Update on Type II Diabetes in America _ the Reasoned Society

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ate on Type II Diabetes in America | The Reasoned Society

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Update on Diabetes in America

Epidemiology and New Research Findings

Taking Aim at Violence against Children

Part I Gun Violence [The Importance of aBroader Contextual Viewpoint]

Update on Type II Diabetes in AmericaJanuary 21, 2013 by rmkc

Part II

Update on Type II Diabetes in America

[Epidemiology and New Research Findings]

Introduction

In Part II a short review of new research on diabetes is provided. In the last

decade thousands of studies on diabetes have been carried out in a variety of

settings including hospitals, medical schools, pharmaceutical research laboratories,

and universities involving both private and or public funding. As a person with

Type II Diabetes the last 22 years Ive chosen to review just a few exciting

research projects involving Type II Diabetes.

One of the long-standing areas of research over the last several decades has been

obesity among Type II Diabetics. Obesity appears to be growing exponentially on

a global scale and has correspondingly contributed to the increase in diabetes

worldwide. While treatment plans for diabetes normally involve diet, exercise,hypoglycemic medicine and various forms of insulin, there is also a lot of pending

weight loss drugs in the wings from the pharmaceutical industry. In recent

decades close daily monitoring of blood sugar has also helped diabetics immensely

along with the usual standard treatment plans. The future for overweight diabetics

is getting better all the time as new strategies are developed. However, many

diabetics are not overweight and this has led to other areas of research.

Nevertheless, research on why obesity is related to diabetes so intimately is still

the focus of major research efforts to find a cure for diabetes.

What everyone has realized for some time is that there is a very close relationship

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between Type II diabetes, obesity and insulin resistance. This latter relationship

between insulin resistance and obesity has been found to be connected in recent

years through a new factor that has emerged in the medical research on Type II

Diabetes. That factor is Inflammation. But first here is a review of what is known

about insulin resistance.

Insulin Resistance

All humans need energy to live. Consequently, every cell in the body needs

energy, including cells in our large muscle groups. How do our cells get this

energy? Normally, the foods we eat provide that energy. The food is then

converted to blood glucose (blood sugar) and leads to circulation in our blood

stream. The pancreas produces a hormone called insulin, and sends it into your

bloodstream to travel to the various cells of the body. Insulin then attaches to a

receptor on the cells surface and causes the cell membrane to permit blood

glucose to enter. That is the normal process.

However, in Type II diabetes this system doesnt work very well. The insulin gets

to each cell; however, when it arrives, it has trouble unlocking the door to each

cell and then the cell fails to permit the glucose to enter. Since glucose cannot get

into the cells, it then builds up in the bloodstream. T h i s c o n d i t i o n i s c a l le d

I n s u l i n R e s is t a n c e .

The mystery of Type II diabetes has always been to find out why insulin resistance

occurs. We now have a pretty good idea of the cause. So, what is the cause of

Type II diabetes? Insulins ability to work is blocked in the human cell (like gum

jamming up a lock as the metaphor suggests) by actual FAT. The cells receptors

are blocked or jammed by fat.

Normally small amounts of fat are stored for energy in an emergency in each cell.

However, in a diet (like the Western diet high in fat and cholesterol) excessive fat

builds up in each cell creating the jamming process that prevents glucose from

entering. If fat, called intramyocellular lipid, accumulates inside the cell it

interferes with insulins intracellular signaling process.

Tiny organelles, called mitochondria, are supposed to burn fat. But their failure to

keep up with the accumulating fat may be the origin of Type II diabetes. It turns

out fatty foods actually do more than add excessive fat to each cellt h e y a l so

i n t e r f er e b y t u r n i n g o f f t h e g e n e s t h a t w o u l d h e l p t h e m c r ea t e

m i t o ch o n d r i a a n d t h u s b u r n f a t . The genes become disabled and do not allow

the cells to produce the needed mitochondria. Your ability to eliminate fat inside

your cells seems to slow down when you eat fatty foods.

Continue this faulty intracellular activity long enough, and guess whatyou end up

being diagnosed with Type II diabetes. This scenario of explanation is a good one,

but new research is suggesting that other variables are involved in connecting

obesity to insulin resistance. All of this leads (in this diabetics humble opinion) to

answering the question why does the excess fat in a cell lead to the disabling of

genes? What is the etiology of disabled genes in diabetics.

