UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY OF SINDH

JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES

VOLUME 1

Dean, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Department of Zoology,

University o

ISSN (E): 2523-6067

ISSN (P): 2522-8328

UNIVERSITY OF SINDH


NOVEMBER 2017 NUMBER

Quarterly Publications: an, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Department of Zoology,

University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh-Pakistan

Sindh University Pre


NUMBER 1

an, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Department of Zoology,

Sindh University Press.

UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES

Prof. Dr. Fateh Muhammad Burfat

Vice Chancellor, University of

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Hussain Mughal

Dean Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sindh

Department of Zoology,

Chairperson, Department of Zoology,

Journal Manager/ Web Admin

Dr. Kamran Brohi

University of Sindh, Jamshoro

Graphics Designer and Publication Manager

Dr. Riffat Sultana


UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-1, Issue-1, November 2017

II

Editorial Team

Patron

Prof. Dr. Fateh Muhammad Burfat

Vice Chancellor, University of Sindh, Jamshoro

Editor in Chief

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Hussain Mughal

Dean Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro

Editor

Dr. Riffat Sultana

Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro

Co-Editor

Prof. Dr. Tahira Jabeen


Computer Operator / Web Developer

Mrs. Afia Bhutto


Publication Manager

Editorial Assistants

Dr. Santosh Kumar

Mr. Rahman Ali Khuwaja


UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 1, November 2017

, Jamshoro

, Jamshoro

Computer Operator / Web Developer

Jamshoro

Khuwaja



International

Prof. Dr. Ananina Tatiana

Prof. Dr. Sriyani Dias R. K.

Prof. Dr. Georgina S. Mwansat

Prof. Dr. Wei, Cong

Prof. Dr. Monilal Chatterjee

Prof. Dr. Sunil M. Gaikwad

Prof. Dr. Lau Wei Hong

Prof. Dr. Guo-Fang Jiang

Prof. Dr. Shahid Karim

Dr. Durdane Yanar

Dr. Disna Gunawardana

Dr. Luca Ruiu

Dr. Sandeep Kushwaha

Dr. Senarath Bandara

Mr. Khalid Hussain Rind


III

International Editorial Advisory Board

Leader Scientist Entomologist, Russia B

Komsomolskaya Russia.

Department of Zoology, University of Kelaniya,

Department of Zoology, University of JOS, Nigeria

College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University

Shaanxi China.

School of Crop Protection, College of Post Graduate Studies, Central

Agricultural University. India.

Department of Zoology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur Maharashtra,

India.

Professor of Insect Pathology, Universiti Putra, Malaysia.

College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal

University, Quanzhou China.

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern

Mississippi, Hattiesburg, USA

Department of Plants Protection, Faculty of Agriculture,

Gaziosanpasa University, Turkey

Ministry for Primary Industries Manatu Ahu Matu Scientist

Health & Environment Laboratory Growing & Protecting, New

Zealand

Department of Agriculture, Entomology Section, University of

Sassari, Sassari, Italy.

Senior Researcher/ Zoological Assistant, Zoological Survey of India,

No 8, Gajaba Mawatha,Negombo Road, Kurunegala, Sri Lanka

Department of Ecology, Evolation and Adaptation

Montpellier, France.


Russia Buryatia, Ulan-Ude

Department of Zoology, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya.

, Nigeria

Northwest A & F University, Yangling,

School of Crop Protection, College of Post Graduate Studies, Central

Department of Zoology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur Maharashtra,

Insect Pathology, Universiti Putra, Malaysia.

College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern

aculty of Agriculture,

tries Manatu Ahu Matu Scientist Plant

Health & Environment Laboratory Growing & Protecting, New

Department of Agriculture, Entomology Section, University of

Senior Researcher/ Zoological Assistant, Zoological Survey of India,

No 8, Gajaba Mawatha,Negombo Road, Kurunegala, Sri Lanka

Department of Ecology, Evolation and Adaptation University of


National Editorial Advisory Board

Prof. Dr. Ghulam Sarwar Gachal

Prof. Dr. Naheed Baloch

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ather Rafi

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Zaheer Khan

Prof. Dr. Syed Akram Shah

Prof. Dr. Shahid Nadeem

Prof. Dr. Farhat Jabeen

Prof. Dr. Jan Mari,

Prof. Dr. Asmatullah Kakar

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Zahid

Prof. Dr. Naeem Khan

Dr. Imran Khatri

Dr. Shabir Ahmed

Dr. Sardar Azhar Mehmood

Technical Advisory Members Prof. Dr. M. Y. Khuhawar

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Saeed Wagan


IV

National Editorial Advisory Board



National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC)

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Zaheer Khan Department of Zoology, University of Karachi,

Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar,

Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology

University, Faisalabad, Punjab

Department of Zoology, GC University, Faisalabad, Punjab

Department of Plant Protection Sindh Agriculture University

Tandojam, Sindh

Department of Zoology, University of Baluchistan,

Balochistan

Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar

Institute of Pure & Applied Biology, Bahaudin Zakrya University,

Multan, Punjab.

Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University

Tandojam, Sindh

Department of Zoology, Hazara University, Mansehra

Department of Zoology, Hazara University, Mansehra

Members

Executive Editor (SURJ) , University of Sindh, Jamshoro

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Saeed Wagan Ex. Executive Editor (SURJ) , University of Sindh, Jamshoro

Sindh


Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh

Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh

(NARC), Islamabad

Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh

Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK

Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), GC

GC University, Faisalabad, Punjab

Sindh Agriculture University

Department of Zoology, University of Baluchistan, Quetta,

Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK

Bahaudin Zakrya University,

Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University

Mansehra, KPK

Mansehra, KPK

University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh

, University of Sindh, Jamshoro,


ith the increase in population, third world countries today are facing many problems,

supply of sufficient food being one of them. In animal sciences we have to understand

and preserve the vast diversity of species on our planet. Losing them would be a huge

shame and almost a crime of humanity. We have caused a continuous trouble that leads to

species extinction. Just because we are the “dominant” species on Earth, it doesn’t me

that we can do whatever we want without suffering consequences. We do not have to

protect endangered species only, but we also have to protect species essential for the

continuation of Earth’s life. Believe it or not, without animals, humans would die o

quickly. First of all, there would be no more meat. But we can’t all become vegetarians

either if there are no insects to pollinate the plants. From animals, we can also learn about

our anatomy and can understand the function of our bodies in a b

combat human diseases. In termination, animal’s science is an important field that applies

to many real-world situations.

University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) will promote and involve the s

of various disciplines in Zoolog

biology, Parasitology, Wildlife management and Conservation, animal’s diversity and

systematic etc. This journal will be ideal platform for anyone working in Animals Sciences.

In addition, the published data to provide additional opportunity for access to advanced

standing in existing tertiary level education progra

main aspect of animal science including, safety management planning strategies, food and

fiber, systematic of individual and making a means to preserve a rapidly declining global

ecosystem.

W


V



preserve the vast diversity of species on our planet. Losing them would be a huge


species extinction. Just because we are the “dominant” species on Earth, it doesn’t me



continuation of Earth’s life. Believe it or not, without animals, humans would die o



our anatomy and can understand the function of our bodies in a better way, which help us


University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) will promote and involve the s

oological Sciences i-e Entomology, Endocrinology, Molecular



the published data to provide additional opportunity for access to advanced

tertiary level education programs. Researcher will be exposed to the






preserve the vast diversity of species on our planet. Losing them would be a huge


species extinction. Just because we are the “dominant” species on Earth, it doesn’t mean



continuation of Earth’s life. Believe it or not, without animals, humans would die out pretty



etter way, which help us


University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) will promote and involve the study

e Entomology, Endocrinology, Molecular



the published data to provide additional opportunity for access to advanced

. Researcher will be exposed to the




MISSION

University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) will introduce a viable model of

research linkages together with scholarly

evidence. It also promotes the latest emerging trends in Zoological S

provision of an awareness of the ethical aspects of animals.

importance in maintaining the sust

animals in country it will also

the environment as a long range goal for the welfare of future generations.

of (USJAS) is concentrated on promoting and propagating novel and innovative research

amongst the readers of this journal.

AIM OF JOURNAL

The primary aim of University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) experience in order to acquire the knowl

make appropriate recommendations in all fields of A

encourage researchers, investigators and scientists to publish their research findings

allowing wider dissemination of their intellectual knowledge, with the aim of applying

those for the benefit of the society. The newly launched journal would cover full spectrum

of the specialties in Animals S

articles, case reports, short commendation, and scientific findings from within specified

domain areas of Zoology. The journal strictly follows the guidelines proposed by Higher

Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan. The most important criterion for

acceptance/rejection is originality of the material presented in the manuscript


VI


research linkages together with scholarly experience sharing and transferring of inspired

the latest emerging trends in Zoological Sciences along with

of an awareness of the ethical aspects of animals. Besides its fundamental

importance in maintaining the sustainable agricultural, protection and conservation of

animals in country it will also educate the public about the need to protect and preserve

ment as a long range goal for the welfare of future generations.

rated on promoting and propagating novel and innovative research

amongst the readers of this journal.

University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) is to gain hands on

experience in order to acquire the knowledge necessary for the critical analysis of the results and

commendations in all fields of Animal Science. The aim of this journal is to


wider dissemination of their intellectual knowledge, with the aim of applying


of the specialties in Animals Sciences. It would include original research articles, re




eptance/rejection is originality of the material presented in the manuscript



experience sharing and transferring of inspired

ciences along with

Besides its fundamental

ainable agricultural, protection and conservation of

educate the public about the need to protect and preserve

ment as a long range goal for the welfare of future generations. The core focus

rated on promoting and propagating novel and innovative research

is to gain hands on

edge necessary for the critical analysis of the results and

The aim of this journal is to


wider dissemination of their intellectual knowledge, with the aim of applying


ciences. It would include original research articles, review




eptance/rejection is originality of the material presented in the manuscript


What is need for publishing this Journal?

The University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) with modernized and cost

effectiveness will light the tools for numer

improve identification of pest species, conservation of wild animals, diversity of animals

including animal breeding, environmental impact of animal, agriculture,

and animal products. When animals grow well and stay healthy, farmers can produce more

meat, milk or eggs for our consumption. They check meat quality or screen milk for

pathogens. Advances in food safety keep humans healthy and increase the world’s supply

of nutritious food. Beside this, articles regarding entomological science

betterment of humanity by detecting the role of insects in the spread of disease and

discovering ways of protecting food and fiber crops, and livestock from being damaged.

Journal provides the way how beneficial insects contribute to the well being of humans,

animals, and plants. This journal will also defend and assess the application of well proven

research activities in natural science particularly

Biology & Fisheries, Biochemistry and Biotechnology of host universities; neighboring and

sister universities which are performing research activities on any area of animal’s

sciences. They have necessity of proper platform for their research exposure

country as well as in world.


VII

What is need for publishing this Journal?


effectiveness will light the tools for numerous directions and problems related to

identification of pest species, conservation of wild animals, diversity of animals

environmental impact of animal, agriculture, diseases

. When animals grow well and stay healthy, farmers can produce more



. Beside this, articles regarding entomological science contribute to the



ovides the way how beneficial insects contribute to the well being of humans,


research activities in natural science particularly in, Zoology, Physiology,

Biochemistry and Biotechnology of host universities; neighboring and


sciences. They have necessity of proper platform for their research exposure



ous directions and problems related to

identification of pest species, conservation of wild animals, diversity of animals

diseases, nutrition

. When animals grow well and stay healthy, farmers can produce more



contribute to the



ovides the way how beneficial insects contribute to the well being of humans,


Zoology, Physiology, Fresh Water

Biochemistry and Biotechnology of host universities; neighboring and


sciences. They have necessity of proper platform for their research exposure around the


Who will contribute?

Articles published in (USJAS) masses of all age and income groups. Moreover, this journal

will make substantial contribution to the researchers and students of Zoology, Entomology,

Pest Management, Plant Protection and Agriculture Sciences, medical

wild life department and extension wings will also be benefited. The objectives set at

promotion of research, the food and fiber crops, livestock, animal’s diversity, diseases,

obesity and to establish breeding programs, nutrition programs and help preserve exotic

wildlife. Beside this, Parasitological section gives the reader a broad, in

medically important parasites. Such coverage is essential to give students the awareness

and understanding necessary for proper diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the

parasitic infections. This journal will be valuable in skill enhancem

refreshment of the working staff of academia and research

The Specific Thematic Areas

� Taxonomic/faunistic data on any taxon of any geological age

� New descriptions of taxa, if they are accomplished with proper diagnoses,

and/or revision of at least at species group level

� Taxonomic revisions of extant (or ''recent'') and fossil animal groups

� Checklists and catalogues, phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses

� Breeding and ecology of animals

� Integrate pest management

� Economic thresholds and optimization

� Genetic manipulation of pest population

� Utilization of precision agriculture as an

� Speciation, adaptive radiation and extinction of species

� Genetics and Reproduction behavior

� Gene & DNA replication

� Environmental planning and rational use allocation

� A global program for the protection of genetic resource areas

� Deserts and areas subject to desertification, etc.


VIII


substantial contribution to the researchers and students of Zoology, Entomology,

Pest Management, Plant Protection and Agriculture Sciences, medical sciences;


food and fiber crops, livestock, animal’s diversity, diseases,


Parasitological section gives the reader a broad, in-dep



parasitic infections. This journal will be valuable in skill enhancement, and knowledge

refreshment of the working staff of academia and research.

The Specific Thematic Areas are under:

Taxonomic/faunistic data on any taxon of any geological age

New descriptions of taxa, if they are accomplished with proper diagnoses,

and/or revision of at least at species group level

Taxonomic revisions of extant (or ''recent'') and fossil animal groups

Checklists and catalogues, phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses

cology of animals

Integrate pest management tactics

Economic thresholds and optimization

manipulation of pest population

Utilization of precision agriculture as an (IPM) tool

Speciation, adaptive radiation and extinction of species

Genetics and Reproduction behavior

Gene & DNA replication and recombination

Environmental planning and rational use allocation

A global program for the protection of genetic resource areas

reas subject to desertification, etc.



substantial contribution to the researchers and students of Zoology, Entomology,

sciences; further,


food and fiber crops, livestock, animal’s diversity, diseases,


depth coverage of



ent, and knowledge

New descriptions of taxa, if they are accomplished with proper diagnoses, keys

Taxonomic revisions of extant (or ''recent'') and fossil animal groups

Checklists and catalogues, phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses


PUBLICATION

University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS)

times a year: January, April, July and October, by the Office of

Sciences and Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro.

COPYRIGHT

All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be

are trieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,

photocopying and/or otherwise the prior permission of publication authorities.

Copyright © University of Sindh, Jamshoro. 2017 All Righ

Printed at: Sindh University Press

OPEN ACCESS POLICY

University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS

to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a

greater global exchange of knowledge. To enable unrestricted usage our Journal is

following CC-BY-ND license. Researchers can copy and redistribute the material in any

medium or format, for research purpose, condition to formal reference to the original

work. Authors can self-archive publisher's version of the accepted article in digital

repositories and archives.

CONTACT INFORMATION

Dr. Riffat Sultana Editor,

Journal office, Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro Sindh, Pakistan

Journal Website: http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS

E-mail: [email protected]

Contact: +92-333-2776771


IX

University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) is published quarterly i.e., 4

times a year: January, April, July and October, by the Office of Dean Faculty of Natural

epartment of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro.

All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be produced, translated or stored on

trieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,


Copyright © University of Sindh, Jamshoro. 2017 All Rights Reserved.

Printed at: Sindh University Press

University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) provides an immediate open access


ater global exchange of knowledge. To enable unrestricted usage our Journal is

license. Researchers can copy and redistribute the material in any


archive publisher's version of the accepted article in digital

CONTACT INFORMATION


http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS

[email protected], [email protected]


is published quarterly i.e., 4

Dean Faculty of Natural

produced, translated or stored on

electronic, mechanical,


an immediate open access


ater global exchange of knowledge. To enable unrestricted usage our Journal is

license. Researchers can copy and redistribute the material in any


archive publisher's version of the accepted article in digital



REVIEW POLICY AND PROCESS

University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) follows a full double

review process, comprising the following steps:

� All papers submitted to the (USJAS)

review. The editor may assign to experts to review the quality and scope of the

submitted manuscript. If the article fails to meet the journal criteria, the paper is

rejected immediately and authors are noti

� Once the paper is submitted, the editor ensures that the paper follows the

blind review policy. If the author names are found, then the author name(s) and

affiliation(s) are removed from the paper and updated version is uploaded on the

system by the editor.

