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7/30/2019 Updated Trends 10
1/12
GIS Implementation and Trends
GIS ImplementationPhases of GIS Implementation
Trends in GISComputer Hardware TrendsGIS Software TrendsData TrendsManagement TrendsHuman Resource Trends
Application TrendsSummary
References
GIS Implementation
Phases of GIS Implementation-Antenucci
1. Concept defining user needs and GIS requirements
Requirements Analysis the identification of activitiesrelying on map and geographic information throughout theorganization, with attention to both graphic elements and non-graphic attributes of the graphic information
Feasibility Evaluation identifying the extent to which theGIS is practical and estimating its costs and benefits
2. Design developing a workable solution andimplementation plan
Implementation PlanIdentifies and describes individual task
Assigns responsibilities for each task
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Indicates the resources committedDefines relationships among tasksIdentifies products and milestonesEstablishes a schedule
System Design functional requirementsDatabase Design the contents, specifications,relationships, and sources of data to be incorporated into theGIS database
3. Development acquiring GIS components anddeveloping user applications
System Acquisition acquire the most effective GIShardware, software, and support
Database Acquisition plan for conversion of hard-copygraphic and non-graphic data and reformatting of existing digital
dataOrganization, Staffing, and Training organize to implement
and operate the systemOperating Procedure Preparation procedures that cover
the operation and management of the system, maintenance,update, and administration of the data base, application and usein each participating organization, and production of thestandard and special products of the system.
Site Preparation prepare for the installation of GIShardware devices and the communications network
4. Operation phasing from manual to automatedactivities
System Installation delivery, installation, and initialoperation of the GIS hardware and software configuration
Pilot Project a pilot project may be useful to:Verify the operability and usefulness of GIS technologyVerify the costs and benefits estimated in the feasibility
studyCreate a database for system selection benchmark
testingVerify procedures for data base developmentProvide hands-on training for organization staff
Data Conversion building the databaseApplications Development developed to support and
enhance the efficiencies of activitiesConversion to Automated Operations takes time to
complete the whole process
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5. Audit evaluating operations and planning for thefuture
System Review must be flexible to shifting organizationalmandates and structures, advancements in technology,introduction of new techniques, and personnel changes and
additionsSystem Expansion as costs of equipment go down with
increased capability, reviews of the system are necessaryregularly
There are clearly defined steps to work through when planning and implementinga GIS. These steps apply whether you are working on a standalone project or aproject that includes many users and systems. Why do some projects fail andother s succeed? Successful projects are properly planned!
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Trends in GIS
Where will we be five years from now?
I rely on what the industry experts havewritten for this section. Much of the
literature in this section comes from The GIS Primer, cited with this logo
The development and application of geographic information systems isvibrant and exciting. The term GIS remains
one of the most popular buzz words in the computer industry today. GISis perceived as one of the emerging
technologies in the computer marketplace. The involvement of majorcomputer vendors is an illustration of this fact.
Everybody wants a GIS. This popularity is not without its validityhowever. GIS is very much a multi-disciplinary tool
for the management of spatial data. It is inherently complex because of
the need to integrate data from a variety ofsources. Functions must accommodate several application areas in adetailed and efficient manner. A variety of
important developments are occurring which will have profound effects onthe use of GIS. (The Geography Primer: An Introduction to GeographicInformation Systems)
.
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GIS is a constantly changing andevolving environment
New softwareNew hardware
New applicationsNew data conversiontechnologies
Acceptance bymanagement
College graduates withGIS knowledge andexperience
Read what Roger F. Tomlinson, President, Tomlinson Associates Ltd., has to sayabout the future of GIS.The Future of GIS
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Computer Hardware Trends
Mainframes are not reallyfacing extinction, but areassuming roles as data servers
UNIX Workstations salesare flat.