New Research Findings Emerge

In November 2007 Science Daily reported that researchers at the University of

California, San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine have discovered that

In f l a mm a t i o n provoked by immune cells called macrophages leads to insulin

resistance and Type II diabetes. Their discovery may pave the way to novel drug

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development to fight the epidemic of Type II diabetes associated with obesity, the

most prevalent metabolic disease worldwide. But, as you will shortly see,

inflammation is intimately related or involved in a number of medical conditions

and diseases.

A Quick Definition of Inflammation and Its Relationship to Disease

A quick definition of inflammation is needed. Inflammation is the first response by

the immune system to infection or irritation. It often involves redness, heat, pain,

swelling, and dysfunction of the organ involved. Chronic inflammationis an

ongoing, low level of inflammation, invisible to the human eye and is associated

with many diseases (this was an eye opener to me) including: Heart Disease,

Cancer, Stroke, Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, Alzheimers Disease, many forms

of arthritis such as Rheumatoid and Lupus, Inflammatory Bowel Disease such as

Ulcerative Colitis and Crohns Disease, age-related Macular Degeneration, Sepsis

which is infection in the blood stream, Multiple Sclerosis, hundreds of diseases

ending in itis including Meningitis, Acne, and everyones favoriteAllergies. The

mechanisms of Inflammation are complex, but just understand that it is controlled

by fatty acids called prostaglandins. Just like cholesterol there are good

prostaglandins and bad prostaglandins.

Discovery of Inflammation and Diabetes

In recent years, it has been theorized that chronic, low-grade tissue inflammation

related to obesity contributes to insulin resistance, the major cause of Type II

diabetes. In research done in mouse models, the UCSD scientists proved that, by

disabling the macrophage inflammatory pathway, insulin resistance and the

resultant Type II diabetes can be prevented.

The findings of the research team, led by principle investigators Michael Karin,

Ph.D., Professor of Pharmacology in UCSDs Laboratory of Gene Regulation and

Signal Transduction, and Jerrold Olefsky, Distinguished Professor of Medicine and

Associate Dean for Scientific Affairs, were published as the feature article in an

issue of Cell Metabolism.

According to Olefsky, Our research shows that insulin resistance can be

disassociated from the increase in body fat associated with obesity. Macrophages,

found in white blood cells in the bone marrow, are key players in the immune

response. When these immune cells get into tissues, such as adipose (fat) or liver

tissue, they release cytokines, which are chemical messenger molecules used by

immune and nerve cells to communicate. These cytokines cause the neighboring

liver, muscle or fat cells to become insulin resistant, which in turn can lead to Type

II diabetes.

The UCSD research team showed that the macrophage is the cause of this cascade

of events by knocking out a key component of the inflammatory pathway in the

macrophage, JNK1, in a mouse model. This was done through a procedure called

adoptive bone marrow transfer, which resulted in the knockout of JNK1 in cells

derived from the bone marrow, including macrophages.

With this procedure, bone marrow was transplanted from a global JNK1 knockout

mouse (lacking JNK1 in all cell types) into a normal mouse that had been

irradiated to kill off its endogenous bone marrow. This resulted in a chimeric

mouse in which all tissues were normal except the bone marrow, which is where

macrophages originate. As a control, the scientists used normal, wild-type mice as

well as mice lacking JNK1 in all cell types. These control mice were also subjected

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Some studies have shown the prevalencein the USA to be an estimated 25% of

the population, and prevalence increases with age.

Individuals who are obese are at increased risk of developing a combination of

medical disorders associated with type II diabetes and heart disease known as the

metabolic syndrome. Recent studies have suggested that adipose (fat) tissue

obesity induces an inflammatory state that is crucial to the development of the

metabolic syndrome. UCLA researchers demonstrated that an over-the-counter

dietary supplement may help inhibit development of insulin resistance and glucose

intolerance, conditions that are involved in the development of Type II diabetes

and metabolic syndrome, which affect millions worldwide.

In this early preclinical study, a naturally produced amino acid-like molecule called

GABA was given orally to mice that were obese, insulin resistant and in the early

stages of Type II diabetes. Researchers found that GABA suppressed the

inflammatory immune responses that are involved in the development of this

condition.