� Every submitted article is checked for the Similarity report by the Editor, before

forwarding it to the reviewers.

prescribed by Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan, to check the similarit

of paper. As per HEC policy, in case manuscript has been found to have a similarity

index of more than 19% it will be immediately either returned back to the author

for correction and resubmission, or will be rejected and archived. This decision is

made by the editor, based on the similarity ratio. (Please Note that the parameters

for similarity check involve, Add to No Repository, Exclude Bibliography, Exclude

Quoted Text).

� If the paper satisfies the criteria, then the editor will send the article to at

reviewers for review. Each article will be reviewed by at least 01 National and 01

International reviewer with a double

� Reviewers are recruited from the national and international universities having a PhD with

reputed research profile (checked through Google Scholar

Science) for the given area/ field of submitted article.

� Each reviewer is initially invited to review the article showing them the article title

and abstract only. Upon

and a review form is used to record their feedback and suggestions through online

management system.

� The reviewers' recommendations will determine whether to “Accept Submission”,

“Revision required”, “Resubmit for Review” or “Decline Submission”. The final

decision if made by the Editor based on the reviewers’ report


X

ROCESS

University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) follows a full double

review process, comprising the following steps:

All papers submitted to the (USJAS) are first examined by an Editor for the initial



rejected immediately and authors are notified.

Once the paper is submitted, the editor ensures that the paper follows the

. If the author names are found, then the author name(s) and


Every submitted article is checked for the Similarity report by the Editor, before

forwarding it to the reviewers. Turnitin website is used by the journal as

prescribed by Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan, to check the similarit




by the editor, based on the similarity ratio. (Please Note that the parameters


If the paper satisfies the criteria, then the editor will send the article to at


International reviewer with a double-blind, peer review policy.

Reviewers are recruited from the national and international universities having a PhD with

ed research profile (checked through Google Scholar , Research Gate and

Science) for the given area/ field of submitted article.

Each reviewer is initially invited to review the article showing them the article title

and abstract only. Upon acceptance of the review request the full paper is presented


The reviewers' recommendations will determine whether to “Accept Submission”,

”, “Resubmit for Review” or “Decline Submission”. The final

decision if made by the Editor based on the reviewers’ reports.


University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) follows a full double-blind peer

are first examined by an Editor for the initial



Once the paper is submitted, the editor ensures that the paper follows the double-

. If the author names are found, then the author name(s) and


Every submitted article is checked for the Similarity report by the Editor, before

is used by the journal as

prescribed by Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan, to check the similarity




by the editor, based on the similarity ratio. (Please Note that the parameters


If the paper satisfies the criteria, then the editor will send the article to at least (02)


Reviewers are recruited from the national and international universities having a PhD with

, Research Gate and Web of

Each reviewer is initially invited to review the article showing them the article title

acceptance of the review request the full paper is presented


The reviewers' recommendations will determine whether to “Accept Submission”,

”, “Resubmit for Review” or “Decline Submission”. The final


� Once the decision has been made, the review response

and suggestion, are sent to all authors of

� For the papers which require only revisions, the editor will re

ensuring that the reviewer’s suggestions have been incorporated or not.

� For papers that require resubmission for review, will unde

review by the same or different reviewers to ensure that the quality of the revised

paper is acceptable.

� After final Acceptance, the Author/Corresponding author will be notified and paper

will be forwarded to Publication Manager /Edito

editing and proof reading.


XI

Once the decision has been made, the review response - including the review form

and suggestion, are sent to all authors of the article with editorial decision.

For the papers which require only revisions, the editor will re-review the paper for


For papers that require resubmission for review, will undergo second Round of


After final Acceptance, the Author/Corresponding author will be notified and paper

Publication Manager /Editorial Assistants for copy

editing and proof reading.


including the review form

the article with editorial decision.

review the paper for


rgo second Round of


After final Acceptance, the Author/Corresponding author will be notified and paper

for copy-editing, layout


S. No

1.

THARAKA WIJERATHNA, DILINI THARANGA, MAYURI R. WIJESINGHE.

New distribution record of the abandoned

dehaani (Doleschall, 1859) (Araneae:Araneidae) from the wet zone of Sri

Lanka.

2.

NAQASH AKBAR, IMRAN AKBAR, QADIR BUX PIRZADO

studies of Dirhinus giffardii

Tandojam.

3.

SUMIT K. SATPATHI, SUPRAKASH PAL, BIWASH GURUNG, SUCHAND

DATTA, AVIJIT KUNDU, RUPS

SHYAMAL KHEROAR. Effect of Physical

contents on Jassid and Pod Borer of Cowpea.

4. IMAN MEER, ZAHID BAIG MIRZA. Abundance of birds and Variations in

Physico-chemical Characteristics of Fresh water Reservoir.

5.

FAQEER MUHAMMAD CHANDIO, SYED SHAHZAD ALI BUKHARI,

MUHAMMAD IRFAN JAT.

Stages of Chrysoperla c

6.

ABDUL AZIZ, RIFFAT SULTANA, SANTOSH KUMAR

Study on the Infestation of various borers in sugarcane from district Dadu

Sindh.

7.

FIDA HUSSAIN MAGSI, ABID ALI SOOMRO, ASLAM BUKERO, IMRAN ALI

KUMBHAR, SYEDA MAIRA JAFFERY. Impact of Natural Diets on the

Development and Morphometrics of

Laboratory Conditions.

8.

BHAI KHAN SOLANGI, MUHAMMAD HAROON HULLIO, SABA AMBREEN

MEMON, GHULAM MURTA

Ovipositional Preference of



XII

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Author Name and Title


New distribution record of the abandoned-web orb-weaver, Parawixia

(Doleschall, 1859) (Araneae:Araneidae) from the wet zone of Sri

NAQASH AKBAR, IMRAN AKBAR, QADIR BUX PIRZADO. Morphometric

Dirhinus giffardii (Silvestri) and Aganaspis daci (Weld) from


DATTA, AVIJIT KUNDU, RUPSANATAN MANDAL, NRIPENDRA LASKAR,

SHYAMAL KHEROAR. Effect of Physical Characteristics and Phenolic

contents on Jassid and Pod Borer of Cowpea.

ZAHID BAIG MIRZA. Abundance of birds and Variations in

chemical Characteristics of Fresh water Reservoir.


MUHAMMAD IRFAN JAT. Comparative Effectiveness of Egg and Larval

Chrysoperla carnea against Sucking Insect Pests of Cotton Crop.

ABDUL AZIZ, RIFFAT SULTANA, SANTOSH KUMAR, IMRAN KHATRI

estation of various borers in sugarcane from district Dadu



Development and Morphometrics of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) under



MEMON, GHULAM MURTAZA BUGHIO, KAMIL KABIR KHANZADA

Ovipositional Preference of Bactrocera zonata on Jujube Varieties under



Page No.


Parawixia

(Doleschall, 1859) (Araneae:Araneidae) from the wet zone of Sri 1-3

Morphometric

(Weld) from 4-7


ANATAN MANDAL, NRIPENDRA LASKAR,

Characteristics and Phenolic 8-13

ZAHID BAIG MIRZA. Abundance of birds and Variations in 14-20


d Larval

against Sucking Insect Pests of Cotton Crop.

21-26

, IMRAN KHATRI.

estation of various borers in sugarcane from district Dadu 27-32



(Stephens) under 33-37


ZA BUGHIO, KAMIL KABIR KHANZADA.

on Jujube Varieties under 38-42

UNIVERSITY OF

Email: [email protected]

Website: http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS

New distribution record of the abandoned

(Doleschall, 1859) (Araneae:

Tharaka WijerathnaDepartment of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka

ARTICLE INFORMATION

Article History: Received: 22nd August, 2017

Accepted: 18th October, 2017

Published online: 16th November, 2017

Authors Contribution

TW and DT conducted the field work. TW and MRW compiled the manuscript. All

the authors read and approved the final

version of the article.

Key words:

Parawixi adehaani,

Sri Lanka, New record, Behavior

Similar Index Report: 04%

1. INTRODUCTION

he orb web spiders are diversified

numerous taxa represented by several families

including Araneidae, Nephilidae, Tetragnathidae and

Uloboridae. Of these, the family Araneidae

the highest diversity, with 169 genera and around 3100

known species worldwide [1]In Sri L

species from 24 genera are recorded from this family

alone with seven of the species being endemic[2].The

population status of as many as 27 of these spiders

including that of the abandoned-web orb

Paravixia dehaani, has not been assessed due to the

paucity of information and are hence

Data Deficient (DD) in the national red list

threatened species (MOE) [2]. Therefore, studies

reporting the distribution of these species are of

paramount importance for purposes of conservation

The abandoned-web orb-weaver, Paravixia

been recorded from India and several other countri

such as Pakistan, Indonesia, New Guinea and Australia

[1, 3, 4]. The only recorded report in Sri Lanka is from

Trincomalee which is in the dry zone

Eastern coast of the island [5]. No

information is available on this species since this record

which was published 116 years ago. There is also no

documentation of its morphology, behavior and habitat

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Copyright 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences

T

UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCESVol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (1-3), November, 2017

[email protected] ISSN(E): 2523

http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS ISSN(P): 252

© Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro

New distribution record of the abandoned-web orb-weaver, Parawixia

(Doleschall, 1859) (Araneae: Araneidae) from the wet zone of Sri Lanka

Wijerathna, Dilini Tharanga, Mayuri R. WijesingheDepartment of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka

ABSTRACT

The orb weavers are a highly diversified group of spiders with Family

Araneidae having the highest number of species. The distribution records of

many of the orb-weaver species in Sri Lanka are scanty,

published information on the descriptions of their morphological features. The

current paper reports a new distribution record of Parawixia

orb weaver spider of this genus recorded in Sri Lanka. The present record of

the spider is from Keeragala and Indikada Mukalana, both located in the South

Western wet zone of the country. The only previous record of this species is

from Trincomalee in the North Eastern coast of Sri Lan

years ago. In this paper we also describe the morphometric characteristics,

habitats and behavior of this spider found in the newly documented locations

he orb web spiders are diversified and consist of

numerous taxa represented by several families

Araneidae, Nephilidae, Tetragnathidae and

Araneidae comprises

e highest diversity, with 169 genera and around 3100

In Sri Lanka, about 47

species from 24 genera are recorded from this family

alone with seven of the species being endemic[2].The

s many as 27 of these spiders

web orb-weaver,

essed due to the

paucity of information and are hence categorized as

Data Deficient (DD) in the national red list of

Therefore, studies

reporting the distribution of these species are of

conservation.

Paravixia dehaanihas

been recorded from India and several other countries

New Guinea and Australia

in Sri Lanka is from

dry zone along the North

[5]. No published

on this species since this record

which was published 116 years ago. There is also no

documentation of its morphology, behavior and habitat

[email protected]


characteristics within the island.

reports the new distribution record

documents its general morphological characteristics,

habitat features and behavior of the specimens found in

the wet zone of Sri Lanka.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Species identification

Specimens suspected to be of the species

dehaaniwere observed in two locations i.e. Indikada

Mukalana, a rainforest reserve, and in a home garden in

Keeragala, both located in the South Western wet zone

of Sri Lanka. Species identification was done using

morphological identification key

and Tikader [6, 7] which are

morphological characters.

2.2 Morphological measurements

Morphological measurements were taken only from the

specimen observed in Keeragala, Sri Lanka

was gently removed from its

vegetation adjacent to the web and the following

measurements were taken using a digital vernier

caliper: total length of the specimen, length and width

of the carapace, length and width of the abdomen.


ISSN(E): 2523-6067

: 2521-8328

Sindh, Jamshoro

Parawixia dehaani

Araneidae) from the wet zone of Sri Lanka

Wijesinghe Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka

The orb weavers are a highly diversified group of spiders with Family

having the highest number of species. The distribution records of

weaver species in Sri Lanka are scanty, and there is little

published information on the descriptions of their morphological features. The

Parawixia dehaani, the only

Sri Lanka. The present record of

Mukalana, both located in the South

Western wet zone of the country. The only previous record of this species is

from Trincomalee in the North Eastern coast of Sri Lanka, documented 117

In this paper we also describe the morphometric characteristics,

the newly documented locations.

racteristics within the island. The current work

records of the species and

documents its general morphological characteristics,

habitat features and behavior of the specimens found in

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Specimens suspected to be of the species Paravixia

were observed in two locations i.e. Indikada

Mukalana, a rainforest reserve, and in a home garden in

Keeragala, both located in the South Western wet zone

Species identification was done using

morphological identification keys given by Pocock [5]

which are based on external

Morphological measurements

Morphological measurements were taken only from the

observed in Keeragala, Sri Lanka. The spider

its resting place in the

the web and the following

measurements were taken using a digital vernier

caliper: total length of the specimen, length and width

of the carapace, length and width of the abdomen.

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

1

T. Wijerathna et al.,

2.3 The behavior

The behavior of the spiders were observed extensively

both in the forest and home garden over several days,

covering both during the day and night.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 New distribution records

Paravixia dehaani was recorded from two new

locations namely, the Indikada Mukalana Reserve,

Colombo District, Sri Lanka (6.8918120 N, 80.166170

E) and Keeragala, Ratnapura District, Sri Lanka

(6.7907450

N, 80.3497060

E). These two locations are

shown in Fig. 1.With respect to distribution, extensive

surveys conducted on orb-weaver spiders in the wet

zone resulted in the discovery of P. dehaani only from

these two locations.

Fig.1 A map of Sri Lanka showing the two new locations

(red dots) and the previously reported location (black dot) of

Parawixia dehaani

One female spider was observed from each location

while no males were seen during the study. The

posterior row of eyes of the observed individuals were

re-curved, while the lateral eyes were sub-equal, thus

confirming that the specimens belong to the sub-family

Araneinae. The abdomen of the specimens was also

longer than wide, but the length was less than twice the

width (Table 1). The cephalic region is not elevated

above the thoracic region, and the abdomen consists of

tubercles (Fig. 2.A). The ocular region is not situated on

any projection and the lateral eyes are situated close to

each other, but do not touch, as seen in Fig. 2.B. The

carapace does not have a U shaped junction between

the cephalic and thoracic regions. The cephalic region

of the carapace bulges behind the ocular area (Fig. 2.B),

and the anterior row of eyes are pro-curved. These

characters confirm that the observed specimens belong

to the genus Parawixia. In both specimens the

cephalothorax and the legs are reddish brown and

the.Abdomen dark brown (Fig. 2.C). These characters

and the general proportions of the specimens as shown

in Table 1 confirm that the specimens are of Parawixia

dehaani. This is the only species reported from the

genus Parawixia recorded in Sri Lanka so far.surface of

the abdomen, B. Dorsal surface of the cephalothorax, C.

Complete specimen showing leg and body colors.

Fig.2s External morphology of Parawixia dehaani

(Doleschall, 1859) from Keeragala, Sri Lanka, A. Dorsal

Table.1. Some morphometric parameters of Parawixia

dehaani recorded during the study.

Measurement

(mm)

Keeragala

(2016)

West Sikkim

(Tikader 1970) Total length 18.20 20.50

Carapace length 6.10 8.80

Carapace width 5.90 7.40

Abdomen length 14.15 13.70

Abdomen width 11.85 12.50

Abdomen length/ Abdomen width

1.194 1.096

3.2 Habitats

Although based on the reported observations P. dehaani

appears to be rare, the locations in which it was

observed shows its use of several habitats. For instance

the first record in 1916 was from a coastal region in the

dry zone (Trincomalee) whilst the two recent records

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

2

Distribution record of Parawixia dehaani

were from wet zone habitats. Also interestingly, the

species was seen to be able to use rainforest habitats as

well as human modified home gardens. The two latter

habitats although in the same region of the country

were very different in terms of vegetation

characteristics.

