pathanalysis

38. ThecolorquantizationforthefallscenicforestofJinsiCanyonNationalForestParkinShanxiprovince

YuZheng11Associateprofessor,DepartmentofGeographicScience,MinjiangUniversity(Email:953168046@qq.com)

Abstract:Thestudyanalyzesthecolorquantizationforthelandscapeofthefallscenicforestwhichlocated in Jinsi canyonnational forestparkbyusing themethodsofCommunitySurvey,SBEandcolorquantization.Theresultsindicatethat:1)Inthelowaltituderegion,thevaluesofthespeciesrichnessindexR,thespeciesdiversityindexHandthespeciesevennessindexEarehigherthaninthe high altitude region, there aremore species of deciduous trees and the range of deciduoustreesdistributionarealsowider. 2) Themain colorsofdeciduous trees are including yellowandyellow-orange. The color composition of community landscape are including red, red-yellow,yellow-green,greenand red-purple.Thenumberofcolors is influencedbyaltitude.3)When themain color patches of the community are including yellow-brown, yellow-green and red-brown,comparingwiththetotalcolorareaofthecommunity, theproportionofthethreecolorpatch is10.88%,9.33%and8.75%, the total ratioof the three colorpatch is 28.97%, the valueof scenicbeauty is highest.When the main color patches of the community are including yellow-brown,yellow-green,brown,theproportionofthethreecolorpatch is5.87%,5.82%and5.3%,thetotalratioofthethreecolorpatchis16.99%,thevalueofscenicbeautyislowest.

Keywords:Scenicforest,Scenicbeautyassessment,Colorquantization,JinsiCanyon,ShanXi

39. ThecontributionofurbanforestsinachievingSustainableDevelopmentGoals

TeayeonKim1,2,YujuanChen2,SimoneBorelli2,Woo-KyunLee1*1EnvironmentalScienceandEcologicalEngineeringDepartment,KoreaUniversity2ForestPolicyandResourcesDivision,FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations*Correspondingauthor(Email:tanya92@korea.ac.kr,teayeon.kim@fao.org)

Abstract:Thisyear, theUnitedNationsestablishedand launchedSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)asadevelopmentagendafornext15years.SDGshave17goalswith169targets,continueefforts from MDGs on ending poverty and hunger, improving health and education, but alsopromotingeconomicgrowthandresolvingenvironmentalproblemswithsupportfromsocietyandconcretegovernance.Asmorethanhalfoftheworld’spopulationlivesinurbanizedarea,Goal11aims to make cities safe, resilient and sustainable for all people. Urban forestry and greeninfrastructure can contributenotonly SDGGoal 11, but alsonumberofother goals toeradicatehunger,enhancehumanhealthandwell-being,andimproveenvironmentalqualityandeconomics.We are going to state contribution of urban forestry to nine SDGs andwith case studies. As forimplementation, we state roles and possible collaboration between international organizationssuchasFAO,nationalandmunicipalgovernments,civilsociety,privatesector,andurbanforestrypractitioners. Case studies and implementation aremostly focused in Asia-Pacific region, where53%oftheworld’surbanpopulationlive,andthebiggestcontributiontoworldurbangrowth.

Keywords:Urbanforestry,Greeninfrastructure,SDGs,Meansofimplementation,Resilientcities

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40. Theenvironmentalbenefitsandsustainabilityofurbanforests

ZhouliLiu1,WeiChen*,XingyuanHe1Associateresearcher,InstituteofAppliedEcology,ChineseAcademyofSciences(Email:forestry83@hotmail.com)*CorrespondingauthorAbstract:Urbanforestsarethemainbodyofurbanecosystemandhaveself-cleaningfunction inurbanecologicalconstruction.Urbanforestsnotonlyproviderelativelycleanrecreationspaceforresidents in the city, but also play an important role in improving the city environment andpromotingitssustainabledevelopment.Torealizethesustainabledevelopmentofurbanforests,itisvery importanttostudytheenvironmentalbenefitsofurbanforestsandtheeffectsonhumanactivities. In the present study, the environmental benefits and ecological processes of urbanforests were summarized. The sustainable characteristics of urban forests were also evaluated.Meanwhile, the evaluation criterion and future perspective of urban forests sustainability wereanalyzed.Basedonthecurrenturbanenvironmentalproblems,theauthorpointedoutthaturbanforest construction is basis and support of healthy urban ecological construction, and thesustainable construction of urban forests is an effectiveway to the sustainable development ofurbanenvironmentandeconomy.

