Upstream Chemical Industry

8/6/2019 Upstream Chemical Industry

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7th GROUP

proudly presents...


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UPSTREAM CHEMICAL

INDUSTRY


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Introducing our members

Diny Gustini

Lia Wiliani

Nurul Fitriani


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What Is Upstream Chemical Industry ?

Upstream chemical industry is industry that

only prossesing raw materials into semi-

finished goods. This industry just provide the

raw materials for other industrial activities.


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Characteristics ofUpstream Chemical

Upstream chemical industry has the

characteristics of capital-intensive, large

scale, using advanced technology and

reliability.


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Products of upstream chemical

industryUpstream chemical industrie produce basic materials of :

plastic

textiles

coatings

adhesives

cleaners

medicines

coal briquettes

lubricants

industrial gases

explosive materials raw materials fertilizer and fertilizer product

pesticide formulations

and others


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Polyvinyl chloride


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What is PVC ?

Polyvinyl chloride, (IUPAC

Poly(chloroethanediyl)) commonly

abbreviated PVC, is a thermoplastic polymer.

It is a vinyl polymer constructed of repeating

vinyl groups (ethenyls) having one of their

hydrogens replaced with a chloride group.


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Characteristics ofPVC

Polyvinyl chloride is the third most widely

produced plastic, after polyethylene and

polypropylene. PVC is widely used in

construction because it is cheap, durable, and

easy to assemble.


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How is PVC made?


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Flow Chart


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The chemical process for making PVCinvolves three steps:

Producing Ethylene Gas

production of the monomer, vinyl

chloride

polymerisation process

blending of the polymer withadditives.


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Producing Ethylene Gas

Ethylene comes from oil or natural gas whichis refined and 'cracked' by heating ethane,propane or butane or naptha from oil. For

example the cracking process for methanemay be represented as follows:

2CH4

C2H2 + 3H2

The by-products of these processes ishydrogen that can be burned to provideenergy on site.


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Producing Vinyl Chloride

Ethylene and chlorine are combined to form a

liquid, ethylene dichloride which is then heated

to give vinyl chloride which is then distilled off

and gives hydrogen chloride gas;

H2C=CH2 + ClH2C-CH2Cl H2C=CHCl + HCl

The remaining by-products are burnt to reclaim

hydrogen chloride, which can be recycled andreacted with more ethylene to form new

ethylene dichloride.


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Producing PVC

Pressure is applied to vinyl chloride (dispersedin water as a sus pension or an emulsion) in highpressure chambers at temperatures of 50-70C.

The role of water is to remove and control theheat given off in the polymerisation process.

PVC forms as tiny particles which grow and whenthey reach a desired size the reaction is stoppedand any unreacted vinyl chloride is distilled offand re-used.

The PVC is separated off and dried to form awhite powder.


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The Blender

There are two methods in blending theadditives :

One method blends all the ingredients using

an intensive high-speed mixer to form a 'dryblend' powder, which is then fed into theprocessing equipment.

The second method blends the ingredients ineither a high or low speed mixer and then thepowder is transferred to a melt compounder.


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Common/main additives are as follows:

plasticisers

heat stabilisers

lubricants

processing aids and impact modifiers

fillers

colourants flame retardants


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Flow Chart


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Products

Medical applications:PVC is used for blood bags and intravenous containers. PVC

is also low cost and provides many uses in hospitals such as

in flooring of operating theatres and mattress covers as is

easy to clean and hygenic.

Electical applications:

PVC is a suitable insulating and sheathing material for

wiring and cables used in household goods such as fridges

and cookers and also office equipment such as computers

and photocopiers.

Vehicle applications:

The use ofPVC in vehicle components reduces the weight

of the vehicle hence reduces fuel consumption and so

conserves fossil fuels.


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Building and Construction applications:

PVC resists corrosion and weathering and so has

many outdoor uses such as water butts, window

frames, mud flaps, water pipes and garden furniture. Toys:

PVC is non-toxic, tough and durable and products

can be made in a variety of colours providing the

perfect material to make toys with.


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Waste

the waste ofPVC industry is dioxin. Dioxins

are environmental pollutants. They have the

dubious distinction of belonging to the dirty

dozen - a group of dangerous chemicals

known as persistent organic pollutants.

Dioxins are of concern because of their highly

toxic potential


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What is the effect of dioxin to our

body ?

Once dioxins have entered the body, theyendure a long time because of their chemical

stability and their ability to be absorbed by fattissue, where they are then stored in the body.Their half-life in the body is estimated to beseven to eleven years. In the environment,dioxins tend to accumulate in the food chain.

The higher in the animal food chain one goes,the higher the concentration of dioxins.


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How to prevent dioxin ?

Proper incineration of contaminated material

is the best available method ofpreventing

and controlling exposure to dioxins. The

incineration process requires high

temperatures, over 850C. For the

destruction of large amounts of

contaminated material, even highertemperatures - 1000C or more - are

required.


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Disposing of PVC

R

ecycling;a. Mechanical recycling sort the waste plastics by hand

or more recently automatically,

b. Feedstock recycling, alternatively the polymer can be

decomposed at high temperatures and then thechemical components can be recovered and recycled.

Incineration are equipped with pollution control

equipment to minimize the release of emissions to the

environment. Landfill is carried out for the PVCplastics that can not

be recycled. Controlled landfill does not cause

significant risk to the environment.


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THE END . . .

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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Upstream Chemical Industry