3.3 Behaviour:

The abandoned-web orb weaver, Parawixia dehaani

lives up to its name, by abandoning the web for most

part of the day. None of the two observed individuals

were found on the web during the day time, but were

found among the vegetation in close proximity to the

web, remaining hidden and well camouflaged on dried

leaves or stems. The spiders remain so until a prey is

caught on the web, when it emerges quickly on to the

web to retrieve the prey. At night, however, the spiders

move on to the web and reside at the hub of the web,

which is likely to be a thermo regulatory adaptation.

Unlike some of the other members in this family, P.

dehaani does not build webs daily nor does it repair the

webs regularly when damaged. Instead the web is used

for a few days unless there is considerable damage, and

then resorts to building a new orb web nearby. It does

not consume the silk of the old web, as is reported for

some other species of this family [8].Parawixia

dehaani, despite their wide distribution in the Asia

Pacific region is one of the least studied spiders.

Considering this scarcity of information, findings of the

current study on its presence and distribution within

thenatural habitat is important to understand the

ecology of the species. The unavailability of

information on the distribution of this species so far has

hampered the assessment of its threatened status within

the island [2]. The rarity of the species in the wet zone,

however, could mean that the spider is rare. Therefore,

our study would provide valuable information to

support future assessments of the conservation status of

the species.

4. CONCLUSIONS

The abandoned-web orb weaver, Parawixia

dehaaniwas recorded from two locations in the South

Western wet zone of Sri Lanka, which differs from the

only previous record of this species in the country

documented over a century ago. The rarity of the

species in the wet zone, however, may indicate its

threatened status within the country.

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank the Department of

Wildlife Conservation and the Forest Department for

granting the required permissions for the study and the

Institute of Biology Sri Lanka for the ethical clearances.

Authors are also grateful to the Department of Zoology

and Environment Sciences of University of Colombo

for financial support.

6. CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest

regarding the publication of this article.

REFRENCES

[1] Natural History Museum Bern (2017, August 1).

World Spider Catalog (version 18.5) [Online]

Available at: http://wsc.nmbe.ch 2017.

[2] MOE 2012. The National Red List 2012 of Sri

Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora.

Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. viii

+ 476pp.

[3] M. M. Khalid, “A Preliminary Checklist of the

Spider Fauna of Sargodha (Punjab), Pakistan,”

Pakistan J. Zool, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1245–

1254,2012.

[4] P. Chetia and D.K. Kalita “Diversity and

distribution of spiders from Gibbon Wildlife

Sanctuary, Assam, India”. Asian J. Conserv. Biol.,

vol. 1, no.1, pp. 5-15, July 2012.

[5] R.I. Pocock, The Fauna of British India, including

Ceylon and Burma. Arachnida:I-XII. London:

Taylor and Francis, 1900.

[6] B.K. Tikader,“Spider fauna of Sikkim”. Rec. Zool.

Surv. India vol. 64, pp. 1-83. 1970

[7] B.K. Tikader, The Fauna of India, Spiders: Araneae

Vol II. Calcutta: Zoological Survey of India, 1982.

[8] R.F. Foelix, Biology of Spiders.2nd

edition. Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 1996.

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

3


Email: [email protected] Website: http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS

Morphometric studies o

Aganaspis d

Naqash Akbar

Department of Entomology, Faculty of Crop Protection

ARTICLE INFORMATION

Article History:

Received: 3rd August, 2017 Accepted: 25th October, 2017 Published online: 16th November, 2017 Author’s contribution

NA conceived and designed the experiment. IA reared the samples analyses the data QBP wrote the manuscript and help in statistical analysis. Key words:

Morphometric, Parasitoid, Larval, Pupal, Environmental Influence.

Similar Index Report :06%

1. INTRODUCTION

orphologically, biological species are enormouslya like in their body structure and functions but

their documentation are not easy and a lot ofof such cryptic or sibling species go hidden quantitative study of the size and shapes of organisms is called morphometrics. The phenomena which involved measurement of body parts like limbs or internal organs and indicates prominent evolutionary picture of these measurement. Now-a-days referred to as morphometric and multivariate statistical techniques (e.g. discriminate function analysis) for organism morphological information record.Standard multivariate methods including linear distances for shape were highly correlated and extra effort was expended for correcting of size [2]. To eradicate these developing method “Geometric Morphometrics Revolution” which permitted the analysis of partsand complete organism shapes [2-4]. morphometric examination, linear distance wascalculated among couple of similar morphological attraction [4, 5].

Corresponding Author: [email protected] 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal

M


Email: [email protected] ISSN(E): 2523http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS ISSN(P): 2521


Morphometric studies of Dirhinus giffardii (Silvestri) a

Aganaspis daci (Weld) from Tandojam

Naqash Akbar, Imran Akbar, Qadir Bux Pirzado

Faculty of Crop Protection Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam

ABSTRACT

Investigations were made for morphometric studies on pupal parasitoid (giffardii) of fruit fly and larval parasitoid Aganaspis daci

males and females of Dirhinus giffardii Silvestri and studied. Further, morphometric analyses of 15 specimens of each species were taken. Following 15 characters were selected iinclude wings, eyes width in cross, antenna length,scutellum, following length hindwing, forleg, mid leg, hindlength, abdomen width, aedeagus and ovipositor length. It was observed that males of D.giffardii are larger than males of A. Daci

bigger than A. Daco. Legs of A. Daciare larger than D. giffardii, ovipositor of A. daci is too long whereas D. giffardiiis much shorter in length the range of the size of laboratory population of the selected parasitoids is known

orphologically, biological species are enormously in their body structure and functions but

their documentation are not easy and a lot of composite of such cryptic or sibling species go hidden [1]. The quantitative study of the size and shapes of organisms is called morphometrics. The phenomena which involved measurement of body parts like limbs or internal organs and indicates prominent evolutionary picture of these

d to as conventional and multivariate statistical techniques

(e.g. discriminate function analysis) for organism Standard multivariate

methods including linear distances for shape were a effort was expended for

. To eradicate these issues by developing method “Geometric Morphometrics

he analysis of partsand Inconventional

morphometric examination, linear distance was couple of similar morphological

[email protected] Copyright 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences

Multivariate analysis is used for the determination of these inter landmark distances. Wing shape difference indicates various additive genes examination of wing shape [6, 7]. It consists of broadly in mutually captive and natural populations [6, 8]line variation is most prominent in wing shape determination [6]. However, morphometric studies are helpful in biological experiments to find out effect of various foods, environment on the shape and size of body, it is very important when insects are reared on artificial diets under captive environment and the morphometric suggests whether the reared species is healthy and can be utilized for the purposes. study has been conducted for the first time on selecspecies, both are natural enemies of fruit flies and these are reared on a large scale under laboratory conditions. Looking at the importance of morphometric present studies attempt is made.


2.1 Study Site

All the experimental material was centered at the fruit fly rearing laboratories of Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tandojam. Some part of the study was also executed in the controlled laboratory condition


ISSN(E): 2523-6067 ISSN(P): 2521-8328


and

Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam

Investigations were made for morphometric studies on pupal parasitoid (D.

Aganaspis daci (Weld, 1951). Both Silvestri and Aganaspis daci were

specimens of each species characters were selected i-e adult total length

antenna length, head width mesoscutum, ng, forleg, mid leg, hind-leg, abdomen

length, abdomen width, aedeagus and ovipositor length. It was observed that A. Daci, Eyes of D. giffardii are

bigger than A. Daco. Legs of A. Daciare larger than D. giffardii, ovipositor of much shorter in length the range of

selected parasitoids is known

used for the determination of landmark distances. Wing shape difference

indicates various additive genes examination of wing . It consists of broadly in mutually captive

]. Among wild population line variation is most prominent in wing shape

However, morphometric studies are helpful in biological experiments to find out effect of various foods, environment on the shape and size of

t is very important when insects are reared on artificial diets under captive environment and the morphometric suggests whether the reared species is healthy and can be utilized for the purposes. Present

been conducted for the first time on selected species, both are natural enemies of fruit flies and these are reared on a large scale under laboratory conditions. Looking at the importance of morphometric present

MATERIALS AND METHODS

All the experimental material was centered at the fruit fly rearing laboratories of Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tandojam. Some part of the study was also executed in the controlled laboratory condition (Temp

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

4

N Akbar et al.,

26±2oC, RH 60-65%) of the Department of Entomology Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam. The fruits fly were collected by visiting the designated orchards in Tandojam at regular intervals. 2.2 Laboratory observations

Investigation was made for sexual dimorphism by comparing male and female sizes to determine if the sexes were dimorphic in size and shape.

2.3 Selection of material

From collected material, 15 specimens were selected each male and female for analysis.

2.4 Body characters

Prominent external body parts were measured including; head, pronotum, thorax, abdomen, legs, antenna, eyes, ovipositor and male genitalia. 2.5 Data analysis

The data is represented through descriptive statistics, through the statistical software SXW 8.0.

3. RESULTS Results are categorized in two division identification of both species i.e. Dirhinus giffardii Silvestri, (1913), Aganaspis daci (Weld, 1951) morphometrics analysis. 3.1 Identification:

Both males and females of Dirhinus giffardii Silvestri, (1913), Aganaspis daci (Weld, 1951) are analyzed for their characters and presented here in plates 1-2. Further, Taxonomic hierarchy and description is given below with each species of male and female.

3.2 Dirhinus giffardii (Silvestri, 1913)

3.2.1 Description

Like other members of genus, Dirhinus giffardii

Silvestri can be recognized by antennae, scape of antennae, moderately broad, incised apex, Inner side somewhat surpassing outer, apex subacute. Head and thorax blackish copper- green in color, abdomen shining black. Wings hyaline brownish veins. Front wings stigmatic vein very short. First and second pairs legscoxae black, the rest brick-red, third pair tarsus brick-red, the rest black. Femora posterior legs as other chalsidids erectly swollen and -dentate beneath for almost whole opposite side tibia. Pronotum covered circular faveolae each short central Mesonotum same sculpture as pronoturn. Propodium lateral submedian angles acute. Abdomen segments chitinized and compressed oval very acute posteriorly. Male's abdomen slightly rounded than females. Average length of whole body is 4.2 mm, of antennae is 1.8 mm, and of front

wings is 2.75 mm seta. Characters selected for Dirhinus

gifferdii: Total 15 characters were selected; adult total length incl. wings, eyes width in cross, antenna length, head width, mesoscutum, scutellum, forewing length, hindwing, foreleg, midleg, hindleg, abdomen length, abdomen width, aedeagus length, ovipositor length.

Table. 1 Morphmetric characteristic of Dirhinus gifferdii ♂

Body Parameters

(mm)

Mean Range

Antenna 6.58 5.91-7.23 Eye in cross section 3.30 2.97-3.63 Head width 5.64 5.07-6.19 Foreleg 8.72 7.84-9.58 Forewing 13.67 12.29-15.02 Hind leg 12.68 11.39-13.93 Hind wing 7.61 6.84-8.36 Mesonotum 4.80 4.31-5.27 Mid leg 10.12 9.09-11.11 Scutellum 4.44 4.00-4.88 Abdomen length 5.05 4.54-5.54 Abdomen width 3.43 3.09-3.77 Aedeagus 5.43 4.88-5.96

Table. 2 Morphmetric characteristic of Dirhinus gifferdii ♀

Body Parameters

(mm)

Mean Range

Antenna 9.92 8.91-10.89 Eye in cross section 4.97 4.46-5.56 Head width 8.12 7.30-8.92 Foreleg 12.88 11.57-14.15 Forewing 19.51 17.53-21.43 Hind leg 18.61 16.72-20.44 Hind wing 11.05 9.93-12.13 Mesonotum 7.43 6.68-8.16 Mid leg 13.89 12.48-15.26 Scutellum 6.66 5.99-7.32 Abdomen length 8.05 7.24-8.84 Abdomen width 5.27 4.73-5.79 Ovipositor 13.90 12.49-15.27

3.3 Aganaspis daci (Weld, 1951)

3.3.1 Description

Its diagnostic characters are: eyes scattered hairs; female antenna moniliform, articles short, markedly longer than; club 8-9 segmented, conspicuous. Article 3 male antenna very long, bent, dilated distally, distinctly longer than 4.Scutellar cup very large, overhanging behind rounded disc. Radial cell this genus is entirely open on anterior margin of forewings, in all described species. Male and female normal body shape, not strongly compressed laterally. Head, in dorsal view, slightly broader than long(4.5:3). Female antenna 9-segmented club; article 3 male longer than 4(8.3:4.8).Forewing discal setae, elongate; rounded at apex; marginal setae short; radial cell deep.Scutellar cup oblongo-ovate, posterior margin of scutellum

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

5

Morphometric studies of

perpendicular relation to cup. For morphometric analysis of both species fifteen specimens of each species males and females diagnosed and the results are presented here in graphs. Characters selected for Aganaspisdaci: Total 15 characters were selected; adult total length incl. wings, eyes width in cross, antenna length, head width, pronotum, mesonotum, scutellum, forewing length, hindwing length, foreleg, midleg, hindleg, abdomen length, abdomen width laterally, ovipositor length.

Table. 3 Morphmetric characteristic of Aganaspis daci

Body Parameters

(mm)

Mean

Antenna 10.36 Eyes width 2.476 Head width 3.83 Foreleg 12.55 Forewing 16.45 Hind leg 23.78 Hind wing 12.13 Mesonotum 5.290 Mid leg 14.41 Pronotum 1.50 Scutellum 2.10 Abdomen length 8.88 Abdomen width 6.13

Table. 4 Morphmetric characteristic of Aganaspis daci

Body Parameters

(mm)

Mean

Antenna 13.63 Eyes width 3.68 Head width 5.32 Foreleg 17.23 Forewing 23.14 Hind leg 27.35 Hind wing 16.57 Mesonotum 7.27 Mid leg 18.13 Pronotum 2.03 Scutellum 2.84 Abdomen length 12.14 Abdomen width 8.35 Ovipositor 24.34

Morphometric studies of Dirhinus and Aganaspis spp.

For morphometric analysis of both species fifteen specimens of each species males and females diagnosed and the results are

Characters selected for : Total 15 characters were selected; adult

eyes width in cross, antenna length, head width, pronotum, mesonotum, scutellum, forewing length, hindwing length, foreleg, midleg, hindleg, abdomen length, abdomen width laterally,

Aganaspis daci ♂

Range

9.31-11.37 2.47-3.01 3.45-4.21 11.28-13.78 14.78-18.06 21.37-26.11 10.90-13.32 4.750-5.810 12.95-15.83 1.35-1.65 1.89-2.31 7.98-9.76 5.51-6.73

Aganaspis daci ♀

Range

12.25-14.97 3.31-4.05 4.78-5.84 15.48-18.92 24.57-25.41 24.57-30.03 14.89-18.19 6.53-7.99 16.29-19.91 1.83-2.23 2.56-3.12 10.91-13.33 7.51-9.17 21.87-26.73

Fig 1 a-h Dirhinus gifferdii (a) male Adult dorsal view (b)male adult ventral view (c) male adult aedeagus dorsal view (e) female adult dorsal view (f) female adult ventral view (g) female adult lateral view (h) female genital complex. i-kAganaspisdaci

lateral views (j,k) female genital complex

Fig 2 Total length include: wings of adults of giffardii & Aganaspisdaci (Male and Female)

Fig 3. Measurement (X ± S.E) of thorax (mm) of gifferdii&Aganaspis daci (♂♀)

(a) male Adult dorsal view

(b)male adult ventral view (c) male adult lateral view (d) aedeagus dorsal view (e) female adult dorsal view (f) female adult ventral view (g) female adult lateral view (h) female

Aganaspisdaci(i) male and femal adult lateral views (j,k) female genital complex.

