Bio Aviation Fuel Bio Aviation Fuel

World Biofuels Markets Congress12-14 March, 2008Brussels, Belgium

UOP 4942-01© 2008 UOP LLC. All rights reserved.

Jennifer HolmgrenUOP LLC

Jennifer HolmgrenUOP LLC

UOP

• Leading supplier and licensor of process technology, catalysts, adsorbents, process plants, and technical services to the petroleum refining, petrochemical, and gas processing industries

• UOP technology furnishes 60% of the world’s gasoline, 85% of the world’s biodegradable detergents, and 60% of the world’s para-xylene

• Strong relationships with leading refining and petrochemical customers worldwide

• UOP’s innovations enabled lead removal from gasoline, biodegradable detergents, and the first commercial catalytic converter for automobiles

Biofuels: Next in a Series of Sustainable Solutions

2003 National Medal of Technology Recipient

What is an Alternative Fuel?Conventional Fuel (Per fuel specification)

Aviation turbine fuel shall consist of refined hydrocarbons derived from conventional sources including: crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, oil sands

Alternative FuelsDerived from all other sources: biomass, natural gas, coal

Better

Fuel Volume/Unit Energy

Fuel

Wei

ght U

nit E

nerg

y

Kg/100 MJ6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.000.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00

LiquidNitrogen

LiquidMethane

Source: Chevron

Litres/100 MJ

Biodiesel

Jet A/Jet A-1

FT Synthetic Fuel

Ethanol

Methanol

UOP 4942-02

UOP Strategy

Inedible Oils: Jatropha

Fuel Additives / Blends Fuels

JetDiesel

UOP’s Bio-Fuels Technology GoalsIdentify and utilize processing, composition, and infrastructure

synergies to lower capital investment, minimize value chain disruptions, and reduce investment risk.

BiodieselEthanol

• Lignocellulosic biomass to fuels

• Algal oils to fuels

Generation 1• Vegetable oils, greases to

diesel, gasoline and jet fuel

Generation 2

Gasoline

UOP 4942-04

Production of Jet FuelUOP/ENI EcofiningTM

OilBioOil Deoxygenation/ Isomerization Green Diesel

New Bio-Oil to Jet Process Based on Ecofining

Oil Deoxygenation/ Selective Cracking/Isomerization Green JetBioOil

UOP 4942-06

60 400 500 650 1000 1300Boiling Point, °F

Gasoline Diesel No. 2 Lubricating Oils Asphalt

Jet

300

Heavy Fuel Oils

6 8 10 15 20 43 71Number of Carbon Atoms

Gases

Crude Oil

Soybean Oilto JetCoconut Oil

Properties of UOP’s Bio-Based JP-8

Feedstock Flexibility Demonstrated

18917918020% (D86)208188199168-22950% (D86)

182177176157-20510% (D86)

244226268183-26290% (D86)

51565438Flash Point, °C0.8040.7800.779.775-.84Specific Gravity @ 15°C18600186551860018400 minHeat of combustion (Btu/lb)159169165IBP, °C (D86)

-50-62-50-47Freeze Point, °C18.822%15%max 25 vol %% aromatic (*added)

265

PetroleumJP-8

262279300FBP, °C (D86)

Coconut oilderived JP-8

Soybean oilderived JP-8JP-8 Spec

UOP 4942-07

Distribution Statement "A" (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited)

Green Jet Economics

Economics driven by feedstock costs and process efficiency

Green Jet Economics

$1.00

$2.00

$3.00

$4.00

$5.00

25% 50% 75% 100%Process Yield (%)

Prod

uctio

n C

ost,

($)

Feedstock Cost Assumed: $2.78/gal

UOP 4942-09

Process and Catalyst Improvements

Potential with low cost ($2/gal) feedstock

Distribution Statement "A" (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited)

Enablers for a SustainableBiomass Infrastructure

Increases Availability, Reduces Feedstock CostTechnology Breakthroughs Required

Source: Transportation fuels are from Purvin & Gertz Tables II-3 and II-4, 2007 Consumption, Europe

• Cellulosic waste could make a significant contribution to liquid transportation pool.

SunflowerSeed

0

25

270

360

Soy Castor Rape-seed

Jatropha Palm Algae

≈ ≈

1200

900

80

160

Lite

rs/H

ecta

re '0

0

MJ/

Hec

tare

'000

0

Oils Productivity

50

• Algal Oils could enable oils route to biodiesel, green diesel and jet fuel.

