Tugas Individu

Kunjungan ke Taman Safari

Unit Pembelajaran II

Blok 3

STEPHANI LETICIA

10/300640/KH/06677

KELOMPOK 5

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN HEWAN

UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA

YOGYAKARTA

2011

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. What is the structure, physiology (function), and anatomy of the digestive

system of aves?

2. What is the diet and habit of aves?

3. What is the parasite on Aves’ digestive system?

1. Structure, physiology, and anatomy of aves’ digestive system

Tractus digestivus

a. Rostrum(beak)

b. Cavum oris

- Maxilla

No teeth

Nares posteriors and fissura choanae secundaria link the

cavum nasi and cavum oris

In the center there is ostium tubae auditivae

On palatum there are :

Estuary of glandula maxillaris

Estuary of glandula palatine lateralis

Rugae palatinae

Crista marginalis

Plica marginalis

- Mandibulla

Auditus laryngis

Lingua

There are three primary roles of the tongue

1. Collecting food

- Sticky tongue of woodpeckers, long thin tongue

hummingbirds

2. Manipulating food in mouth

- Muscular tongue of finches and parrots for handling

seeds

- Fish eating birds have stiff papilla

1

- Filter feeding birds have bristles that mesh with

lamellae on bill to form sieve

3. Swallowing – may have papilla to direct food items

toward the back of the mouth

c. Pharynx

- Short

d. Oesophagus

- Thin walled

- Highly folded tube

- Larger than in mammals

e. Ingluvies

- Storage that enables birds to consume a large amount of food and

process later

- In columbidae ingluvies can produce liquid that contain nutrition called

crop milk

- Dilation of the oesophagus

f. Proventriculus

- Regio glanduralis

- Produce gastric juice

- Thin muscular wall

- On herbivore the edge between proventriculus and ventriculus is clear,

but on the carnivore it isn’t clear enough

g. Ventriculus

- Thick muscular wall

- Pylorus gland produce secretions

On herbivore and chicken this secretions become keratinoid

sheets

On carnivore become elastic layers

h. Intestinum tenue

- Primary site for digestion and absorption

- Start with duodenum, then jejunum, and the last is ileum

- There are mesentrium

2

i. Intestinum crassum

- Between intestinum crassum and intestinum tenue there ceaca

- Absorb water and stores feces

j. Cloaca

- Coprodeum : end of intestinum

- Urodeum : received the product from ductus urinarius and genital

- Proctodeum : as copulation tool

2. Diet and habits

- Diet

a. Herbivore

b. Carnivore

c. Omnivore

- Eating habits

a. Herbivore, especially seed eater, also eat stone to help digest the

seed

b. Most of carnivore that eat meat use their claw to hold the prey and

their beak to tear the flesh

c. Fish eater, like pelican, doesn’t tear their prey.

d. Birds from columbidae can produce crop milk to feed their child

e. Most of carnivore birds don’t have ingluvies

3. Parasites

a. Gongylonema ingluvicola

3

- Taxonomy

Kingdom : Animalia

Phylum : Nematoda

Class : Secernentea

Order : Spirurida

Family : Gongylonematidae

Genus : Gongylonema

- These worms are often found in the mucosa chicken ingluvies, and

sometimes in the esophagus and proventriculus.

- Impact: Mucosal damage, the local lesions due to worm activity that

explores the mucosa.

b. Dispharynx nasuta

- This worm including nematode worms.

- Found in the chicken proventriculus wall, sometimes the esophagus.

- Impact: Often cause ulcer in the chicken proventriculus. In severe

infections, proventriculus wall is thickened and the worms found under

proliferating tissues.

c. Tetrameres

4

- Caused by Tetrameres americana, Tetrameres tissispina, Tetrameres

crami and Tetrameres pattersoni.

- Transmission requires the kind hosts while grasshoppers,cockroaches,

earthworms and amfipoda.

- Nematode

- Impact: Thickening of ventriculus’ mucosa so the lumen is narrowed.

d. Ascaridia galli

- This worm lives in the intestines.

- Impact: The greatest damage during the growth phase of the

displacement of the worm larvae. This causes the intestinal mucosa

was bleeding.

e. Protozoa, Eimeria sp

5

- Among the types of Eimeria tenella Eimeria, the most ferocious is and

Eimeria necatrix.

- It generally attacks the intestinal, protozoan that causes Coccidiosis

(dysentery).

- Coccidia infect chickens by damaging the cells of the chicken digestive

tool, so that means of digestion can not be used to digest, absorb, and

converting food into substances the body needs.

f. Raillietina

- Taxonomy

Kingdom : Animalia

Phylum : Platyhelminthes

Class : Cestoda

Order : Cyclophyllidea

Family : Davaineidae

Genus : Raillietina

6

- Includes a real tape worms. Stick to the intestinal wall. Transmission

through an intermediate host of beetle feces, ground beetles and beetle

darking.

- Impact: Competing with the hosts get the food.

7

References

Anonimous. 2010. Diktat Sistem Digesti. Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan.

UGM. Yogyakarta

Keymer. 1975. Bird Diseases. Bailliere Tindall

Rohayati, Eryl Sri. 2010. Penyakit Parasit Pada Unggas. Fakultas Kedokteran

Hewan. UGM. Yogyakarta

Wijayanto, Heri. 2010. System Digestoria Unggas. Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan.

UGM. Yogyakarta

8