Total length include: wings of adults of Dirhinus

(Male and Female)

Measurement (X ± S.E) of thorax (mm) of Dirhinus

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

6

Fig 4. Measurement (X ± S.E) head (mm) of gifferdii & Aganaspis daci (♂♀)

4. DISCUSSION When separate biological species are extremely similar in morphology, document their existence often difficult and many complexes of such cryptic or sibling species go undetected, languishing under single nominal species names. Observation behavioral or ecological polymorphisms, however, may hint at such sibling and have proven especially informative systematic studies of herbivorous insect taxa. Main cause of metric differences related to physiology is obviously differential growth, when this growth heterogeneity is of environmental origin. Depending on more or less favorable environmental conditions, and on aging, individuals may be more or less developed. For conspecific individuals, traditional morphometrics proposes set of statistical methods to remove this effect of age or growth from their metric variation. Scaling for size is interesting when one wants to remove the effects of physiological differences and concentrate on other causes of intra-specific variation. The differences may be due to adaptive causes, pathological causes, genetic causes. No previous work on D. giffardii

reported on morphometrics, our results indicates that males of D. giffardii are larger than males of males of daci are slightly bigger than that ofEyes of giffardii are bigger than daci. Legs of larger than giffardii, ovipositor of daci as giffardii is much shorter in length.

5. CONFLICT of INTEREST The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.

N Akbar et al.,

Measurement (X ± S.E) head (mm) of Dirhinus

When separate biological species are extremely similar in morphology, document their existence often difficult and many complexes of such cryptic or sibling species

undetected, languishing under single nominal species Observation behavioral or ecological

polymorphisms, however, may hint at such sibling and have proven especially informative systematic studies of herbivorous insect taxa. Main cause of metric differences related to physiology is obviously differential growth, when this growth heterogeneity is of environmental origin. Depending on more or less favorable environmental conditions, and on aging, individuals may be more or less developed. For con-

ecific individuals, traditional morphometrics proposes methods to remove this effect of age or

growth from their metric variation. Scaling for size is interesting when one wants to remove the effects of

entrate on other specific variation. The differences may

be due to adaptive causes, pathological causes, genetic giffardii and As daci is

reported on morphometrics, our results indicates that are larger than males of A. daci, the

are slightly bigger than that of giffardii. . Legs of daci are is too long where

CONFLICT of INTEREST

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.

REFRENCES

[1] E., Mayr, Systematics and the origin of species, from the viewpoint of a zoologist. Harvard University Press. 1942.

[2]D.C., Adams F.J. Rohlf, and D.E. Slice,

morphometrics: ten years of progress following the

‘revolution’. Italian Journal of Zoology, 71(1): p. 516. 2004

[3]F.J. Rohlf and L.F. Marcus,

morphometrics. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 8(4): p. 129-132. 1993.

[4]L.F. Marcus,Traditional morphometrics. in

Proceedings of the Michigan morphometrics workshop. Special Publication. 1990

[5]R.A.. Reyment R.E. Blackith, and N.A. Campbell,

Multivariate morphometrics

1984. [6]K.. Weber, How small are the smallest selectable

domains of form? Genetics,. 130(2): p. 3451992

[7]E. A. Zimmerman,Palsson, and G. Gibson,

Quantitative trait loci affecting components of wingshape in Drosophila melanogaster.

p. 671-683. 2000. [8] M. D. J. Santos Borash, A. Joshi, N. Bounlutay, and

L. D. Mueller. . Density-dependent natural selection in Drosophila: Evolution of growth size. Evolution 51:420–432. 1997.

Systematics and the origin of species, from the viewpoint of a zoologist. Harvard University

D.C., Adams F.J. Rohlf, and D.E. Slice, Geometric

morphometrics: ten years of progress following the

Italian Journal of Zoology, 71(1): p. 5-

[3]F.J. Rohlf and L.F. Marcus, A revolution

Trends in Ecology & Evolution,

L.F. Marcus,Traditional morphometrics. in Proceedings of the Michigan morphometrics workshop. Special Publication. 1990

R.E. Blackith, and N.A. Campbell, Multivariate morphometrics. Vol. 233. Elsevier.

K.. Weber, How small are the smallest selectable domains of form? Genetics,. 130(2): p. 345-353.

E. A. Zimmerman,Palsson, and G. Gibson, trait loci affecting components of wing

Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics, 155(2):

M. D. J. Santos Borash, A. Joshi, N. Bounlutay, and dependent natural selection

: Evolution of growth rate and body 432. 1997.

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

7




Effect of Physical Characteristics and Phenolic contents o

Sumit K. Satpathi1, Suprakash Pal

Rupsanatan Mandal

Department of Agricultural Entomology

Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal

ARTICLE INFORMATION Article History:

Received: 27th August, 2017

Accepted: 28th October 2017 Published online: 16th November, 2017

Author’s contribution:

SP conceived the project and supervised the study. SKS and BG conducted field

observations and laboratory studies. SD

made the genotypes available and conducted the biochemical analysis. AK

helped in statistical analysis and

interpretation of data with SK. SP wrote the article with the help of RM and NL.

Key words:

Cowpea genotypes,

Empoascakerri, Marucavitrata,

Physical characteristics,

Phenolic contents.

Similar Index Report : 08%

1. INTRODUCTION

owpea, Vigna unguiculata, (L.) (Walp.) is one of the

most important legume crops cultivated by many

resource-poor farmers in many countries of tropical

Africa, Asia and South America [1]. It can be used as a

green bean (snake bean), a pulse (black-

fodder, forage and cover crop. Degri et al.

cowpea is nutritionally consisted of protein (23%), fats

(1.3%), fibre (1.8%), carbohydrate (67%) and water (8

9%). The protein in cowpea seed is rich in the amino

acids such as lysine and tryptophan compared

legumes; hence, cowpea seed is valued as a nutritional



C


Email: [email protected] ISSN(E): 2523



of Physical Characteristics and Phenolic contents on Jassid and Pod

Borer of Cowpea

, Suprakash Pal2, Biwash Gurung

1, Suchand Datta

2, Avijit Kundu

Mandal2, Nripendra Laskar

1 and Shyamal Kheroar

Department of Agricultural Entomology1, Directorate of Research

2

Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal-736165

ABSTRACT Host-plant resistance to insect pest damage is the most economically and

environmentally sound method of pest management in cowpea. The present study

was taken up with seventeen cowpea genotypes to investigate the influence of

physical characteristics and phenolic contents conferring pest resistance.

Different biophysical parameters, viz. vine length, number of pods/plant, pod

length, individual pod weight, yield/plant, days to flowering, days to fir

and the biochemical parameter like total phenol content of green leaves were

studied in relation to the expression of reaction towards jassid (

Pruthi) and spotted pod borer (Maruca vitrata Fab.). Pest infestation varied

significantly amongst different cowpea genotypes. The

was the minimum in Lafa Sohini 7 (0.54 jassid/leaf) as against the maximum in

the variety Kashi Kanchan (3.00 jassid/leaf). Two varieties namely Pusa Fulguni

Gold and UV-5 (0.00 larva/plant) were found completely free from spotted pod

borer infestation as against the maximum infestation in the variety Ankur Gomoti

(1.19 larva/plant) flowed by Bidhan Barboti 1 (1.18 larva/plant). The cowpea

genotypes varied significantly in different biophy

phenolic contents. Correlation studies of these parameters

borer infestation revealed that the number of pods per plant was found to be

positively and significantly correlated (r = 0.495) with the jassid popula

well as pod borer per plant (r = 0.486). The pod borer infestation was found to

register significant negative correlation with the days to flowering (r

and days to first harvest (r = -0.553). The jassid as well as the pod borer

infestation was found to have negative association with the phenol content (mg/g

of fresh leaf) but the association was not statistically significant.

, (L.) (Walp.) is one of the

most important legume crops cultivated by many

poor farmers in many countries of tropical

. It can be used as a

-eye peas) or as a

et al.[2] reported that

cowpea is nutritionally consisted of protein (23%), fats

(1.3%), fibre (1.8%), carbohydrate (67%) and water (8-

9%). The protein in cowpea seed is rich in the amino

acids such as lysine and tryptophan compared to other

legumes; hence, cowpea seed is valued as a nutritional


supplement to cereals as well

pests are one of the major biotic stresses in cowpea

growing regions in both developing and developed

countries [3]. The avoidable losses in yield have been

recorded in the range of 66 to 100 per cent in cowpea

Synthetic insecticides are the widely followed means of

controlling the pest complex of cowpea.

health risks and environmental pollution potentially

caused by the unscrupulous use of pesticides, demand for

skilled application which rarely be

limited farmers. Therefore, it is important to lay emphasis

on an integrated comprehensive approach to combat this

pest menace. Host-plant resistance to insect pest damage

is the most economically and environmentally sound


ISSN(E): 2523-6067

ISSN(P): 2521-8328


Jassid and Pod

, Avijit Kundu2,

and Shyamal Kheroar2

736165

plant resistance to insect pest damage is the most economically and

environmentally sound method of pest management in cowpea. The present study

investigate the influence of

conferring pest resistance.

Different biophysical parameters, viz. vine length, number of pods/plant, pod

length, individual pod weight, yield/plant, days to flowering, days to first harvest

and the biochemical parameter like total phenol content of green leaves were

studied in relation to the expression of reaction towards jassid (Empoasca kerri

Fab.). Pest infestation varied

ntly amongst different cowpea genotypes. The mean jassid infestation

was the minimum in Lafa Sohini 7 (0.54 jassid/leaf) as against the maximum in

the variety Kashi Kanchan (3.00 jassid/leaf). Two varieties namely Pusa Fulguni

completely free from spotted pod

borer infestation as against the maximum infestation in the variety Ankur Gomoti

(1.19 larva/plant) flowed by Bidhan Barboti 1 (1.18 larva/plant). The cowpea

genotypes varied significantly in different biophysical characteristics and

these parameters with jassid and pod

number of pods per plant was found to be

= 0.495) with the jassid population as

= 0.486). The pod borer infestation was found to

register significant negative correlation with the days to flowering (r = -0.556)

0.553). The jassid as well as the pod borer

n was found to have negative association with the phenol content (mg/g

of fresh leaf) but the association was not statistically significant.

as a protein source. Insect

pests are one of the major biotic stresses in cowpea

growing regions in both developing and developed

. The avoidable losses in yield have been

recorded in the range of 66 to 100 per cent in cowpea [4].

Synthetic insecticides are the widely followed means of

controlling the pest complex of cowpea. However, the

health risks and environmental pollution potentially

caused by the unscrupulous use of pesticides, demand for

skilled application which rarely be expected by resource-

limited farmers. Therefore, it is important to lay emphasis

on an integrated comprehensive approach to combat this

plant resistance to insect pest damage

is the most economically and environmentally sound

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

8

S. K. Satpathi et al.,

method of pest management for both large scale and

subsistence cowpea production. This approach is less

labor intensive and more secure compared to other

methods, thus very appropriate for resource-limited

farmers. Due to these merits, developing varieties with

sustainable resistance to these insect pests and other biotic

stresses is a major goal of national and international

cowpea breeding programs. Different biophysical as well

as biochemical parameters of the plants play a vital role

by influencing the infestation of various insect pests.

Number and length of trichomes, pod wall thickness,

angle between the pods and pod width played a vital role

in conferring tolerance to mungbean cultivars against pod

borer, Maruca vitrata [5]. Jackai [6] studied the influence

of different plant characters on the field infestation of pod

borer and found that early maturity, small size of flower

and greater flower bud formation could be the reasons for

lower infestation of pod borer. On the otherhand, Jayappa

[7] found none of the plant characters like plant type,

flower colour, pod colour, pod position, pod shape and

days taken to pod maturity to be accountable for

imparting resistance reaction to pod borer. Amongst the

biochemical parameters, total phenol content was found to

have significant negative correlation with jassid incidence

[8]. Hence, the present study was undertaken with

different available genotypes of cowpea to understand the

role of different plant characters and phenol content in

imparting tolerance reaction against jassid and pod borer.


2.1 Site and season of experiment

The field experiment was carried out during the summer

season of 2015 with seventeen cowpea genotypes at the

farm of Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya (North

Bengal Agriculture University), Pundibari, Cooch Behar

(89023'53" E longitude and 26

019'86" N latitude, situated

in sub-Himalayan West Bengal in the north-eastern part

of India) in sub-tropical prehumid type of climate with

high annual rainfall (higher than 3000 mm), high relative

humidity (avg. max. & min. of 95 & 65%, respectively)

and moderate temp. (avg. max. & min. of 31 and 110C,

respectively).

2.2 Experimental details

The experiment was laid out in randomized block design

(RBD) with two replications. The genotypes were sown in

plots of 2.5 m x 2.0 m with a spacing of 45 cm x 20 cm.

The crop was raised under normal recommended

agronomical practices. The crop was kept free from

insecticides to allow natural multiplication of pest

population.

2.3 Study of plant characters

Seven plant parameters, viz. vine length (cm), number of

pods/plant, pod length (cm), individual pod weight (g),

yield/plant (g), days to flowering (days) and days to first

harvest (days) were recorded for studying their role in

imparting resistance reaction against major insect pests.

For this purpose, ten plants per replication were tagged.

The data on vine length was recorded when the plants

were full grown at 60 days after sowing (DAS). Total

number of pods per plant and yield per plant were

recorded throughout the life period of crop till maturity

from the tagged plants. Days required for flowering and to

first harvest were also recorded for each tagged plant. For

studying the pod length and pod weight twenty pods per

replication were randomly selected.

2.4 Biochemical analysis

The total phenol content of the green leaves was

measured for studying the role of the biochemical

parameter in expression of resistance reaction amongst

the genotypes. The total phenol content of leaf was

estimated using Folin–Ciocalteau reagent (FC reagent) by

following method of Malick and Singh [9]. Fresh healthy

leaves from tagged plants were collected for each

genotype and analyzed for total phenol in leaf. Total

phenol was determined in catechol equivalent after

comparing with the standard curve prepared from distilled

catechol. Total phenol was expressed as mg/g fresh wt. of

tissue.

2.5 Analysis of data

Observations on pest infestation were recorded weekly

from ten randomly selected plants from each replication.

The jassid population was counted from three trifoliate

leaves selected at random from three different strata on

each plant. Each selected plant was thoroughly examined

for the presence of spotted pod borer larvae and the total

number of caterpillars encountered in each plant was

counted. The data on pest infestation was subjected to

square root transformation and then analyzed using

GenStat Version H.1.0.1504 (VSN International Ltd.,

Oxford, UK) and OPSTAT statistical package. The

weekly pest infestation on different genotypes was pooled

over the entire crop life stages to get a mean value of

infestation for each pest. The relationship between pest

infestation and various plant characters of cowpea was

assessed through correlation studies.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Jassid infestation on different cowpea varieties

The jassid infestation varied significantly amongst

different cowpea varieties at the time of incidence period

of this pest. The jassid population varied significantly on

all dates of observation except in the 22nd

standard week.

The seasons’ mean jassid infestation was the minimum in

Lafa Sohini 7 (0.54 jassid/leaf) as against the maximum in

the variety Kashi Kanchan (3.00 jassid/leaf) (Fig. 1).

3.2 Spotted pod borer infestation on different cowpea

varieties

The spotted pod borer infestation also differed

significantly amongst different cowpea varieties. Two

varieties namely Pusa Fulguni Gold and UV-5 (0.00

larva/plant) were completely free from spotted pod borer

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

9

Effect of Physical Characteristics and Phenolic Contents on Cowpea Pests

infestation as against the maximum infestation in the

variety Ankur Gomoti (1.19 larva/plant) flowed by

Bidhan Barbati 1 (1.18 larva/plant) based on the mean of

infestation level (Fig. 2). The varieties Pusa Fulguni Gold

and UV-5 escaped the spotted pod borer infestation

probably due to late flowering nature.

