Upaya Tiongkok Menjadi Kekuatan Hegemoni di Kawasan Asia Tengah

Melalui SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization)

SKRIPSI

Disusun dan diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat

memperoleh gelar Sarjana Ilmu Politik (S.IP) Strata-1

Disusun Oleh:

CINDI KORINASARI

201510360311166

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2019

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Kata Pengantar

حِيْمِ حْمَنِ الرَّ بِسْــــــــــــــــــمِ اللهِ الرَّ

Assalamualaikum Wr Wb

Alhamdulilah, puji syukur sebesar-besarnya kepada Allah SWT serta nabi

Muhammad SAW atas berkat dan hidah-Nya penulis mampu menyelesaikan tugas

wajib untuk syarat kelulusan yaitu skripsi yang berjudul : “Alasan Tiongkok

Menerima Bergabungnya India di SCO(Shanghai Cooperation Organization).

Skripsi ini dibuat untuk memenuhi syarat dalam memperoleh gelar sarjana

strata-1(S1) pada program studi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial

dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Dimana dalam skripsi saya ini

masih jauh dari kata sempurna, akan tetapi diharapkan hasil dari penelitian ini

diharapkan berguna bagi para akademisi terutama bagi mahasiswa Ilmu Hubungan

Internasional, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

Pertama, saya ucapkan terimakasih teruntuk kedua orang tua saya yaitu, bapak

Sujoko dan ibu Yuli Wahyu Triana yang telah mendidik dan membesarkan saya dan

atas semua kebaikan dan kesabaran yang tidak bisa saya ucapkan dengan kata-kata.

Terimakasih juga kepada adik saya Bilqis Aulia Az-zahra yang juga menjadi salah

satu semangat saya untuk menyelesaikan skripsi saya.

Kedua, saya ucapkan terimakasih kepada dosen pembimbing saya yaitu bapak

Dion Maulana Prasetya, M.Hub.Int dan bapak Haryo Prasodjo, MA. Saya ucapkan

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terimakasih banyak karena telah membimbing saya dengan sabar dan membantu saya

dalam menyelesaikan skripsi saya.

Ketiga, saya ucapkan terimakasih kepada teman-teman HI D, terkhusus Nadya

Fatma, Mandalia, Isty Fadha, Wahyuni, Rararosa, Rheza yang selalu memberi

semangat saya dan mensupport saya. Tidak ketinggalan teman saya Akrima fahma

yang telah mendukung saya menjadi lebih baik dan semua teman-teman saya yang

belum sempat saya sebutkan satu persatu.

Keempat, saya ucapkan terimakasih kepada keluarga besar BEM FISIP UMM

17/18 yang telah menerima saya sebagai anggota dan memberikan saya berbagai

pengalaman dalam kegiatan yang diadakan. Semoga semua anggota didalam

kepengurusan diberikan kesuksesan dan selalu dilindungi Allah SWT.

Wassalamualaikum Wr Wb

Malang, 20 Januari 2020

Penulis,

Cindi Korinasari

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MOTTO

“Diam adalah pengkhianatan terhadap fitrah kemanusiaan”

( Najammudin Khairur Rijal, S.IP., M.Hub.Int)

Lastly

Pressure is good for us

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DAFTAR ISI

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN ............................................................................................. i

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .............................................................................................. ii

BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN ..................................................................................... iii

PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ................................................................................... iv

ABSTRAKSI ...................................................................................................................... v

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ vi

KATA PENGANTAR ....................................................................................................... viii

MOTTO ............................................................................................................................. ix

DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................................................... x

DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................................. xiii

DAFTAR GAMBAR ......................................................................................................... xiv

DAFTAR SINGKATAN ................................................................................................... xv

BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah ........................................................................................................ 5

1.3 Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian .................................................................................... 5

1.3.1Tujuan Penelitian ................................................................................................. 5

1.3.2Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................................... 5

1.4 Penelitian Terdahulu .................................................................................................... 6

1.5 Kerangka Teori dan Konsep ........................................................................................ 12

1.5.1 Teori Stabilitas Hegemoni ................................................................................ 12

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1.6 Metode Penelitian....................................................................................................... 16