According to study authors, GABA helped prevent disease progression and

improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, even after onset of Type II

diabetes in mice. Researchers also identified the regulatory immune cells that

likely direct GABA activity in inhibiting inflammation.

Researchers note that in the future, GABA taken as a supplement or related

medications may provide new therapeutic agents for the treatment of obesity-

related Type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome. However, like any substance

science does not know what side effects there may be with GABA. Dont run out to

your health store just yet. Wait for the proper medical research to be conducted

on GABA efficacy and safety. Nobody wants to wait forever for something that

may work but FDA approval and the proper research protocols must be followed

first. Does this mean we cant utilize the new research to our advantage right

now? No not at all. One area we do have control over is the food we eat and the

lifestyle we choose for ourselves. Its time we all come into the 21stC entury folks.

Your doctor isnt responsible for your healthYOU ARE.

Connections

I am a 69 year old diabetic who has had diabetes since August 1991 (I was 48

years old at time of diagnosis). I ask myself, how can this new information help

me? Ive been a Vegan for two years that helped launch me down the road to

successfully losing weight (16 lb weight loss in 2011, but virtually very little weight

loss in 2012).

In 2012 Sciatica visited the nerves in my lower back and down my left leg,

hamstring, thigh, and buttocks. The pain impacted my ability, particularly after myUSA Track & Field Meets were over in July, to exercise 4-5 days a week the rest of

the year. This in turn helped explain why my weight loss stood still in 2012.

With physical therapy I have been getting better and intend on returning to a good

schedule of exercise in 2013. In terms of food consumption, as a tool to fight

inflammation, I have decided to integrate my Vegan diet with the Anti-

Inflammation Diet. For those interested in understanding the Vegan diet please

read some of my earlier Blogs.

People should be asking themselves this question: If inflammation (low-grade or

otherwise) plays a role in many other diseases besides Diabetes what dietary
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalence


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changes can I make to increase the success in lessening inflammation in the body?

Im glad you asked. Here is what Im going to do about it. As always, see your

primary care physician before undertaking any program.

Because of what is involved in using the anti-inflammatory diet and the vast

amount of information available I simply, with the rest of this Blog, want to

accomplish two things: (1) make the reader aware of two books I found valuable

with reducing inflammation, and (2) give the reader a preview of the kinds of food

one can eat right away to reduce inflammation in the body. These books are: (1)

T h e I d i o t s Gu i d e t o T h e A n t i - I n f l a m m a t i o n D i e t b y Ch r i s t o p h e r P . Ca n n o n ,M . D ., a n d El i za b e t h V i e r c k . , a n d ( 2 ) T h e A n t i - I n f l a m m a t i o n D i e t a n d

Re c i p e B o o k b y J e s si c a K . B l a ck , N . D .

Top 10 Anti-Inflammatory and Inflammatory Foods

The above books listed go into great detail on the Anti-Inflammation Diet. In the

meantime, here are some quick suggestions.

Fo o d s t o C o n s um e :

Wild Alaskan Salmon

Kelp

Extra Virgin Olive Oil

Cruciferous Vegetables

Blueberries

Turmeric

Ginger

Garlic

Green Tea

Sweet Potatoes

Fo o d s t o A v o i d :

Sugar

Common Cooking Oils

Trans Fats

Dairy

Feedlot-Raised Meat

Red and Processed Meats

Alcohol

Refined Grains

Artificial Food Additives

Final Advice:

Add lots of fruits and vegetables to your diet, nuts and legumes, wholegrains, take a daily multiple vitamin-mineral; and, when in the grocery

storeREAD THE LABELS.

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II Diabetes| 2 Comments

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Debb McHugh

This article was very informative, and a

good confirmation to my beliefs for years about inflammation. I have

Type 1 diabetes for 45 yrs and only wish I could have had a choice to

change my lifestyle or become diabetic. This also is what my site is

about, a personal platform to educate people that they have choices and all

this information at their fingertips if they just use it.

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in America---

Epidemiology and

New Research

Findings

[Part I]---

Understanding the

Disease and Its

Root Causes

Part II---Reversing

Diabetes with the

Vegan Diet

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Documents

Update on Type II Diabetes in America _ the Reasoned Society