Fig 1. Jassid infestation on different cowpea varieties

Fig 2. Spotted pod borer infestation on different cowpea varieties

Several screening methods to identify genotypes with

resistance to major cowpea insect pests have been

developed [10]. A good number of screening programs

have been undertaken by a number of workers all over the

world like [11], [12], [13], [14] etc. However, despite of

the evaluation of many cowpeas accessions, plants with

high levels of resistance to most of the major insect pests

1.58

2.6

0.54

3

1.61

1.39

1.3

2.57

1.45

2.8

2.06

1.96

1.16

1.66

1.52

1.26

0.84

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Triguna Kanak Lafa Sohini 7 Kashikanchan Girija Deshi Lafa Barbati

Kegarnataki

Lafa Improved

Rupasi

IR-8 Bidhan Barbati

1

Bali-265 Ankur Gomoti Kaberee Pusa Fulguni

Gold

Pusa Komol Kailash Lafa Charulata Uv-5

Nu

mb

er o

f ja

ssid

/ l

ea

f

Varieties of Cowpea

Jassid infestation on different cowpea varieties

0.79

0.88

0.65

0.78 0.79

0.59

0.21

0.58

1.18

0.83

1.19

0.63

0

0.68

0.31

0.42

0

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Triguna Kanak Lafa Sohini 7 Kashikanchan Girija Deshi Lafa Barbati

Kegarnataki

Lafa Improved

Rupasi

IR-8 Bidhan Barbati

1

Bali-265 Ankur Gomoti Kaberee Pusa Fulguni

Gold

Pusa Komol Kailash Lafa Charulata Uv-5

Nu

mb

er o

f la

rva

e / p

lan

t

Varieties of Cowpea

Spotted pod borer infestation on different cowpea varieties

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

10


have not yet been released to farmers. Nevertheless

though, Singh [15] reported the identification of

accessions with a satisfying level of resistance to aphids

and moderate level of resistance to flower thrips, pod

bugs and pod borer. In the present study the varieties Pusa

Fulguni Gold and Uv-5 completely escaped the spotted

pod borer infestation. But that is probably due to the

ecological resistance/pseudo-resistance. Ecological

resistance is resistance related to favorable environmental

conditions at a given location at a particular time. Here

the resistance is mainly due to host evasion where the

susceptible stage of the host did not coincide with the

period of higher pest population. Pusa Fulguni Gold and

Uv-5 also showed moderate level of resistance to jassid

infestation (Fig. 1). In addition to these two varieties Lafa

Sohini-7 also exhibited considerable level of resistance to

jassid infestation. So these varieties can be exploited for

future breeding purpose. The varieties namely Lafa

Improved Rupasi and Kailash look promising for future

exploitation as it manifested significant level of tolerance

to spotted pod borer infestation (Fig. 2). Kumar et al. [16]

while conducting an experimental trial with 15 cowpea

genotypes, also found some genotypes (viz., KCP-6, Pusa

Komal and RGC-5) to be infested less by pod borer as

against more infestation in the genotypes KCP-1, RGC-2

and RGC-4.

3.3 Morphological and biochemical characters of

cowpea varieties

The various morphological and biochemical characters of

cowpea varieties have been studied which make it explicit

that the varieties of cowpea varied significantly in the

various morphological and biochemical characters. The

vine length varied from 32.64 cm in the variety Uv-5 to

96.65 cm in the variety Girija Deshi Lafa. Number of

pods per plant ranged from 11.17 (Uv-5) to 31.07

(Triguna). The variety Girija Deshi Lafa produced the

longest pods (45.40 cm) as against the shortest in the

variety Pusa Fulguni Gold (20.65 cm). Similarly, the

yield/plant was recorded the highest for the variety Kashi

Kanchan (274.00 g). The variety Kaberee (37.13 days)

was the earliest to flower as against the latest in the

variety Pusa Fulguni Gold (53.67 days). Similarly, the

variety Kaberee (45.17 days) took the minimum days to

first harvest whereas, the variety Pusa Fulguni Gold

(61.67 days) took the maximum. The phenol content

varied from Ankur Gomoti (0.105 mg/g of leaf) to Pusa

Komal (0.387mg/g of leaf). Earlier reports also confirms

that significant differences existed among the varieties

tested in all the growth characters measured [17].

3.4 Correlation of morphological and biochemical

characters of cowpea with jassid and spotted pod borer

infestation

The perusal of the Table 1 reveals that the number of pods

per plant was found to be positively and significantly

correlated with the jassid population (r= 0.495) as well as

pod borer per plant (r= 0.486). The pod borer infestation

was found to register significant negative correlation with

the days to flowering (r= -0.556) and days to first harvest

noticed (r= -0.553). The jassid as well as the pod borer

infestation were found to have negative association with

the phenol content (mg/g of fresh leaf) but the association

was not statistically significant.

Table 1. Correlation of morphological and biochemical characters of cowpea with jassid and spotted pod borer infestation

Pests Morphological Characters Biochemical character

VL NP PL PW PY DF DH Phenol content

Jassid -0.166 0.495* -0.254 -0.147 0.338 -0.350 -0.300 -0.145

Pod borer -0.006 0.486* -0.022 0.026 0.357 -0.556* -0.553* -0.056

* Significant at 5% level(r = ± 0.482)

** Significant at 1% level(r = ± 0.606)

VL-vine length; NP- number of pod/plant; PL-individual pod length; PW-individual pod weight; PY- yield /plant; DF- days to flowering; DH- days to 1st harvest

The vine length, individual pod length, individual pod

weight and individual plant yield failed to show any

significant association with both the jassid and spotted

pod borer infestation (Table 1). Earlier, Anusha [17] also

failed to observe any significant association between the

morphological characters of cowpea genotypes with

flower and pod damage by pod borer. In the present study,

the pod borer infestation was found to register significant

negative correlation with the days to flowering (r= -0.556)

and days to first harvest noticed (r= -0.553). Anusha [18]

found significant positive correlation between pod borer

infestation and days taken for 50 per cent flowering and

maturity, which is in contradiction with the current

findings. The jassid as well as the pod borer infestation

were found to have negative association with the phenol

content (mg/g of fresh leaf) but the association was not

statistically significant. Earlier, Singh and Singh [19]

observed that the pod borer infestation recorded strong

negative association with the phenol content in flowers

and immature pods.

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

11

Effect of Physical Characteristics and Phenolic Contents on Cowpea Pests

4. CONCLUSION

The cowpea varieties showed differential reactions to

jassid as well as spotted pod borer infestation under field

conditions. The biophysical and biochemical properties of

the cowpea varieties studied exhibited limited influence

on the expression of resistance reaction to major pests.

5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are grateful to Uttar Banga Krishi

Viswavidyalaya and the Director of Research, the In-

charge (RRSTZ) and the Head, Department of

Agricultural Entomology, UBKV, Pundibari, Cooch

Behar for providing necessary facilities for carrying out

this research work.



regarding the publication of the article.

REFERENCES

[1] M. S. Kabululu, “Cowpea, (Vigna unguiculata) variety

mixtures for stable and optimal leaf and seed yield

when intercropped with maize in Central Tanzania,”

M.Sc. Thesis, p. 75, 2008.

[2] M. M. Degri, Y. T. Maina, and B. I. Richard, “Effect

of plant extracts on post flowering insect pests and

grain yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) (L.) Walp.)

in Maiduguri, semi-arid zone of Nigeria,” Journal of

Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, vol. 2, no. 3, pp.

46-56,2012.

[3] R. A.Dauost, D.Robarts, and B. P.Neves Das,

“Distribution, biology and control of cowpea pests in

Latin America. In: Singh, S., Richie, K. (Eds.).

Cowpea Research, Production and Utilization,” John

Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, NY, pp. 249-

264,1985.

[4] S.N. Pandey, R. Singh, V.K. Sharma, and P.W.

Kanwat, “Losses due to insect pests in some kharif

pulses,” Indian Journal of Entomology, vol. 53, no. 4,

pp. 629-631,1991.

[5] H. Jayadeep, S. Srinivasan, and T. Muralikrishna,

“Role of various biophysical factors on distribution

and abundance of spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata

(Geyer) on mungbean,” Annals of Plant Protection

Sciences, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 49-51, 2006.

[6] L.E.N. Jackai, “Relationship between cowpea crop

phenology and field infestation by the legume pod

borer, Maruca testulalis,” Annals of the

Entomological Society of America, vol. 74, pp. 402-

408, 1981.

[7] B.G. Jayappa, “Screening of cowpea germplasms for

resistance to pod borers and aphids,” M.Sc. (Agri)

Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences,

Bangalore, Karnataka (India), 1984.

[8] Jaydeep Halder, S.K. Sanwal, Dibyendu, Deb, A.B.

Rai, and B. Singh, “Mechanisms of physical and

biochemical basis of resistance against leaf-hopper

(Amrasca biguttula biguttula) in different okra

(Abelmoschus esculentus) genotypes,” Indian Journal

of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 86, no.4, pp. 481-4,

2016.

[9] C.P. Malick, and M.B. Singh, “Plant Enzymology and

Histoenzymology,” Kalyani Publication, pp.

286,1980.

[10] J. D. Ehlers, and A. E. Hall, “Cowpea (Vigna

unguiculata L Walp),” Field Crops Research, vol.

53, no. 1-3, pp. 187-204,1997.

[11] S. R. Babura, and Y. Mustapha,“Screening for

development of host plant resistance to infestation

by aphid (Aphis craccivora koch) in cowpea (Vigna

unguiculata [l] walp),”Bayero Journal of Pure and

Applied Sciences, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 44 – 47,2012.

[12] P. K. Baidoo, and M. B. Mochiah,“Varietal

Susceptibility of Improved Cowpea Vigna

unguiculata (L.) (Walp.) Cultivars to Field and

Storage Pests,” Sustainable Agriculture Research,

vol. 3, no.3, pp. 69-76., 2014.

[13] O. M. Agbogidi, and E.O. Egho,“The Authors.

Journal Compilation © 2012” European Center of

Sustainable Development. Published by ECSDEV,

Via dei Fiori, 34, 00172, Rome, Italy, 2012.

[14] B. Tanzubil Paul, M. Zakariah, and A. Alem,

“Integrating host plant resistance and chemical

control in the management of Cowpea

pests,”Australian Journal of Crop Science, vol. 2,

pp. 115-120,2008.

[15] B. B. Singh, “Cowpea [Vigna ungiculata (L.)

Walp.]. In: R. J. J. P. Singh, (ed.). Genetic resources

Chromosome engineering and crop

Improvement,”pp. 117–162, 2005.

[16] Arvind Kumar, Akhilesh, Kumar, S. Satpathy, Shiv

Singh, and Hira Lal Mangal, “Legume pod borer

(Maruca testulalis Geyer) and their relative yield

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

12


losses in cowpea cultivars,”Progressive

Horticulture, vol. 45,vol. 229-232,2013.

[17] O.M. Agbogidi, and E.O. Egho, “ Evaluation of eight

varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) in

Asaba agro-ecological environment, Delta State,

Nigeria,” European Journal of Sustainable

Development, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 303-314.

[18] Ch. Anusha, “Varietal screening, loss estimation and

Management of cowpea pests,” Ph.D. Thesis, 2013.

[19] Chanchal Singh, and N. N. Singh, “Evaluation of

responses of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walpers)

genotypes to infestation of legume pod borer

(Maruca vitrata Fabricius),” Journal of Food

Legumes, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 334-339, 2014.

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

13

UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF



Abundance of Birds and

Iman Meer

1Sr. Environmental Scientist, NESPAK Lahore, Pakista

2Department of Environmental Sciences, Kinnaird College for Women Lahore

ARTICLE INFORMATION

Article History: Received 26thAugust, 2017

Accepted: 30th October

Published online: 16thNovember, 2017

Author’s contribution:

IM planned and contacted study.ZBM critically reviewed, analysis and

interpreted results.

Key words:

Water quality,Nitrates,

Nitrites,Phosphates, Electrical Conductivity,

Total Dissolved Solids,

PH,Organic decomposition

1. INTRODUCTION

his study gives the monthly variations in physico

chemical characteristics of water at 3 sites in the

left marginal reservoir of Chashma Barrage. The

study period included the months of April, June and

July 2015. It relates riparian flora with variations in

water quality at the 3 sites. The study also relates the

role of birds found in the reservoir in increasing the

fertility of water for the growth of flora at the bottom

of the stagnant water. The water level of the reservoir

in various times fluctuates due to closure and opening

of the Chashma Barrage gates. However these

fluctuations are not regular. This depends on the flow

of river Indus from upstream. The parameters which

are discussed in this study include pH, Temperature,

Specific conductivity and Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

which were tested by Hydrolab.The parameters of

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical

Conductivity (EC), Carbon dioxide, Nitrates, Nitrites,

Phosphates, and Turbiditywere analyzed in Kinnaird

College Environmental laboratory. For the s

Corresponding Author:[email protected]


T





of Birds and Variations in Physico-Chemical Characteristics

Freshwater Reservoir

Iman Meer 1 and Zahid Baig Mirza

2

Sr. Environmental Scientist, NESPAK Lahore, Pakistan

Department of Environmental Sciences, Kinnaird College for Women Lahore, Pakista

ABSTRACT The study illustrates physical and chemical characteristics of water in

Chashma Barrage reservoir. Water sampled from 3 different locations in

the reservoir during April, June and July 2015 was tested in situ and

brought in laboratory for ionic estimation. The study findings showed that

the reservoir water has warm water Temperature between 21

to high pH i.e., 4.9 – 10, Dissolved Oxygen between 4.4

Total Dissolved Solids between 18 - 405 ppm, Electrical Conductivity

between 21 – 396 µS, Turbidity ranging from 0 – 1000 FTU with varying

Carbon dioxide concentrations in range of 1.76 – 35.8 ppm, Specific

Conductance between 0 – 2.82 ms/cm, Nitrates between 0.001

ppm, Nitrites between 0.001 – 5.219 ppm and Phosphates between 0.001

– 11.99 ppm. The highest concentrations of nitrates and phosphates in

stagnant water of sites 3 and 1 depict productive water chemistry

collection, identification and laboratory population count

flora and fauna revealed their increased production in wetland ecosystem

study gives the monthly variations in physico-

chemical characteristics of water at 3 sites in the

left marginal reservoir of Chashma Barrage. The

study period included the months of April, June and

July 2015. It relates riparian flora with variations in

ater quality at the 3 sites. The study also relates the

role of birds found in the reservoir in increasing the

fertility of water for the growth of flora at the bottom

of the stagnant water. The water level of the reservoir

to closure and opening

of the Chashma Barrage gates. However these

fluctuations are not regular. This depends on the flow

of river Indus from upstream. The parameters which

are discussed in this study include pH, Temperature,

olved Oxygen (DO)

which were tested by Hydrolab.The parameters of

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical

Conductivity (EC), Carbon dioxide, Nitrates, Nitrites,

Phosphates, and Turbiditywere analyzed in Kinnaird

College Environmental laboratory. For the study,


term “Bella” has been used which is eroded path of

the river, prior to the times of water harvesting by

way of canal head works and dams. Vegetation

grown here is called “Bella”. It grows on dry land of

old river bed. It is usually very thick because of th

fertility of the soil.The freshwater reservoir lies

upstream of Chashma Barrage on Mianwali

Kundian - Dera Ismail Khan Road, 25 km Southwest

of Mianwali, within the province of Punjab. The

Chashma Barrage lies 57 km downstream of Jinnah

Barrage. The barrage is used for flood control,

irrigation and power production. Its reservoir lies at

32°26'12.50"N Latitude and 71°27'51.20"E

Longitude [1,2]. The reservoir normally has

level up to 642 ft with an areaof 139 m

reviews the water quality of Chashma reservoir in

perspective of the aquatic resources surviving within

its ecosystem. It undertakes monthly

physico-chemical characteristics during a three

months study performed in 2015.Field visits at the

reservoir reveal moderately warm weather conditions

in April, but hot atmospheric temperature in June and

July reaching 38⁰C and 34⁰C respe

temperature in reservoir is maximum in June,

followed by July and April. In July due to turmoil in

the reservoir from flood water, its temperature is

ANIMAL SCIENCES

ISSN(E): 2523-6067

ISSN(P): 2521-8328


Characteristics of

Pakistan

The study illustrates physical and chemical characteristics of water in

Barrage reservoir. Water sampled from 3 different locations in

the reservoir during April, June and July 2015 was tested in situ and

brought in laboratory for ionic estimation. The study findings showed that

etween 21 – 380C, low

10, Dissolved Oxygen between 4.4 - 10.54 ppm,

405 ppm, Electrical Conductivity

1000 FTU with varying

35.8 ppm, Specific

ms/cm, Nitrates between 0.001 – 3.32

5.219 ppm and Phosphates between 0.001

11.99 ppm. The highest concentrations of nitrates and phosphates in

pict productive water chemistry. Sample

population count of the aquatic

in wetland ecosystem.

term “Bella” has been used which is eroded path of

the river, prior to the times of water harvesting by

way of canal head works and dams. Vegetation

grown here is called “Bella”. It grows on dry land of

old river bed. It is usually very thick because of the

fertility of the soil.The freshwater reservoir lies

upstream of Chashma Barrage on Mianwali –

Dera Ismail Khan Road, 25 km Southwest

of Mianwali, within the province of Punjab. The

Chashma Barrage lies 57 km downstream of Jinnah

rrage is used for flood control,

irrigation and power production. Its reservoir lies at

N Latitude and 71°27'51.20"E

. The reservoir normally has water

of 139 m2[3]. The study

reviews the water quality of Chashma reservoir in

perspective of the aquatic resources surviving within

its ecosystem. It undertakes monthly variations in its

chemical characteristics during a three

months study performed in 2015.Field visits at the

reservoir reveal moderately warm weather conditions

in April, but hot atmospheric temperature in June and

C respectively. Water

temperature in reservoir is maximum in June,

followed by July and April. In July due to turmoil in

the reservoir from flood water, its temperature is

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

14

I. Meer & Z.B Mirza

reduced, while Dissolved Oxygen is increased.

