Update on Next Generation Low GWP Refrigerants for ... · 1 Update on Next Generation Low GWP Refrigerants for Chillers Products Steve Kujak Director, Next Generation Refrigerant

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Update on Next Generation

Low GWP Refrigerants for

Chillers Products

Steve KujakDirector, Next Generation Refrigerant Research

The International Symposium on New Refrigerants and Environmental TechnologyJRAIA, December 6-7, 2018 Kobe, Japan

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Stephen “Steve” Kujak is the director of Next Generation Refrigerants Research for

Ingersoll Rand. Over the past 26 years, he has led and been involved in numerous

technology and product development projects involving development of new

refrigerants, lubricants and compatibility of system materials. Steve has been an

author or co-author on 30+ publications related to refrigerants and has 10 patents

related to HVAC products.

Steve is a distinguish service member of ASHRAE and is involved in numerous

refrigerant safety (Standard 34) and use standards used globally by the HVACR

industry. He was awarded the ASHRAE Crosby Field award for highest rated

presentation of a technical paper in 2016 and was also awarded the George Briley

Refrigeration Committee award for best ASHRAE journal article on refrigeration in

2017. He is also involved with AHRI and is participating in the Alternate Refrigerant

Evaluation Program (AREP) and the ARTI Flammability Research Subcommittee.

He has a BS in chemistry from the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse and a master’s

degree in chemistry from the University of North Dakota.

Biography

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• 2016 NGR Conclusions

• 2018 NGR Status

– Low Pressure R123 and R245fa Alternatives

– Medium Pressure R134a Alternatives

– High Pressure R410A Alternatives

• Conclusions

Outline/Agenda

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2016 Kobe Symposium Conclusions Singular refrigerants, such as R123, R134a, R410A, which can singly meet

the climate demands (low gwp) and public demands for safe (non-

flammable) may not be available for all applications.

o Exception – Low pressure chillers – number of non-flammables available

(R1233zd(E) and R514A)

o Approx. 600 GWP non-flammable limit for medium pressure alternatives that are

R134a design compatible (R513A)

o No high pressure, low GWP, non-flammable alternatives available

Many potential interim R410A alternatives possible

o Limited chiller products being introduced until safety standards allow flammable

refrigerants

o R410A alternatives that offer “design compatibility” with increased efficiency are

being proposed (R452B)

o Many possibilities for optimization of GWP, flammability, capacity and glide.

Much Has Changed in 2 Years

Global Adoption of Ultra Low GWP (<10 GWP) Chiller Refrigerants Ongoing

Without Direct Regulatory Pressure

New Refrigerant Innovation Continues – More Nonflammable Choices

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Tool Box for Low GWP NGR’s Expands

R32

R152a

R1234yf

R1234ze(E)

R1123

R13I

CO2

Ammonia

GWPModerate HFCs(GWP > 150 to 1,000)

Low HFCs,

HFOs

and NaturalsGWP ≤ 150)

Non-fluorinated (Naturals)

R1233zd(E)

R1336mzz(Z)

R1130 (E)

R1224yd(Z)

R1132a

Hydrocarbons

Water

Glo

ba

l W

arm

ing

(Kyo

to P

roto

co

l)GlobalWarming

HFC’s and HFO’s

R245fa GWP

R143aGWP

GWP

GWP

High HFCs(GWP > 1,000)

R134a

R125

R227ea GWP

ODPOzone Depletion

Potential

Acute Toxicity

Cost

Concerns

Global Warming

Potential

GWP

Slightly

Flammability 2L

Flammable

Efficiency

Chemically

Stable

ODP

ODP

ODP

ODP

R1336mzz(E)

New Refrigerant Chemistry's to Consider

Drives Many More Proposed Blends to Optimize Properties

New

NGRs

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Low Pressure NGR

Alternatives for Chillers


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Low Pressure Chillers Alternatives R123 and R245fa Replacements