1.6.1 Jenis Penelitian .................................................................................................. 16

1.6.3 Teknik Pengumpulan Data ................................................................................ 17

1.6.4 Teknik Analisis Data ......................................................................................... 17

1.6.5 Ruang Lingkup .................................................................................................. 17

1.7 Argumen Dasar .......................................................................................................... 18

1.8 Sistematika Penulisan................................................................................................. 18

BAB II PEMBAHASAN

PERKEMBANGAN KERJASAMA TIONGKOK-INDIA ........................................... 21

2.1 Sejarah hubungan Tiongkok-India ................................................................................ 21

2.1.1 Dinamika hubungan Tiongkok-India pada masa Perang Dingin ......................... 21

2.1.2 Dinamika hubungan Tiongkok-India pasca Perang Dingin ................................. 26

2.2 Kepentingan Tiongkok dan Dinamika Tiongkok di Kawasan Asia Tengah................. 33

2.2.1 Adanya Militan di Propinsi Xinjiang ................................................................... 33

2.2.2 Perkembangan Politik oleh Politik Global ........................................................... 34

2.3 Sejarah terbentuknya Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) .............................. 35

2.3.1Sejarah berdirinya Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) ......................... 35

2.3.2Struktur Organisasi Internal Shangahai Cooperation Organization (SCO) ......... 45

2.3.3Hubungan Eksternal SCO : Fokus pada Kerjasama di Forum Internasional ........ 49

2.3.4Agenda SCO ......................................................................................................... 51

2.3.5India sebagai Observer dalam Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

tahun 2005 ........................................................................................................................... 57

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BAB III

UPAYA TIONGKOK MENJADI KEKUATAN HEGEMONI DI KAWASAN

ASIA TENGAH MELALUI SCO.................................................................................... 62

3.1 Membentuk dan Memelihara Rejim Perdagangan ........................................................ 62

3.1.1 Upaya Tiongkok dalam menciptakan rejim perdagangan .................................... 62

3.1.2 Bergabungnya India ke dalam SCO sebagai sarana jembatan proyek BRI

Tiongkok ............................................................................................................................. 81

3.2 Pemberi Pinjaman untuk Mencegah Krisis Financial ................................................... 87

3.2.1 India sebagai pemegang saham terbesar di Asian Infrastructure and

Investment Bank (AIIB) ...................................................................................................... 87

BAB IV. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN.......................................................................... 92

4.1 Kesimpulan ................................................................................................................... 92

4.2 Saran ............................................................................................................................. 95

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ......................................................................................................... 96

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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1. Penelitian Terdahulu ............................................................................................ 11

Tabel 2. Sistematika Penulisan .......................................................................................... 19

Tabel 3. Organisasi Eksternal yang bekerjasama dengan SCO ......................................... 50

Tabel 4. Peran aktif RATS dalam mengorganisasi ekstradisi dan latihan militer

bersama anggota ................................................................................................................. 52

Tabel 5. Perdagangan antara Tiongkok dan anggota SCO di Asia Tengah ...................... 64

Tabel 6. Jenis Investasi Tiongkok ke Kazakhstan ............................................................ 73

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DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1 The structure of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ............................... 47

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DAFTAR SINGKATAN

AIIB Asian Infrastructure and Investment Bank

AS Amerika Serikat

ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nation

BARF Belt and Road Forum

BRI Belt Road Initiative

CCAP Connect Central Asia Policy

CITIC China International Trust Investment Corporation

CPNC China National Petroleum Company

CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization

EEU European Economic Union

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

GDP Gross Domestic Product

IMF International Monetary Fund

IMU Islam Movement of Uzbekistan

ISI Inter Service Intelligence

KTT Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi

LET Lashkar-e Tayiba

LAC Line of Actual Control

MoU Memorandum of Understanding

NAM Non-Aligned Movement

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

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NEFA North East Frontier Agency

PBB Persatuan Bangsa-Bangsa

PDB Produk Domestic Bruto

SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization

TAR Tiongkok Autonomous Region

UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

US$ United States Dollar

USD United State Dollar

USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

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