UOP 4942-10

European Transport Fuels

050

100150200250300350400450

M t/

a

Global Transport Fuels

0200400600800

100012001400160018002000

M t/

a

Total Diesel Gasoline Total Diesel Gasoline CellulosicWaste

CellulosicWaste

Lignocellulosic Biomass to Fuels Via Pyrolysis

StabilizationPyrolysisBiomass

Mixed WoodsMixed Woods

Corn StoverCorn Stover

Deoxygenate

GasolineDieselJetChemicals

Other Refinery

Processes

Biocrude

Refin

ery

P P

P P

P P

Collaboration with DOE, NREL, PNNL UOP 4942-11

2nd Generation Renewable Jet Fuel from Oils and Biomass

Green Jet-range paraffins

Green Green JetJet--range range paraffinsparaffins

Selective Cracking/

Isomerization

Selective Selective Cracking/Cracking/

IsomerizationIsomerization

Natural Oils and

Fats

Natural Natural Oils and Oils and

FatsFatsDeoxygenationDeoxygenationDeoxygenation

Renewable Jet Fuel

Solid Biomass

Solid Solid BiomassBiomass

Catalytic Stabilization/

Deoxygenation

Catalytic Catalytic Stabilization/Stabilization/

DeoxygenationDeoxygenationPyrolysisPyrolysisPyrolysis

Jet Range cyclic

hydrocarbons

Jet Range Jet Range cyclic cyclic

hydrocarbonshydrocarbons

UOP 4942-21

Properties Bio JP-8: Renewable Aromatics

0.77539-47

JP-8 Spec

0.75953-53

Starting Bio

Paraffin-54 -56Freeze Point (oC)5449Flash Point (oC)

0.7820.790Density (g/mL)

Woody Pyrolysis Oil

Corn Stover Pyrolysis

Oil

100% Bio-derived JP-8 successfully preparedUOP 4942-08

Distribution Statement "A" (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited)

Integrated Algal Processing for Jet Fuel Production

CO2

Green Jet (paraffin-rich)

Oil

Green Jet (rich in cyclic hydrocarbons)

Biomass

2nd Generation On-spec

Renewable Jet Fuel

22ndnd Generation Generation OnOn--spec spec

Renewable Jet Renewable Jet FuelFuel

UOP 4942-12

Biofuel Fuel: Key Issues for AviationTechnical Risks

Thermal stability – fuel system component cokingStorage stability – biological growthLow temperature performanceCombustion propertiesMaterial compatibility – fuel system and hot sectionTrace contamination (metals, micronutrients)Low Density - aircraft range

Quality RisksInconsistent product (source dependent)Lack of robust controlFragmented industry

UOP 4942-19

Extensive Certification Process

Need Plant to Make Large Quantity of Fuel

Need Large Quantity of Fuel to Flight Test

Plant Is Very Expensive

New Fuels Must BeValidated for Use

Plant Investment RiskDeters Investment

Risk Reduction:Need to Find Least

Expensive and Quickest Route to

ValidateNew Fuels

Need to Get Early Assessment of Fuel Suitability to Justify Government and Industry Investment

Synthetic Fuel Introduction: Key Challenges

UOP 4942-14

Commercial Alternative Fuel Activity

• CAAFI (Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative)- Euro CAAFI forming

• IATA Alternative Fuels Project- IATA 2007 Report on Alternative Fuels released Feb 2008

• ASTM Emerging Fuels Task Force• CRC Emerging Fuels Group• Oil company initiatives (Shell, AirBP, Chevron, etc.)• Boeing & Airbus Alternative Fuel Initiatives• Engine manufacturer initiatives

UOP 4942-15

Achieving Sustainability• Renewables are going to make up an increasing share of

the future fuels pool- Multitude of bioprocessing approaches possible- Fungible biofuels are here

• First generation biofuels, though raw material limited, are an important first step to creating a biofuels infrastructure.

• Second generation feedstocks, cellulosic waste and algal oils, have the potential to make significant contributions.

• Jet fuel certification presents unique challenges to rapid adoption

- Must work with standard setting agencies and OEMs to create a robust but rapid process

• Important to promote technology neutral and performance based standards and directives to avoid standardization on old technology.

UOP 4942-22

Acknowledgements

DOE, Project DE-FG36-05GO15085Paul Grabowski

DARPA, Project W911NF-07-C-0049Dr. Douglas Kirkpatrick

The work presented in this paper was at least partially funded by the U.S. Army Research Office under DARPA contract no. W911NF-07-C-0049 and the contents thereof do not necessarily reflectthe position or the policy of the U.S. Government, and no official endorsement should be inferred.