Keywords:Urbanforest,Environmentalbenefits,Sustainability,Ecologicalconstruction

41. Variationinparticulatesofurbanforestwithdifferenthabitattypesinsummer

WenjunDuan1,ChengWang2*1Ph.D.,ResearchInstituteofForestry,ChineseAcademyofForestry(Email:wenjunduan126@126.com)2Professor,ResearchInstituteofForestry,ChineseAcademyofForestry*Correspondingauthor

Abstract: Toprovidea scientificguidance for the residentshavinga reasonable forest recreationactivities, thevariation inairborneparticulatematterofurbanforestwithdifferenthabitat typeswerestudied. In thispaper, themassconcentrationsofTSP,PM10,PM2.5,PM1 inurban forestswiththreetypicalhabitattypesasfoothills,valleyandridgeinYuanshanMountainofShenzhencityweremonitored during the whole day (24h) in the summer of 2015, and the town square waschosenascontrolspot,andthemeteorologicalfactorswerealsoobservedatthesametime.Theresultsshowedthat: (1)ThedailymeanconcentrationsofTSPorPM10wereboththehighest infoothills types forest (162.19 and 95.39μg·m-3, respectively), andwere both the lowest in ridgetype forest (85.51 and 58.82μg·m-3, respectively).However, PM2.5 or PM1 concentrationswereboththehighestinvalleytypeforest(21.76and8.29μg·m-3,respectively),andthelowestinridgetype forest (14.29μg·m-3) and control (4.4μg·m-3), respectively. (3) The concentrations of fourkindsofparticlemattersinthesethreeforestswerehighinthenighttime,andlowinthedaytime,with the peaks usually appeared at 1:00-5:00, and the vales around 11:00-15:00. (4) Theconcentrationsofairparticulateswerehighlycorrelatedwith temperature, relativehumidityandaveragewindspeedineachforest.Habitattypescouldhavesignificanteffectsonthevariationsofconcentrations of air particulates in urban forest.Moreover, it wasmore suitable for Shenzhenresidentstoconductforestrecreationactivitiesat9:00-15:00insummer.

Keywords:urbanforest,habitattypes,particlematter

TOWARDS A GREENER, HEALTHIERAND HAPPIER FUTURE

The 1st Asia-Pacific Urban Forestry Meeting

Meeting proceedings

Urban and Peri-Urban Forestry Working Paper 10

On 6-8 April, 2016, FAO, the Urban Forestry Research Center of the State Forestry Administration of the People's Republic of China, and the city of Zhuhai, China co-organized the First Asia-Pacific Urban Forestry Meeting (APUFM) in Zhuhai, China. The meeting was attended by over 200 participants representing over 20 countries from Asia-Pacific, Europe and North America. The objectives of the meeting were to: 1) discuss the current status of UPF in the Asia-Pacific region; 2) exchange successful stories and lessons learned of urban forest management; 3) develop UPF strategies and nature-based solutions and discuss possible long-term collaboration between countries and/or cities towards a greener, healthier, and happier future.

Zhuhai, China6 - 8 April, 2016

I6161E/1/10.16

Simone BorelliForestry Officer

Forest Policy and Resources DivisionFAO Forestry Department

Viale delle Terme di Caracalla00153 Rome, Italy

Simone.Borelli@fao.orgwww.fao.org/forestry/urbanforestry