Consequently Dissolved Oxygen in reservoir water is

lesser in June than April and July. Water pH is higher

in April and June representing optimum water

productivity.There are some studies exclusively on

the flora, fauna and habitats of Chashma Barrage

[4,5,6].A studydetermining water quality of Chashma

wetlands during February and June 2008 using

hydrolabassessed the parameters of Temperature, pH,

Specific Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids and

Light Dissolved Oxygen (LDO). Sampling sizes were

not mentioned. The study found that water

Temperature was higher in summer i.e., twice than

winter season, with higher pH in both seasons (9.71-

9.82 in winter; 8.88-9.21 in summer). TDS and

salinity were higher in winter than in summer due to

more water flow and dilution in summer. However,

LDO was low in summer due to high water

temperature, which is also the findings of this

research [4].

2. METHODOLOGY

The Ramsar site of Chashma Wildlife Sanctuary,

Mianwali was visited from 3 different locations as

shown in the (Fig 1). These include Site 1 at Haidar

colony on the western side of Chashma road going

towards Kundian; and Site 2 at Bella, habitat of

running water of the river Indus. Both siteswere

visited in April, June and July. The Site 3 at the

Southern end of this reservoir nearby Pakistan Air

force rest house, on western side ofChashma road

was visited only in June and July to collect benthic

and surface water samples individually. Sites 1 and 3

are stagnant water but Site 2 is running water due to

River Indus flow. Sampling was done at multiple

points in all the three sites in ascending order of

water depth measured by a measuring tape bound to a

20 feet long stick such that P1-P9 correspond to Site

1, P10-P12 correspond to Site 2 and P13-P14

correspond to Site 3 (Fig 2,3). Water quality

parameters of Temperature, pH, Specific conductivity

and DO at each water depth were tested in situ by

Hydrolab while travelling through boat. Water

samples collected from each point were enclosed in

plastic boxes and stored in refrigerator to preserve the

dissolved gases and ions at cool temperature. Later

on these were tested in laboratory through standard

procedures [7,8] against the following parameters:

• Nitrateestimation by 4500NO3¯ B. Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Screening Method

• Nitrite estimation by 4500NO2¯ B: Colorimetric Method

• Phosphateestimation by 4500-P C: Vanado- molybdophosphoric Acid Colorimetric Method

• Dissolved Carbon dioxide gas estimation by

4500-CO2 C: Titrimetric Method for Free

Carbon

• TDS and EC estimation by TDS meter

• Turbidity by Turbidity meter

The data was analyzed in excel graphs to check

monthly trend and comparative variations at all the

three sites. Highest observed values of these

parameters at each site are discussed in Results.

3. RESULTS

Water Temperature in Chashma reservoir is warm

with values of 24.920C; 38

0C and 32.56

0C in April,

June and July respectively at site 1 (Fig 2). At site 2

the recorded values are lower i.e., 220C, 30.16

0C and

28.130C in April, June and July respectively, whereas

at site 3 it is higher i.e., 330C and 28.9

0C in June and

July respectively. pH is alkaline with highest values

at site 1 i.e., 9.34, 10 and 9.0 during April, June and

July but at site 2 it is lower i.e., 8.28, 8.8 and 8.72 in

April, June and July respectively. The pH at site 3 is

slightly alkaline i.e., 8.11 and 8.1 in June and July

respectively. Dissolved Oxygen has peak values of

10.54 ppm, 6.84 ppm and 7.88 ppm at site 1 but

slightly reduced values of 6.95 ppm, 6.12 ppm and

7.66 ppm at site 2 in April, June and July

respectively. At site 3 it is higher i.e., 7.75 ppm and

7.4 ppm in June and July respectively. TDS recorded

values are high i.e. 183 ppm, 167 ppm and 185 ppm

at site 1 as compared to the site 2 where these are

considerably lower i.e., 36.8 ppm, 26 ppm and 109

ppm in April, June and July respectively. The

TDSlevels at site 3 are highest i.e., 405 ppm and 132

ppm during June and July. EC recorded values are

high including 290 µS, 387 µS and 328 µS at site 1,

whereas at site 2 these are reduced with 45.6 µS, 54.6

µS and 36 µS in April, June and July respectively. At

site 3 these are highest i.e., 396 µS and 287 µS in

June and July respectively. Specific Conductance, the

indicator of dissolved ions, lies up to 2.82 milli-

Siemens/cm (ms/cm), 0.288 ms/cm and 0.305 ms/cm

during April, June and July at site 1. The levels are

lesser at site 2 i.e., 0.427 ms/cm, 0.28 ms/cm and

0.017 ms/cm during April, June and July

respectively. At site 3 it is higher with 0.828 ms/cm

and 0.285 ms/cm during June and July respectively.

Turbidity recorded values are 298 Formazin

Turbidity Unit (FTU), 1000 FTU and 1000 FTU in

April, June and July respectively at site 1. It is lower

at site 2 i.e., 67.9 FTU, 321 FTU and 608 FTU in

April, June and July respectively. Its values are

higher at site 3 with 870 FTU and 786 FTU in June

and July respectively. The Nitrate level at site 1 has

maximum values of 0.8 ppm, 2.98 ppm and 3.32 ppm

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

15

Abundance of

during April, June and July respectively. At site 2 it

is drastically reduced with 0.002 ppm, 0.005 ppm and

0.25 ppm concentrations during April, June and July

respectively. It is higher at site 3 with 2.13 ppm and

2.95 ppm in June and July respectively. The Nitrite

level at site 1 is high with values of 0.9 ppm, 2.99

ppm and 4.85 ppm as compared to the site 2 where it

is only 0.0014 ppm, 0.59 ppm and 0.19 ppm during

April, June and July respectively. The level at site 3

is highest i.e., 4.3 ppm and 5.219 ppm in June and

July respectively (Fig 3). The Phosphate level at site

1 is abundantly high with values of 2.95 ppm, 7.79

ppm and 8.3 ppm. It is reduced at site 2 with 0.012

Table 1. Range of Variation and Mean of Water Quality Parameters in Chashma Reservoir during Study Period 2015

Parameters

Temperature

SPC

pH

Dissolved Oxygen

Nitrates

Nitrites

Phosphates

Carbon dioxide

TDS

EC

Turbidity

Fig 1. Location of Study Sites; Source: (Google Earth

Abundance of Birds and Variations in Freshwater Reservoir

during April, June and July respectively. At site 2 it

is drastically reduced with 0.002 ppm, 0.005 ppm and

0.25 ppm concentrations during April, June and July

respectively. It is higher at site 3 with 2.13 ppm and

d July respectively. The Nitrite

level at site 1 is high with values of 0.9 ppm, 2.99

ppm and 4.85 ppm as compared to the site 2 where it

is only 0.0014 ppm, 0.59 ppm and 0.19 ppm during

The level at site 3

is highest i.e., 4.3 ppm and 5.219 ppm in June and

The Phosphate level at site

1 is abundantly high with values of 2.95 ppm, 7.79

ppm and 8.3 ppm. It is reduced at site 2 with 0.012

ppm, 1 ppm and 0.41 ppm dur

July respectively. At site 3 it is highest with 6.678

ppm and 11.99 ppm during June and July

respectively.The maximum observed concentration of

dissolved Carbon dioxide in water is 35.8 ppm, 26.4

ppm and 35.2 ppm during April, June and

respectively at site 1 showing increased biogas

production. At site 2 it is only 3.3 ppm, 3.4 ppm and

2.3 ppm during these months symbolizing very low

biogas production. The Carbon dioxidelevel at site 3

is 17.6 ppm throughout the study.

of Variation and Mean of Water Quality Parameters in Chashma Reservoir during Study Period 2015

Range of Variation

Minimum Maximum

21 38

0 2.82

4.9 10

4.4 10.54

0.001 3.32

0.001 5.22

0.001 11.99

1.76 35.8

18 405

20.6 396

0 1000

Location of Study Sites; Source: (Google Earth Imagery)

ing April, June and

July respectively. At site 3 it is highest with 6.678

ppm and 11.99 ppm during June and July

respectively.The maximum observed concentration of

dissolved Carbon dioxide in water is 35.8 ppm, 26.4

ppm and 35.2 ppm during April, June and July

respectively at site 1 showing increased biogas

production. At site 2 it is only 3.3 ppm, 3.4 ppm and

2.3 ppm during these months symbolizing very low

biogas production. The Carbon dioxidelevel at site 3

17.6 ppm throughout the study.

of Variation and Mean of Water Quality Parameters in Chashma Reservoir during Study Period 2015

Mean

27.33

0.29

8.53

6.34

1.18

1.48

4.01

17.28

98.09

208.79

208.7

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

16

I. Meer & Z.B Mirza

Fig 2. Concentrations of Physico-chemical parameters in Chashma Reservoir Water

Fig3. Results of Nitrate, Nitrites, Phosphate and Carbon dioxide Concentrations in Chashma Reservoir Water

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

17


4. DISCUSSION

Water Temperature in Chashma reservoir is

maximum in June followed by July and April. It is

higher at site 1 due to warm ambient air, reduced

riparian flora, and high water turbidity which absorbs

and scatters sunlight in water [9]. But it is lower at

site 2 (Fig 2) due to direct water recharge from River

Indus as observed during field data collection. It is

moderately warm at site 3 due to floating algal bloom

which cools bottom water despite extremely warm

weather. The mean value of pH is alkaline within

Chashma wetlands (Table 1) endorsing [4] findings.

Its maximum values during June compared to other

months in contrast to dissolved Carbon dioxide which

is minimum in June indicate high photosynthetic

productivity, as also apparent from rich aquatic floral

growth and algal bloom in this month. The highest

pH levels at site 1 indicate ongoing decomposition

and methanogenesis processes which make the water

ecologically productive, as evident from biogas

production and the presence of TDS, nitrates, nitrites

and phosphate concentrations. It is neutral or slightly

alkaline at site 2 ratifying very low microbial activity.

The pH at site 3 is mildly alkaline verifying

production of ions from organic nutrients.Research

findings reveal that pH shows alkaline behavior with

increase in temperature as evident at sites 1 and 3

ratifying organic decomposition at higher

temperatures. Dissolved Oxygen is highest in April

followed by July and June due to lowest Temperature

in April. It is highest at site 1 due to enriched aquatic

flora, but slightly reduced at site 2 despite cold water

due to negligible aquatic flora. It is higher at site 3

than Site 1 due to lower water temperature and the

surface enriched floating algae which provides shade

and oxygen through photosynthesis. DO shows

opposite behavior with temperature, as evident at site

3, due to more dissolution of air in water at low

temperatures. However at site 1, it is high despite

warm temperatures due to rich flora and the

production of photosynthetic oxygen.TDS shows

highest values at site 3 with maximum trend in June

showing enhanced fermentation of organic waste.

The sites 3 and 1 being stagnant water have

maximum nutrients generated from the organic debris

due to droppings of roosting birds as evident from

concentrations of Nitrate, Nitrite and Phosphate.

Consequently the freshwater ecological species are

abundant at Sites 3 and 1 but reduced at Site 2 in

Chashma wetlands [11]. EC shows highest trend in

June. It is high at site 1, but considerably low at site 2

due to negligible fermentation in its running water.

At site 3 its high presence verifies higher

concentrations of TDS representing a linear

relationship as demonstrated byearlier study findings

[6]. High EC at sites 1 and 3 affirmsorganic matter

degradation and primary production as evident from

the rich floral growth.Specific Conductance is highest

in April. Its high values at site 1 depict higher ionic

presence from wintering birds’ dropping in water

(Fig 2). The levels are negligible at site 2 whereas at

site 3 its levels are high. Like TDS, the site 2 has

lowest SPC values in comparison to sites 1 and

3.Turbidity highest trend in June and July depict high

organic decomposition products as evident from

nitrates, nitrites and phosphates. It is low at site 2 as

compared to site 1 due to running water and

negligible ecological resources at site 2. Sites 1 and 3

show high Turbidity because of suspended soil,

planktonic communities in the floating flora, organic

waste and its decomposition products. Its higher

values in benthic turbid water than surface water in

Chashma reservoir (Fig 2) verifies higher microbial

activity and ultimately nutrients availability

[9].Nitrate, Nitrite and Phosphate are highest in July

showing their less uptake by aquatic flora in the

disturbed ecology after turmoil as evident from

reduced algal bloom. The high Nitrate level at site1

(Fig 3)depicts its presence richly enhanced in water

due to organic deposits which is beneficial for

invertebrate fauna production e.g. fish as reported

byearlier research findings[10].It is negligible at site

2 thus no significant aquatic flora or fauna were

observed at this site [11]. It is considerably high at

site 3 indicating microbial activity.The Nitrite level

follows similar pattern i.e., high at site 1 but low at

the site 2. It is highest at site 3. The Phosphate level

at site 1 shows higher values which is considerably

enhanced amount beneficial for floral productivity

and fish growth. It is negligible at site 2 whereas its

level is highest at site 3.The difference is due to the

higher amount of organic debris generated from

birds’ droppings at sites 3 and 1 as compared to site 2

and ultimately its fermentation which leads to

production of ions, growth of algae, phytoplankton

and macro invertebrates coinciding with [12] findings

[13]. The dissolved Carbon dioxide in water is

highest in April at site 1 due to less grown flora. It is

reduced at site 2 indicating negligible microbial

activity. The Carbon dioxidelevel at site 3 is higher

during June and July which neutralizes alkaline pH of

water resulting from fermentation. Its presence is

indicative of biogas production from decomposing

organic matter in Chashma reservoir with bubbles

and milky water observed during data collection.

Overall water quality parameters show high range of

variation within Chashma wetlands as evident from

Table 1 with their mean values indicating high water

productivity for inhabiting aquatic resources.Water

fluctuations play important role in retaining water

productivity of Chashma wetlands. Abiotic factors

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

18

I. Meer & Z.B Mirza

impact the chemistry of water e.g. the flood and

turmoil in Chashma wetland during July. Such

occasional flows of flood water sweep away the old

stagnant water and disturb the ecology, which creates

variation in the density of the wetland biodiversity.

5. CONCLUSION

The study shows maximum trend of physico-

chemical parameters in particular nitrates, nitrites,

phosphates, carbon dioxide and TDSduring July and

June, while moderate trend in April which verifies

enhanced organic waste fermentation during summer

period. Depending on location these are highest at

site 3, moderate at site 1 and lowest at site 2. The

stagnant water of sites 3 and 1 have abundant

nutrients in forms of Nitrate, Nitrite and Phosphate

ions generated from the fermentation of organic

debris due to dropping of roosting birds. The running

water of site 2 has comparatively negligible nutrients.

Higher UV absorption for nitrate, nitrite and

phosphate ions in benthic turbid water than surface

clear water of Chashma reservoir is due to

fermentation of organic debris in the reservoir bottom

producing decomposition products.

