UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE www.unizg.hr www.fsb.hr www.fsb.hr/acg
Sustainable Management & Transport Solutions Dubrovnik
12/09/2014 www.fsb.hr/acg Sustainable Urban Transport The Croatian
Experiance Goran Krajai, Joko Deur and iRESEV project team
University of Zagreb Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE ELECTRIC VEHICLES RUN AT SMALL COST; Economy and
Reliability Run Results in Victory Over Gasoline Cars. ELECTRIC
VEHICLES ATTRACT ATTENTION; Pleasure Cars Not Forgotten at Garden
Motor Truck Show -- Record Attendance.
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
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EDT model results
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE EDT model results
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE Hourly transport energy demand modelling using
MATSIM model MATSIM provides a framework to implement large-scale
agent-based transport simulations with exceptional modularity: its
modules can be combined or used stand- alone or even replaced by
new implementations. Inputs required by the MATSim are divided into
the following categories: population: provides agent's
identification (agent ID number), age, working municipality and
longitudinal and lateral coordinates of home location activity
plan: tells agent at which location (work, home, leisure, shopping)
they should be at the specified time network: provides the detailed
network for each city under the consideration and only the main
roads outside the city limits facilities (optional): provides the
longitudinal and lateral coordinates of non-home locations
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 8 MATSIM building the Croatian model Zagreb
(ZG)Split (ST)Rijeka (RI)Osijek (OS) area limits in WGS84
coordinates (estimation) 46.021N 15.534W 45.665S 16.392E 43.534N
16.382W 43.498S 16.512E 45.386N 14.3348W 45.307S 14.520E 45.584N
18.596W 45.525S 18.776E No. of municipalities17273415 No. of
employed (2011 census) 322.25663.56150.49438.786 % of employed
driving a car 62 7762 (est.) Estimated number of agents travelling
by car 199.79839.40731.30624.047 MATSim inputs, (asumptions): the
only activities are home and work leisure is assumed to be on the
same locations as work there are no holidays within the year
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE MATSIM building the Croatian model
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE MATSIM - Results
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE EnergyPLAN - Results
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE EnergyPLAN - Results
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE H2RES modelling regional case study
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE H2RES - Results
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 15 Konzum transport modelling EREV GM Chevy Volt
1 4 1 2 3 4 Dynamic Programming-based optimization algorithm
developed for EREV (Volt) vehicle control variable optimization can
be used for optimization of charging electric vehicle fleet within
electric power system which includes renewable energy sources 2
SIMILARITY BETWEEN SYSTEMS 3 1) ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINE 2) RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES REGENERATIVE BRAKING
3) AGGREGATE BATTERY (batteries of all vehicles within fleet)
(Volt) VEHICLE BATTERY 4) ELECTRIC APPLIANCES DRIVER POWER
DEMAND
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
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Konzum electric vehicle fleet modelling INDIVIDUAL
VEHICLES/BATTERIES LUMPED VEHICLES/BATTERIES AGGREGATE APPROACH
AGGREGATE BATTERY STATE EQUATION Aggregate battery state-of- charge
(SoC) Aggregate battery charging power (control variable) Aggregate
transport demand C max aggregate battery capacity Group of
individual vehicles/batteries are modelled as a single aggregate
battery AGGREGATE BATTERY BASIC MODEL [1] [1] H. Lund, W. Kempton,
"Integration of renewable energy into the transport and electricity
sectors through V2G", Energy Policy, 36, pp. 3578-3587, 2008.
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE Electric vehicle fleet models (Konzum) BASIC
MODEL OF AGGREGATE BATTERY Number of vehicles parked in the
distribution centre Transport demand Number of vehicles arriving to
the distribution centre Number of vehicles departing from the
distribution centre Average SoC of vehicles arriving to the
distribution centre Fleet model considers vehicles as a single
aggregate battery with constant capacity DRAWBACKS Batteries of
on-road vehicles are considered available for charging Justified
approach when precise distributions related to transport are
missing, but can lead to estimation errors Novel model of fleet
assumes aggregate battery with variable capacity (available for
charging) dependent on number of vehicles connected to the grid
NOVEL MODEL OF AGGREGATE BATTERY REQUIRED MODELS INPUT
DISTRIBUTIONS More realistic approach
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE Konzum charging optimization results SCENARIO:
NO EXCESSIVE ENERGY PRODUCED FROM RES Energy generated from RES is
totally used Heuristic charging method charge aggregate battery
only when SoC is significantly depleted Two tariff cost of el.