Danke schön

Ang kêunMerci

Kiitos

Efcharisto

Danyavad

Gum xia

Köszönöm

Terima kasih

Dekoju

Eso

HvalaSpasiboNgiyabonga

Wiyarrparlunpaju-yungu

TawdiGracias

Sha sha

Giittus

MaulanengaAñachaykin

Dhannvaad

Obrigado

Grazie

Thank You

Qujanaq

Xie xie

Nodan mamomamo

ShukranArigato

Ookini

Gum xia

מרס י mersi

ध यवादСпасибо

どうもありがとう。

جزاآم اهللا خيراً

Teşekkür ederim

UOP 4942-24

UOP 4942-25

Better

Fuel Volume/Unit Energy

Fuel

Wei

ght U

nit E

nerg

y

What is an Alternative Fuel?Conventional Fuel (Per fuel specification)

Aviation turbine fuel shall consist of refined hydrocarbons derived from conventional sources including: crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, oil sands

Alternative FuelsDerived from all other sources: biomass, natural gas, coal

Kg/100 MJ6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.000.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00

LiquidNitrogen

LiquidMethane

Source: Chevron

Litres/100 MJ

Biodiesel

Jet A/Jet A-1

FT Synthetic Fuel

Ethanol

Methanol 3.5

2.3

1.8

1.5

1.3

0.8

0.4

1.0

0 1 2 3 4Relative CO2 Emissions Compared with Jet Fuel

Jet Fuel from Coal

Jet Fuel from Natural Gas

Methanol from Natural Gas

Liquid Methane from Natural Gas

Biojet Fuel

Liquid Hydrogen form Coal and Nuclear Power

Jet Fuel from Crude Oil

Liquid Methane from CoalLiquid Methane from Coal

Liquid Hydrogen from CoalLiquid Hydrogen from Coal

UOP 4942-02

Current/Future Aircraft Need Better Fuel•Commercial drivers

- Improved engine efficiency- Improved emissions- More electric aircraft

(increased heat load)•Military drivers

- Improved engine efficiency and thrust/weight ratio

- Long range/High altitude/High Mach aircraft

- Increased heat load into fuel•Place increased demand on aviation fuel

- Increased thermal stability- Lower freeze point- Cleaner fuel (no sulfur, low

aromatics, low GHG)

•Alternate fuels need to look similar to current fuel near team (“drop in fuel”)

•Engines & components need to be designed for future fuels

- Tolerant of future fuels (low lubricity, low aromatics)

•Faster fuel approval process- True material specification- Generic fuel approval - not

refinery/feed stock dependent- Replace rig/engine testing with

bench/lab tests

UOP 4942-03

Bio-Jet Fuel

60 400 500 650 1000 1300Boiling Point, °F

Gasoline Diesel No. 2 Lubricating Oils Asphalt

Jet

300

Heavy Fuel Oils

6 8 10 15 20 43 71Number of Carbon Atoms

5 18 75 4,000 366,000 >1000 TrillionNumber of Paraffin Isomers

Gases

Crude Oil

Soybean Oil

to JetCoconut Oil

UOP 4942-05

Production of Jet FuelUOP/ENI EcofiningTM

Oil

New Bio-Oil to Jet Process Based on Ecofining

Integrated Biofuels Production

BioOil Deoxygenation/ Isomerization Green Diesel

Oil Deoxygenation/ Selective Cracking/Isomerization Green JetBioOil

0.759†53-52.6UOP JP-8 range paraffins

0.77538-47JP-8 SpecDensity, g/ccFlash Point, oCFreeze Point, oCSample

†Aromatic additives required to make JP-8 specification; also true for synthetic jet fuel

UOP 4942-06

Meeting JP-8 Specifications: Aromatics to Meet Density Specs

OilOil Selective Cracking/Selective Cracking/IsomerizationIsomerizationDeoxygenationDeoxygenation

Green JetGreen Jet--range range

paraffinsparaffins

Renewable JP-8Sources of Aromatics

• Fossil sources• Renewable sources

AromaticsAromatics(<25%)(<25%)

UOP 4942-20

Commercial Alternative Fuel Activity

• CAAFI (Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative)- Euro CAAFI forming

• IATA Alternative Fuels Project- IATA 2007 Report on Alternative Fuels released Feb 2008

• ASTM Emerging Fuels Task Force• CRC Emerging Fuels Group• Oil company initiatives (Shell, AirBP, Chevron, etc.)• Boeing & Airbus Alternative Fuel Initiatives• Engine manufacturer initiatives

UOP 4942-15