6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We acknowledge WWF-Pakistan Lahore for funding

this research.Special thanks to Dr. Zafar-Ullah Bhatti,

Director Fisheries, and Mr. Malik M. Ramzan,

DDF(H) Department of Fisheries Chashma,

Mianwali for assistance in site data collection. Our

gratitude to Ms. Almas Hamid, head of

Environmental Sciences Department, Kinnaird

College for Women Lahore for providing overall

support during this research. Our thanks to the staff

of Environmental Sciences Laboratory in Kinnaird

College for providing technical assistance in using

laboratory apparatus for water quality assessment.


The authors declare that there is no conflict of

interest regarding the publication of this article.

REFRENCES

[1] M. Akbar, M. Mushtaq-ul-Hassan, Zaib-un-Nisa,

M. Mahmood-ul-Hassan, and M. Hassan,

"Waterfowl Diversity at Chashma Barrage

(Wildlife Sanctuary Mianwali) and Marala

Headworks (Game Reserve Sialkot), Pakistan

during 1996–2005," International Journal Of

Agriculture & Biology, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 188-

192, 2009.

[2] T. Hussain and Z.B. Mirza, "Descriptions and

Seasonal Variations of Various Biotopes and

Ecotones of Indus River Bed at Chashma Barrage,

Pakistan," Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, vol. 3, no. 5,pp. 255-

260, 2015.

[3] PEC, "Technical visit to Chashma barrage and

Jinnah hydropower project 18-19 February,

2012," Pakistan Engineering Council, Lahore,

2012.

[4] S.Y. Shelly, Z.B. Mirza, and S. Bashir,

"Comparative ecological study of aquatic

macroinvertebrates of Mangla dam and Chashma

Barrage Wetland Areas," The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 340-350,

2011.

[5] J. Emmanuel, G Joshua, and S.B Shams,

"Comparative study of ecological conditions of

four wetlands of Punjab using Macroinvertebrates

as Bioindicators," The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 908-914, 2012.

[6] A. Hussain, A.Q.K Sulehria, M. Ejaz, and A.

Maqbool, "Monthly variations in physicochemical

parameters of a flood plain reservoir on River

Ravi near Balloki Headworks (Pakistan),"

Biologia (Pakistan), vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 371-377,

2013.

[7] E.M. Darmstadt, The testing of water: a selection of chemical methods for practical use, 5th edition.

Germany: Merck KGaA D-64271, Darmstadt,

1964.

[8] American Public Health Association, Standard Methods: For The Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th Edition. Washington, DC, USA:

American Public Health Association, American

Water Works Association, Water Environment

Federation, 1992.

[9] K.P. Paaijmans, W. Takken, A.K. Githeko and

A.F.G Jacobs, "The effect of water turbidity on

the near-surface water temperature of larval

habitats of the malaria mosquito Anopheles

gambiae," International Journal of Biometeorology, vol. 52. no. 8, pp. 747-753, 2008.

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

19


[10] A. Bhatnagar and P. Devi, "Water quality

guidelines for the management of pond fish

culture," International Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 3, no. 6,pp. 1980-2009, 2013.

[11] K.S. Park and H.W. Shin, "Studies on phyto-

andzoo-plankton composition and its relation to

fish productivity in a west coast fish pond

ecosystem," J. Environ. Biol., vol. 28, pp. 415-

422, 2007.

[12] N.M. Stone and H.K. Thomforde,

"Understanding Your Fish Pond Water Analysis

Report," Cooperative Extension Program;

Aquaculture/Fisheries, University of Arkansas at

Pine Bluff, United States Department of

Agriculture, and County Governments

Cooperating, Arkansas, 2004.

[13] Z.S. Mirza, M.S. Nadeem, M.A. Beg, and

Inayat-Ullah Malik, "Spatial and temporal

variation inphysicochemical limnology of

theManglareservoir (Pakistan)," Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 679-686, 2013.

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

20




Comparative Effectiveness of Egg and Larval Stages of

against Sucking Insect Pests of Cotton Crop

Faqeer Muhammad Chandio,

Department of Entomology, , Faculty of Crop Protection,

ARTICLE INFORMATION

Article History: Received: 20th August, 2017

Accepted: 30th October 2017

Published online: 16th November 2017

Author’s contribution FMC is the principle researcher designed

the idea of study. SSABA write up

manuscript prepared the tables. Further, MIJ collected the samples confirmed its

identification and noticed the

effectiveness of Egg and Larval Stages.

Key words:

Chrysoperla carnea, Sucking insect pest, Comparative

effectiveness,

Egg and larval stages, Cotton crop.

Similar Index Report: 14 %

1. INTRODUCTION

otton is one of Pakistan’s major Kharif (summer)

crops which significantly contributes to the

national economy. Cotton production is forecast at

9.0 million 480 lb bales (11.5 million 170 kg bales or

1.96 million metric tons (MMT). In the light of the

significant reduction in the 2015crop, forecasting the

2016 crop is more an exercise in anticipating farmer

behavior than analyzing agronomic factors or

considering rolling or Olympic averages. Faced with

Cotton area is forecast at 2.7 million hectares, a four

percent drop from the from the official 2015/16

cotton prices in 2015, formers opted to limit their use

of insecticides to control cotton insect pests



C





Comparative Effectiveness of Egg and Larval Stages of Chrysoperla c

against Sucking Insect Pests of Cotton Crop

Faqeer Muhammad Chandio, Syed Shahzad Ali Bukhari, Muhammad Irfan Jat

, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam,

Pakistan

ABSTRACT

To determine the comparative effectiveness of egg and larval stages of

Chrysoperla carnea against sucking insect pests of cotton crop

was designed. . The study was conducted on the local cotton variety

SADORI during 2014. The experiment was designed in Randomized

Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 03 treatments and

The study indicated that the maximum infestation of

bigutulla (2.75±0.26a) Thrip tabaci (13.06±0.19a) and

(7.17±0.30a) on cotton field were observed when crop was i

treatment observation, whereas, after releasing of bio

(Chrysoperla carnea larvae) in fields it was observed that the minimum

infestation of Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla (0.49±0.22c),

(5.40±1.29c), Bemisia tabaci (1.33±1.18c) and the maximum predator

population of Chrysoperla carnea (1.47±0.17a) in the month of July.

Further, in the month of August the minimum monthly mean infestation of

Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla (0.42±0.25c), Thrip tabaci

Bemisia tabaci (1.55±1.2c) were recorded and the maximum p

population of Chrysoperla carnea (1.85±0.13a) were also observed.

Similarly, the result also revealed that the maximum predator population

of Chrysoperla carnea (1.79±0.18a) and minimum monthly mean

infestation of Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla (0.14±0.15c)

(1.33±0.74c) and Bemisia tabaci (0.58±0.45c) were recorded in the month

of September.

is one of Pakistan’s major Kharif (summer)

crops which significantly contributes to the

national economy. Cotton production is forecast at

9.0 million 480 lb bales (11.5 million 170 kg bales or

1.96 million metric tons (MMT). In the light of the

nt reduction in the 2015crop, forecasting the

2016 crop is more an exercise in anticipating farmer

behavior than analyzing agronomic factors or

considering rolling or Olympic averages. Faced with

Cotton area is forecast at 2.7 million hectares, a four

ent drop from the from the official 2015/16 low

cotton prices in 2015, formers opted to limit their use

of insecticides to control cotton insect pests estimate

[email protected]

University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences

as farmers are expected to shift some area away from

cotton but not a lot (USDA GAIN: Pakistan Cotton

and Products Annual 2016/17). Now a days, most of

the cotton producing countries are facing severe

problem due to emergence of cotton insect pests such

as, insect sucking pests and bollworms which impact

on reducing cotton production severely, the intensity

of their attack sometimes so severe that they can

cause major destruction of the crop

cotton crop is attacked by a variety of sucking insect

pests, out of which jassid, Amrasca bigutulla

bigutulla, whitefly, Bemisia tabaci

tabaci are the most important

pests have been reported to cause seed cotton loss up

to 4.6% [3]. Farmers mostly rely on pesticide sprays

to control insect pest. The repeated use of pesticide

sprays is dangerous for the target and non


ISSN(E): 2523-6067

ISSN(P): 2521-8328

Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro

Chrysoperla carnea

Muhammad Irfan Jat

Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam,

To determine the comparative effectiveness of egg and larval stages of

against sucking insect pests of cotton crop this study

. The study was conducted on the local cotton variety i-e

The experiment was designed in Randomized

treatments and 04 replication.

The study indicated that the maximum infestation of Amrasca bigutulla

(13.06±0.19a) and Bemisia tabaci

(7.17±0.30a) on cotton field were observed when crop was in the pre-

r releasing of bio-control agent

observed that the minimum

(0.49±0.22c), Thrip tabaci

(1.33±1.18c) and the maximum predator

(1.47±0.17a) in the month of July.

Further, in the month of August the minimum monthly mean infestation of

Thrip tabaci (4.32±1.31c) and

(1.55±1.2c) were recorded and the maximum predator

(1.85±0.13a) were also observed.

revealed that the maximum predator population

(1.79±0.18a) and minimum monthly mean

0.15c) Thrip tabaci

(0.58±0.45c) were recorded in the month

to shift some area away from

cotton but not a lot (USDA GAIN: Pakistan Cotton

and Products Annual 2016/17). Now a days, most of

tton producing countries are facing severe

problem due to emergence of cotton insect pests such

as, insect sucking pests and bollworms which impact

on reducing cotton production severely, the intensity

of their attack sometimes so severe that they can

se major destruction of the crop [1]. In Pakistan

cotton crop is attacked by a variety of sucking insect

, Amrasca bigutulla

Bemisia tabaci; thrips, Thrips

are the most important [2]. Sucking insect

pests have been reported to cause seed cotton loss up

. Farmers mostly rely on pesticide sprays

to control insect pest. The repeated use of pesticide

sprays is dangerous for the target and non-targeted

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

21

F.M. Chandio et al.

fauna of insects and for human health. Now

therefore, target to reduce over reliance and ill effects

of pesticide for pest management can be achieved

through development of alternative pest control

strategies. Biological control that involves use of

predators and parasitoids is the key component of

pest control strategy in an integrated manner [4]. The

efficiency of Aphidius matricariae (Haliday),

Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) and Chrysoperla

carnea in controlling aphid species, Aulacorthum

solani (Kaltenbach), Macrosiphum euphorbiae

(Thomas), Nasonovia ribisinigri (Mosley) and Myzus

persicae (Sulzer) in green house. All predators and

parasitoids did not give satisfactory control to aphids.

Only application of C. carnea resulted in reasonable

aphid control. The augmentative use of C. carnea is

very sustainable for crop insect pest reduction [5].

The use of chemicals has so far been considered the

most effective means of control of the pests. Since

the use of pesticides is wrought with several

disadvantages, a biological control program based on

integrated pest management is a more rational

strategy [6]. Biological control by the use of predator

C. carnea has also gained importance for pest

management in Pakistan. Some recent studies provide

a crucial example of release sites for lacewings

against Bemisia tabaci (Genn) in cotton Zia et al., [7]

observed to manage the population of aphids on

wheat by releasing of C. Carnea [8]. Depicted results

C. carnea can be used as an effective biological

control agent for successful implementation of

integrated pest management program to reduce the

use of insecticides and save foreign exchange spent

on pesticides import. The evaluation of C. carnea

releases in the field showed that the releases of its

larvae had better survival compared to the releases in

egg form. The release of the second-instars larvae

have proven very successful for the control of the

green peach aphid in peppers, tomato an eggplant [9].

Lacewings commonly are sold and dispensed as eggs

or adults, whereas, larval releases may sometimes be

more effective. Eggs are less reliable because of the

early releases and weather factors eggs did not hatch.

Probably because of poor weather is extremely cold

or hot at faster rates. At this moment, it is crucial to

evaluate the biological and economic advantages of

releasing one or the other developmental stages of C.

carnea to devise efficient methods for introducing the

role of various larval stages. Following the above

facts, field studies were conducted to evaluate the

field efficacy of different instar larvae of C. carnea

against sucking insect pests.

2. MARERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment was conducted on to study the

comparative effectiveness of egg and larval stages of

laboratory reared predator, C. carnea in cotton crop

against sucking insect pests. For experimentation

conventional cotton variety Sadori was sown by plant

protection division at experimental farm Nuclear

Institute of Agriculture Tandojam (NIA). C. carnea

neonate larvae about 100 in number, 250 eggs /card

were obtained from bio-control laboratory reared

culture at 26± 2 oC.

2.1 Monitor the pre-treatment infestation of sucking

insect pest

The local or Desi cotton variety named Sadori was

sown by plant protection division at experimental

farm about half acre (25 meter in length and 15 meter

in width) was distributed among four replication.

Five plants were tagged from each replication to

observe the infestation of sucking insect pest by

counting top middle and bottom portion of plant for

monitoring economic threshold level.

2.2 Releasing of mass reared C. carnea

The Ist instar (neonate) larvae of green lace wings

predator were obtained from the laboratory culture

reared on artificial diet at 26±20C. For

experimentation about 100 larvae of mass reared C.

carnea and 250 eggs/card were released in

experimental field against cotton insect sucking pests

i.e. jassid Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla ,thrip Thrips

tabaci(Lind),whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn) to

monitor the comparative effectiveness of egg and

larval stages of C. carnea.

2.3 Observation recorded

1st reduction of infestation was recorded from top,

middle and bottom portion of plants from treated and

untreated (control) plot.

2.4 Statistical analysis

All data were presented as mean values of 03 replicates.

Data were analyzed statistically using analysis of

variance (ANOVA) the method described by the Steel

et al., [10] Statistical software Statistix Version 8.1,

Analytical Software. The significance of differences

among means was compared by using Least Significant

Difference (LSD) test.

3. RESULTS

The study was conducted in the cotton season 2014,

to investigate the comparative effectiveness of egg

and larval stages of C. carnea in cotton field. The

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

22

Effectiveness of Egg and Larval Stages of C. carnea

infestation level of cotton sucking insect pests i.e.,

jassid, Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla thrips, Thrips

tabaci and white fly, Bemisia tabaci was in all three

Randomize Complete Block Designs (RCBD).

The result in (Table-1) indicates for pretreatment

observation, the infestation of jassid, Amrasca

bigutulla bigutulla (2.75±0.26) thrip, Thrip tabaci

(13.06±0.19) and white fly, Bemisia tabaci

(7.17±0.30) was recorded in untreated (control) plot

whereas, the infestation level (2.40±0.21),

(12.75±0.22) and (6.57±0.31) was observed in the

larva plot while, (2.55±0.22), (12.95±0.17) and

(6.37±0.29a) was observed in the egg plot.

The results revealed in (Table- 2 ab) in the month of

July on infestation show that, the maximum

infestation of Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla

(1.53±0.09) Thrip tabaci (12.07±0.21), and white fly,

Bemisia tabaci (6.85±0.11) was recorded in the 1st

and 3rd

week of July in untreated (control) plot

respectively, whereas, minimum infestation level of

Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla (0.45±0.24) T. tabaci

(4.33±1.1) and B. tabaci (1.03±1.17) noticed in the

1st and 4

th week of July in the treatment where bio-

control (C. carnea) larvae were released. Followed

by infestation level of Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla T.

tabaci B. tabaci it was observed in the 1st and 3

rd

week of July in the treatment where C. carnea eggs

alone. Similarly, maximum predator population and

was examined in 3rd

and 4th

week of July in the

treatment where C. carnea larvae) released

respectively. C. carnea eggs released alone while

minimum predator population was recorded in 1st and

2nd

week of July in untreated (control) plot. The

results exposed in (Table. 3ab) suggest that in the

month of August there is maximum infestation of A.

bigutulla bigutulla, T. tabaci and B. tabaci was in the

4th

week, whereas, the minimum infestation level of

A. bigutulla bigutulla , T. tabaci and B. tabaci was

observed in the 3rd

. Followed by infestation level of

A. bigutulla bigutulla, T. tabaci and B. tabaci in the

4th

week. C. carnea eggs released in 1st week of

August while, maximum predator population of C.

carnea in the 4th

week in the 3rd

week in the 1st week

of August in the treatment where bio-control agent C.

carnea larvae released respectively .Followed by in

the 4th

week in the 1st week of August in the

treatment where C. carnea eggs release alone.

whereas, minimum predator population in field.