energy DP optimization tends to charge aggregate battery in periods
of low tariff cost of el. energy Aggregate battery SoC Aggregate
battery charging power Power generated from RES
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE Cargo delivery truck characteristics MAN TGM
15.240 Maximum engine power and torque characteristic Average
efficiency of an automatic transmission is htr = 0.96 [Haoran Hu,
Simon Baseley, Rudolf M. Smaling, "Advanced Hybrid Powertrains for
Commercial Vehicles", SAE International R-396, ISBN:
978-0-7680-3359-5, 2012.], MAX = +33 % 0,388 Vehicle parameters:
Effective tyre radius Transmission gear ratios 3,7 Differential
ratio Vehicle mass: - empty vehicle - max. load - overall Limited
top speed Engine power
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 23 Maximum output torque, fuel consumption and
efficiency maps MAN Diesel motor EVO Electric AF-230 P mg(20s) =
280 kW P mg(60s) = 200 kW P mgR = 128 kW m mg = 57.5 kg P e = 176
kW m e 600 kg
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 24 Constant speed fuel consumption and
powertrain performance Average fuel consumption - measured = 18
[L/100km] v MAX P v=90 = 108 kW
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 25 Constant speed comparison - CONV vs EV 1 L
Diesel = 9.97 kwh bat chg = 0.8 1 L Diesel = 1.313 euro EE-LT =
0.06 euro/kWh EE-HT = 0.13 euro/kWh 1 L Diesel = 3.16 kg CO2
EE-Coal = 1 kg/kWh EE-Gas = 0.45 kg/kWh EE-NE&Eco = 0.1
kg/kWh
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 26 Driving cycles of particular delivery truck
ClusterDistance [km]Duration [h] #1154.463.81 #2363.36.04
#3176.433.73 #472.651.8 #524.011.06 Li-Ion E batt = 114 [kWh] m
batt = 1.2 [t]
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 27 Driving Cycle m f,real [L]m f,sim [L]m f,sim
vs m f,real 182.581.4-1.4% 286.095.0+10.5% 35.54.7-14.3%
44.53.8-15.8% 541.043.0+5.4% 611.010.6-3.9% 714.0 0% 830.5 0%
929.529.3-0.6% 104241.9-0.4% Simulation results measurements !
Driving cycles of particular delivery truck
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 28 Constant-velocity range and range for
different driving cycles
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 29 Comparative simulation results for four real
driving cycles from city-driving clusters. Clusters DC [km]m vmax
[t]V g-real [l]V g-sim [l]SoC f [%] #4 (70 km) 53.119.921110.660.30
60.5312.651414.045.79 #5 (25 km) 22.4712.085.54.784.36
20.8511.274.53.887.20 Clusterm CO2 [kg]Energy cost [EUR] DieselEe
COAL Ee GAS Ee ECO DieselEe LT Ee HT #4 (70 km)
29.1548.7621.944.8814.442.936.34 37.166.1329.766.6118.383.978.6 #5
(25 km) 14.5818.88.461.887.221.132.44
11.9315.246.861.525.910.911.98 Significant advantage for EV when EE
is generated by RE and/or NE Significant advantage for EV according
to energy price
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 30 CONCLUSION Delivery truck The
backward-looking models of diesel engine-propelled mid- size
delivery truck MAN TGM 15.240. has been created and successfully
validated in terms of fuel consumption prediction for previously
recorded diving cycles The model has then been converted to
describe a hypothetical electric truck with comparable torque and
power performance. Comparison of the two vehicles, CONV and EV, has
pointed out that the EV can provide energy cost savings of up to
85% for realistic urban and sub-urban driving cycles for the lower
(night) tariff of electricity cost. The EV benefits of reduced
well-to-wheel CO2 emissions for gas power plant production (around
30%) and in particular for nuclear and renewable energy production
(around 85%), but not for the coal fired power plants.
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 31 EV projects in UNESCO protected city centres
46 cities in Europe with historic city centres under UNESCO
protection Protected cities per country: 1 Albania, Belgium,
Greece, Malta, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland,
Estonia, Latvia 2 - France 3 Austria, Croatia, Czech Rep., Germany,
Portugal 8 Spain 10 Italy
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 32 Examples Pilot projects Evora Bern Wien
Salzburg Bordeaux Bruges Riga Prag Tallin
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 33 Examples Evora, Portugal
(www.mobie.pt)www.mobie.pt Evora Number of chargers: 9 Charge
Power: 3.7 kW
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 34 Examples Wien, Austria
(http://www.tanke-wienenergie.at/unsere-
tankstellen/)http://www.tanke-wienenergie.at/unsere- tankstellen/
Wien Number of chargers: 150 Charge Power: 22-60 kW
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 35 Examples Riga, Latvia
(http://tf.llu.lv/conference/proceedings2012/Papers/070_P
utnieks_U.pdf)http://tf.llu.lv/conference/proceedings2012/Papers/070_P
utnieks_U.pdf Riga Number of chargers: 36 Charge Power: 3.7/22
kW
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 36 Examples Prag, Czech Republic
(https://www.pre.cz/)https://www.pre.cz/ Prag Number of chargers: 7
(centre) 10 total Charge Power: 12.5-41 kW
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 37 Examples Graz, Austria
(http://www.energiegraz.at/)http://www.energiegraz.at/ Graz Number
of chargers: 47 Charge Power: ? kW
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 38 Technical Specifications EVUE projekt
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 39 Other resources
http://openchargemap.org/site/ https://ev-charging.com/at/en
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 40 Sustainable public transport for Dubrovnik
Introducing Sustainable, Energy Efficient, Clean and Quiet Public
Transport to Tourist Towns Connecting industry, research
organization and local communities in setting up procedures
necessary for introduction of electric busses in the public
transport in Dubrovnik (optimization process for selection of
electric buses, charging infrastructure, line planning, battery
management, electric-drive EMS system optimization, producing
equipment), setting up pilot project in Dubrovnik ERDF funding?????
Triple Helix --- academy, local government, industry, SMEs.
etc
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UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 41 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
www.powerlab.fsb.hr/iresev [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The financial support is gratefully acknowledged from the Croatian
Science Foundation through ICT-aided integration of Electric
Vehicles into the Energy Systems with a high share of Renewable
Energy Sources project.