PC applicability isexpanding
Networking has becomemore critical
Data storage technologyhas improved
Computer prices havedropped relative to performance
From The GIS Primer:
http://www.gis.com/trends/tomlinson1.htmlhttp://www.gis.com/trends/tomlinson1.html7/30/2019 Updated Trends 10
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The technological advancements made in hardware and software developmentover the past few years have been phenomenal. The distinction betweenpersonal computer and workstation, a mainstay during the 1980s has becomevery fuzzy. Recent developments within the micro-chip industry, e.g. the Pentiumchip, have made the micro-computer a viable and promising tool for the
processing of spatial data. Most notable of these is the emergence of 32-bitPentium chip micro-computers and the use of the Windows NT operatingenvironment.
Several trends in hardware and software development for GIS technology standout. These are reviewed below :
The dominant hardware system architecture for GIS systemsduring the 1980s was
the centralized multi-user host network. The distributed networkarchitecture,utilizing UNIX based servers, and desktop workstations, has
been the norm overthe past five years.;
The trend in disk storage is towards greatly increased storagesizes for
micro-computers, e.g. PC's and workstations, at a lower cost;
The emergence of relatively low cost reliable raster output
devices, in particularinexpensive ink jet based plotters, has replaced the moreexpensive color
electrostatic as the ad hoc standard plotting device for GIS.;
The emergence of fast, relatively inexpensive micro-computerswith competitive
CPU power, e.g. 32-bit Penitum has challenged the traditionalUNIX stronghold of
GIS.;
While the de facto operating system standard has been UNIX ,the Windows NT
operating system is emerging as a serious and robustalternative. This is especially
prevalent with organizations wishing to integrate their officecomputing
environment with their GIS environment. This trend is closelyassociated with the
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development of 32-bit micro-computers.;
SQL (Standard Query Language) has become the standardinterface for all
relational DBMS;
The ability to customize user interfaces and functionality throughApplication
Programming Interfaces (API) and macro languages. The majordevelopment in GIS
technology over the past five years has been the ability tocustomize the GIS for
specific needs. Application development is a mandatoryrequirement for all GIS
sites, and should be weighted accordingly when considering aGIS acquisition.
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GIS Software Trends
More functionality is available in GIS softwareGIS software has increased modularity (extensions)User interfaces have become much more intuitiveGIS software integration with office automation applications has improvedGIS software is becoming more integrated with other computer systemsThere has been a decrease in UNIX operating system salesThere has been an increase in Windows NT salesWe are awaiting the convergence of Windows 995/98 and NT to Windows
2000
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Data Acquisition and Conversion
Conversion techniques are improved and have become more efficientAutomated data capture has improvedCharacter recognition has improvedScanning with higher resolutions is available resulting in better data
collectionVideo is being integrated into GIS databasesRaster-vector integration is not commonplaceGPS technology is cheaper and easier to use
The Internet!Digital data sources are readily availableData sharing is becoming much more important between agencies
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Data Trends
From The GIS Primer:
New Data SourcesThe generation of data from new sources is an on going development.
Application specialists have traditionallyattempted to research and implement new data sources into their work.
Most of these new data sources are basedstrictly on scientific technological developments.
Remote sensing will become, if it is not already, the primary source fornew data. Due to recent technological
developments in hardware most GIS software can now accommodateremotely sensed imagery at high resolutions,
and in varying formats. Remote sensing data can include aerialphotographs, satellite imagery, radar imagery, etc.
Some of the past problems with using remotely sensed imagery havebeen the inability to integrate it with other
data layers, particularly vector encoded data. Remote sensing specialistsstress that their data is of most value
when combined with, and substantiated by, other data sources. Severalcommercial GIS products are now offering
their software bundled with an image processing software package.Many of these packages allow you to
interactively view data from both systems simultaneously, and also afford
the conversion of data between systems.The integration of GIS and image processing capabilities offers a great
potential for resource specialists.