R1233zd(E), R514A and R1224yd(Z) – Good Choices

Nonflammable, GWP <2, High Efficiency

R1224yd(Z) A Good R245fa ORC Replacement

R1336mzz(E) New Refrigerant to Consider

Alternatives Attributes

• Most Low GWP (<10)

• Non-flammable

• Good efficiency

• Near design compatible

alternatives available

- Near R123 and R245fa

capacities

• All with no glide

A1

A1

B1

B1

A1 New

A1

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Evaporator & Condenser PerformanceSingle Tube Test Rig

R-514A R-1233zd(E) R-1224yd(Z)

Similar Evaporator & Condenser Performance Observed

in Chiller Bundle vs Single Tube Tests

All Heat Transfer Performance was = or > Than R123

Evaporator

Condenser

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Experiences with R514AR-514A “drop in” Tests

300 Ton Variable Speed Chiller 770 Ton Impeller Optimized Chiller

• R-1233zd(E) & R-1224yd(Z) cannot be “dropped in” to a R-123 design

• Optimized design can achieve similar performance for all 3 refrigs

• Pressure vessel designs (ASME, PED) not required for R-514A

R-514A Chiller Performance Equal or Better than R-123

R-123 Can Be Retrofitted to R-514A

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Medium Pressure NGR



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Medium Pressure Chiller Alternatives R134a Replacements

R513A (nonflammable) and R1234ze(E) Good Choices

R516A (<150 GWP, A2L) Good Future R513A Alternative

CF3I Chemistry Could Offer Nonflammable Alternatives


• Flammability

- GWP 300-600 nonflammable

- GWP <150 flammable

• Good efficiency

• Near design compatible


- Near R134a capacity

- R1234ze(E) = -25% capacity

• All with no glide

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Experiences With a Water-Cooled Chiller

230 RT (800 kW)

Duplex Circuits

(~R516A)

Observations• Measured performance

matched thermodynamic predictions quite closely.

• Compressor efficiency was similar for all refrigerants.

• Differences can be attributed to the slightly lower heat transfer performance of the alternate fluids. R513A & R516A Perform Similarly

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High Pressure NGR



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High Pressure Chiller Alternatives R410A Replacements

R454B & R32 Chiller Products

Announced in Europe


• Lowest GWPs (150-730)

• Flammability

- R32, R452B, R454B & C are all

2L flammable

- R466A first nonflammable that

meets <750 GWP regulatory

requirement

• Efficiency - equal or greater

• Many near design compatible


- R466A, R32, R454B, R452B

• Many with glide

- Most R410A like with low glide

(0 to <2K)

- R454C is R407C like (5 to 6K)

R1123

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Experiences With Air Cooled Chiller

100 RT (352 kW)

Duplex Circuits – Used 1 Circuit

Observations• Measured performance

matched thermodynamic predictions quite closely.

• Compressor efficiency was similar for all refrigerants.

• R466A and R452B had acceptable compressor discharge temperature.

• R32 compressor discharge temperatures limited high ambient range .

New Nonflammable <750 GWP

R466A Appears to be an

Acceptable R410A

Replacement

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Conclusions


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Conclusions

Global Adoption of Ultra Low GWP (<10 GWP) Chiller Refrigerants Ongoing

Without Direct Regulatory Pressure (No <150 GWP Limits)

R514A, R1233zd(E), R1224yd(Z), R1234ze(E) – Considered Final Solutions

New Refrigerant Innovation Continues – More Nonflammable Choices

Much has changed in 2 year!

Looking at Air & Water Cooled Chillers using

HFC alternatives…

… *Centrifugal and screw chillers

with new ultra low HFOs or lower HFO blend

refrigerants are now globally available.

*Scroll introductions emerging

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Steve Kujak

[email protected]

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Update on Next Generation Low GWP Refrigerants for ... · 1 Update on Next Generation Low GWP Refrigerants for Chillers Products Steve Kujak Director, Next Generation Refrigerant