Another data source that has generated much interest is Digital ElevationModels (DEM). Elevation data has
traditionally been generated from the interpolation of contour information.However, recent technological
developments and the establishment of several digital mapping projectsby government agencies has propagated
the use of and interest in elevation modelling. Several different sources
of DEM data exist within Canada. The mostcommon and readily available DEM data can be acquired from either the
federal government, e.g. 1:250,000 mapscale, or from selected provincial government agencies. For example,
DEM data commensurate with a 1:20,000map scale is distributed by the Alberta Government under the 1:20,000
Provincial Digital Mapping project. In British
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Columbia, DEM data is available with the 1:20,000 TRIM project. In boththese cases DEM data is captured
photogrammetrically during the stereo-compilation phase of thetopographic data capture process. Each DEM is
comprised of X,Y, and Z coordinates at regular intervals across a map
sheet. This regular grid is supplemented byspot height data points and breakline information (irregular points). In theUnited States, DEM data is available from
a variety of sources, however the most common is the USGS (UnitedStates Geological Survey) 1:24,000 QUAD
sheets.
DEM data can be used in the generation of a variety of data derivatives.The most common are slope and aspect.
The ability to integrate DEM data is a common function within most GISpackages. However, it is typically offered
as a separate module that must be purchased individually.
In addition:Spatial Data Transfer Standards are being implemented.Internet resources are plentifulNew public domain data products are coming on line from the governmentNew satellites are being launched with a new generation for imagery.
LANDSAT 7IKONOS
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Management TrendsProductivity improvement from GIS is being justifiedGIS is the wave of the futureGIS cannot be ignored
Click on the link below to read what GEOWorld's Editorial Advisory Board
members have to say:
Industry TrendsGIS Industry Outlook 2000
The Birth of a New Millennium
http://www.geoplace.com/gw/1999/1299/1299ind.asphttp://www.geoplace.com/gw/1999/1299/1299ind.asphttp://www.geoplace.com/gw/1999/1299/1299ind.asphttp://www.geoplace.com/gw/1999/1299/1299ind.asphttp://www.geoplace.com/gw/1999/1299/1299ind.asphttp://www.geoplace.com/gw/1999/1299/1299ind.asp7/30/2019 Updated Trends 10
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Human Resource TrendsMore universities are offering GISGIS course offerings are
expandingCertificatesMasters degreesGIS technicians are more readily
available
Jobs available for GIS Professionals:
GIS PortalThe GIS Jobs ClearinghouseGIS Connection.com - GIS Jobs, Resumes,
Links and Resources
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Application TrendsGIS applications development is still growing by leaps and boundsThird-party BIS application developers are emerging every day
Read an article by Professor Henk J. Scholten and Mr. Andrea LoCascio of theFree University of Amsterdam
GIS Application Research: History, Trends and Developments
http://www.gisportal.com/gis3g.htmhttp://www.gjc.org/http://www.gisconnection.com/index.asphttp://www.gisconnection.com/index.asphttp://www.shef.ac.uk/uni/academic/D-H/gis/key3.htmlhttp://www.gisportal.com/gis3g.htmhttp://www.gjc.org/http://www.gisconnection.com/index.asphttp://www.gisconnection.com/index.asphttp://www.shef.ac.uk/uni/academic/D-H/gis/key3.html7/30/2019 Updated Trends 10
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SummaryGIS is a dynamicindustry!
You must not beafraid of change
Planning for GIS isessential
The future is still fullof surprises!
A great closing paper forthis section is provided tous by Mark Schaefer,Deputy Assistant Secretaryfor Water and Science,United States Department
of the Interior.
GIS and Emerging Jeffersonian Technologies
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References
Antenucci, John, et. Al. Geographic Information Systems: A Guide to theTechnology. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991.
http://www.gis.com/trends/schaefer1.htmlhttp://www.gis.com/trends/schaefer1.html7/30/2019 Updated Trends 10
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Arnoff, Stan. Geographic Information Systems: A Management Perspective.Ottawa: WDL Publications, 1995.
The GIS Primer. URL http://www.innovativegis.com/education/primer/primer.html
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http://www.innovativegis.com/education/primer/primer.htmlhttp://www.innovativegis.com/education/primer/primer.html