The results indicated in (Table-4ab) in the month of

September on infestation and predator population,

show that the maximum infestation of A. bigutulla

bigutulla, T.tabaci and B.tabaci was recorded in the

Ist week i-e (1.48±0.17) (4.62±0.22), (2.75±0.11) in

2nd

(0.58±0.03), (4.83±0.08), (2.65±0.18) in 3rd

and

(0.71±0.03), (4.91±0.05), (2.62±0.12) in the 4th

week

of September in untreated plot respectively in the 4th

week of September where bio-control C. carnea

larvae released. Followed by infestation level of A.

bigutulla bigutulla, T.tabaci and B. tabaci in the 1st

week of the September where C. carnea eggs

released only. Maximum predator population of C.

carnea in the 4th

i-e (1.96±0.25) in the 3rd

(1.88±0.23)

in the 2nd

and (1.54±0.02) in the Ist week of

September in the treatment where C. carnea larvae

were released and minimum predator population i-e

(0.34±0.02) in the 1st week (0.35±0.02) in the 2

nd

(0.33±0.02) in the 3rd

and (0.36±0.03) in the 4th

week

of the September in untreated plot.

Table 1 Pre-treatment observation on the pest species

Treatments Infestation

Jassid Thrip White fly Egg 2.55±0.22a 12.95±0.17a 6.37±0.29a

Larva 2.40±0.21a 12.75±0.22a 6.57±0.31a

Control 2.75±0.26a 13.06±0.2a 7.17±0.30a

Table 2 Weekly observations on the infestations level of sucking pests and predator population of C.carnea in

July

a.

Treatments First week Second week

Jassid Thrip W.fly Predator Jassid Thrip W.fly Predator

Egg 0.70±0.22b 7.44±1.24b 2.00±1.13b 0.54±0.01b 0.81±0.17b 6.90±1.32b 5.12±0.36b 0.54±0.02b

Larva 0.45±0.24c 5.86±1.38c 1.03±1.17c 1.18±0.10a 0.55±0.2c 5.68±1.39c 1.62±1.20c 1.47±0.12a

Control 1.52±0.09a 12.07±0.21a 6.15±0.31a 0.12±0.011c 1.43±0.08a 11.77±0.36a 6.85±0.26a 0.12±0.02c

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

23

F.M. Chandio et al.

b.

Treatments Third week Fourth week

Jassid Thrip W.fly Predator Jassid Thrip W.fly Predator

Egg 0.80±0.20b 6.93±1.25b 5.60±0.47b 0.77±0.13b 0.61±0.24b 5.63±0.99b 3.30±0.97b 0.82±0.16b

Larva 0.54±0.22c 5.75±1.32c 1.62±1.14c 1.52±0.27a 0.45±0.24c 4.33±1.1c 1.07±1.23c 1.72±0.19a



August

a.

b.


September

a.

b.


Jassid Thrip W.fly Predator Jassid Thrip W. fly Predator

Egg 0.67±0.21b 5.88±0.96b 2.35±1.08b 1.12±0.12b 0.67±0.23b 6.06±1.05b 2.56±1.05b 1.06±0.03b

Larva 0.39±0.23c 4.39±1.11c 1.52±1.11c 1.64±0.11a 0.47±0.24c 4.63±1.17c 1.56±1.11c 1.55±0.01a


Treatments Third week Fourth week

Jassid Thrip W. fly Predator Jassid Thrip W. fly Predator

Egg 0.74±0.24b 5.72±1.42b 2.71±1.24b 1.15±0.11b 0.69±0.23b 5.22±1.33b 2.75±1.10b 1.30±0.09b

Larva 0.46±0.26c 4.57±1.46c 1.59±1.30c 2.07±0.20a 0.38±0.27c 3.72±1.50c 1.54±1.28c 2.16±0.21a




Egg 0.23±0.07b 2.34±0.55b 1.20±0.37b 1.23±0.01b 0.64±0.25b 2.75±0.52b 1.25±0.41b 1.23±0.10b

Larva 0.10±0.08c 1.18±0.69c 0.43±0.46c 1.54±0.02a 0.20±0.29c 1.35±0.72c 0.68±0.46c 1.88±0.23a


Treatments

Third week

Fourth week


Egg 0.27±0.08b 2.40±0.66b 1.25±0.40b 1.28±0.07b 0.27±0.12b 2.65±0.61b 1.38±0.35b 1.30±0.06b

Larva 0.13±0.10c 1.30±0.78c 0.56±0.47c 1.96±0.25a 0.13±0.13c 1.37±0.77c 0.65±0.43c 1.78±0.24a


RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

24

Effectiveness of Egg and Larval Stages of C. carnea

4. DISCUSSION

Cotton yield is reducing day by day because of many

factors among which the major factor is direct

damage caused by sucking insects i.e., Amrasca

bigutulla bigutulla, Thrip tabaci and Bemisia tabaci,

The present study was carried out to investigate the

comparative effectiveness of egg and larval stages of

Chrysoperla carnea in cotton field against jassid,

thrip and whitefly under field conditions. The data

point out that all the treatments were significantly

superior over control. The maximum infestation of

jassid , thrip and white fly was recorded in before

treatments were applied in experimental field while,

data was recorded on infestation level and predator

population rate after releasing of bio-control agent.

The minimum monthly mean infestation of A.

bigutulla bigutulla, T. tabaci and B.tabaci was

recorded and the maximum predator population of C.

carnea was also observed in the month of July in

biocontrol (larvae) plot whereas, the maximum

infestation of A. bigutulla bigutulla .T. tabaci B.

tabaci and minimum predator population was

examined in untreated (control) plot. Followed by

infestation level of A. bigutulla bigutulla T. tabaci B.

tabaci and the predator population of Chrysoperla

carnea in where eggs released alone. The minimum

monthly mean infestation of A. bigutulla bigutulla T.

tabaci and B.tabaci was recorded and the maximum

predator population of Because of its abundance and

broad habitat range it is extensively studied as an

effective bio-control agent for most of the crop pests

particularly. The effectiveness of laboratory reared C.

carnea as an important predator of sucking insect

pests in cotton fields [11]. C. carnea can be used as

an effective biological control agent for successful

implementation of integrated pest management

program to reduce the use of insecticides and save

foreign exchange spent on pesticides import. The

efficiency of lacewing to control pests can be

affected by many factors, including use of different

predator instars which may be a crucial factor in the

success of augmentative biological control. The

evaluation of C. carnea releases in the field showed

that the releases of its larvae had better survival

compared to the releases in egg form. For example,

releases of larvae have proven very successful for the

control of the sucking insect in the field crop [12].

5. CONCLUSION

It may concluded from the present investigation that; C. carnea (Stephens) is an effective biological

control against cotton sucking insect pest i.e.

Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla Thrip tabaci and

Bemisia tabaci. The approaches for bio-control C.

carnea eggs and larvae were found effective. The

predator population of C. carnea in cotton field was

also observed in August and September.




REFERENCES

[1] G., O. Barrera, Simon, L. Villamizar, T. Williams

and P. Caballero, “Spodoptera frugiperda

multiple nucleopolyhedro viruses as a potential

biological insecticide: genetic and phenotypic

comparison of field isolates from Colombia” Biol

Control. 58, 113-12, 2011

[2] Z, Ahmad “Insecticides Resistance Management

in Cotton,” Proc. ICAC-CCRI, Multan, Pakistan.

:5-20, 1999.

[3] U.S., Satpute, D.N. Sarnaik and P.D. Bhalero,

“Assessment of avoidable losses in cotton field

due to sucking pests and bollworms,” Ind. J. PI.

Prot, 16(1): 37-39, 1988.

[4] R, J. Isaacs Tuell, A. Fiedler, M. Gardiner and D.

Landis, “Maximizing arthropod mediated

ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes: the

role of native plants,” Frontiers in Ecology and

the Environment, 7:196-203, 2009.

[5] R.D. Gautam and A. Tesfaye, “Potential of green

lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) in crop

pest management,” New, Agric., 13: 147–58,

2002.

[6] M. Ahmed, Z.A. Zahir, N. Asghar and M. Asghar,

“Inducing salt tolerance in mung bean through

coinoculation with rhizobia and plant-growth-

promoting rhizobacteria containing 1-

aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase,”

Canadian Journal of Micribiol, vol. 57 (7), pp.

578-589, 2011.

[7] K., F Zia. Hafeez, R. R. Khan, M. Arshad and U.

Naeem-ullah, “Effectiveness of Chrysoperla

carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) on

the population of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera:

Aleyrodidae) in different cotton genotypes,”

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

25

F.M. Chandio et al.

Journal of Agriculture and Social Sciences, 4:

112116, 2008.

[8] J., M. Iqbal Ashfaq and A. Ali, “Management of

aphids by augmentation of coccinellids and

Chrysoperla carnea under field conditions on

wheat,” Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vol. 45(1), 2008.

[9] M.J. Tauber, C.A. Tauber, K.M. Daane and K.S.

Hagen, “Commercialization of predators: Recent

lesson from greenlacewing (Neuroptera:

Chrysopidae: Chrysoerla). American

Entomologist, 46: pp. 26–38, 2000.

[10] R.G.D. Steel, J.H. Torrie and D.A. Dickey,

“Principles and procedures of statistics: A

biometrical approach. 3rd

edition McGraw Hill

Book Co. Inc. New York: pp. 400-428, 1997.

[11] D. Bar, D. Gerling and Y. Rossler, “ Bionomics

of the principal natural enemies attacking

Heliothis armigera in cotton fields in Israel,”

Environmental Entomology, vol. 8, pp. 468-

474, 1979.

[12] N.D. Usman, I.I. Inuwa and A.I. Iro, “The

influence of unethical professional practices

on the Management of construction projects in

North-Eastern States of Nigeria,” International

Journal of Economic Development Research

and Investment, vol. 3(2), pp. 124-129, 2012.

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

26




Study on the Infestation of

Abdul Aziz, Riffat Sultana

Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, 1Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan

ARTICLE INFORMATION

Article History:

Received 24thAugust, 2017

Accepted: 2nd November 2017

Published online 16th November, 2017

Author’s contribution

AA observed the samples in field

noticed the infestation, RS designed the

experiment and supervised this work &

SK & IK compiled the data.

Key words:

Pest, sugarcane, varieties, Chilo,

infestation, quality, damage


1. INTRODUCTION

he sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum

vital cash crop in the world including Pakistan.

It belongs to the family Gramineae

source of economy from the agriculture field. This

crop is mainly grown for the sugar and sugary

production. Sugarcane grows the worldwide

20.42 million ha and the production is 1333 million

metric tons [1]. In Pakistan, Sugarcane is occupying

about 1128.10 thousand hectors, yearly production

62.8 million tons. The Pakistan is suited

position among the top ten sugarcane growing

country. However, there are so many factors that

inherently low cane and sugar yielding varieties are

major constraint of cane and sugary

Pakistan. Almost 1500 species of insects feed on the

sugarcane throughout the world [2], about

from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent feed on crop

approximately a dozen of important insects pest have

been found from Pakistan [4] as well as including the

Sindh province [5] among them the borers, and

Corresponding Author: [email protected] 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences

T





Study on the Infestation of various Borers in Sugarcane from District Dadu

Sindh

Riffat Sultana, Santosh Kumar, Imran Khatri1


Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan

ABSTRACT

During the present investigation weekly survey has been carried out

district Daud and the study area was divided into 05 different

where 04 varieties of sugarcane i-e: SPF-234, CPF-

BL4 are grown in 08 sectors. During the field survey

infestation of 05 borers viz: stem borer (Chilo tumidicostalis

borer (Chilo infuscatellus), Internode Borer (Chilo

indicus), top borer (Sciropophaga excerptalis)

(Emmalocera depressella) was reported on cane.

borers usually damage the cane and effect quantity, quality and reduce the

sucrose of cane. The infestation belongs to the Chilo

damage approximately 10 – 80% of cane and somewhere cau

heart “which low down the market value of crop.

Saccharum officinarum L.) is the

vital cash crop in the world including Pakistan.

and is a big

source of economy from the agriculture field. This

for the sugar and sugary

worldwide about

is 1333 million

. In Pakistan, Sugarcane is occupying

hectors, yearly production

is suited in 5th

position among the top ten sugarcane growing

r, there are so many factors that

inherently low cane and sugar yielding varieties are

production in

Pakistan. Almost 1500 species of insects feed on the

, about 48 species

Pakistan subcontinent feed on crop [3] and

approximately a dozen of important insects pest have

as well as including the

among them the borers, and


production giving an average cane yield of 56 tons

per hectare in Sindh. The District Dadu is total

covered of area 7866 square kilometers, and there are

five insect pest borers in sugarcane crop i

stemborer (Chilo tumidicostalis),

(C.infuscatellus), internode borer

indicus),top borer (Sciropophaga excerptalis)

root borer (Emmalocera depressella).

serious Chilo species borers consequently reduce the

quality, quantity and sucrose of the cane.

species was appeared 1st time in 1933 the District

Rohtak and Damage the crop about 80% in India

Irshad et al., [7] reported that

joints of sugarcane were infested by borers and sugar

recovery was reduced about 0.55%

234, CPF-237, Thatta-10 and BL4 cane

grown in Dadu and significantly

of pest species including Chilo

responsible of huge reduction. 02 varieties

234 and CPF-237 are grown

growing field and Thatta-10 and

somewhere these verities have

against infestation of the borers. In district

there is a” Dadu sugar mill” that is


ISSN(E): 2523-6067

ISSN(P): 2521-8328


arious Borers in Sugarcane from District Dadu

1


During the present investigation weekly survey has been carried out in

and the study area was divided into 05 different sectors

-237, Thatta-10 and

uring the field survey maximum

tumidicostalis), shoot

Chilo sacchariphagus

and root borer

. It was noticed that

quantity, quality and reduce the

Chilo species is cause

somewhere causing “dead

giving an average cane yield of 56 tons

The District Dadu is total

covered of area 7866 square kilometers, and there are

five insect pest borers in sugarcane crop i-e:

(Chilo tumidicostalis), shoot borer

internode borer (C. sacchariphagus

(Sciropophaga excerptalis) and

Emmalocera depressella). Effects of these

species borers consequently reduce the

and sucrose of the cane. The Chilo

time in 1933 the District

about 80% in India [6].

that about 5.2% percent

joints of sugarcane were infested by borers and sugar

0.55%. Usually, SPF-

BL4 cane verities are

grown in Dadu and significantly affected by numbers

Chilo species which are

02 varieties i-e: SPF-

all sectors of the

10 and BL4 are grown

have different resistance

infestation of the borers. In district Dadu

there is a” Dadu sugar mill” that is big source for the

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

27

A. Aziz et al.,

farmers which established in 1977-78. But due to this

alarming situation yield per annum is reduce and

Sindh liable to contribute too much in economy of

Pakistan. Present attempt has been made to note the

infestation of borers of sugarcane in District Dadu.


2.1 Study Site

The weekly survey was conducted in sugarcane

growing areas in District Dadu, the survey was done

in order to determine incidence, extensive prevalence

and distribution of major sugarcane infecting pests

and it was conducted in different seasons.Main 08

sectors i-e: Payaro, Patt Shareef, Kakar, Phulji and

Sita were visted time to time these areas are near

about 25 – 30 km away from each other and

somewhere less or more.

2.2 Collection of samples

The weekly survey was conducted through extensive

visit throughout all growing sectors during December

2015 to November 2016 the cropping seasons of

borers infestated of sugarcane field were observed

early in the morning and afternoon, almost 15

random and 15 non–random samples were collected

from each areas by moving diagonally in the field

and the survey was conducted in District Dadu,

Sindh.

2.3 Identification of Samples

Sugarcane borer were identified by given protocol of

[8] and [9]. Further, for correct identification of

specific character of each sample was throughly

observed under Sterscopic Micrscope. Biside this

catterpillar (Larvae) characteristic was also

cencentred for confirmation of species.All collected

specimens were deposited in the Entomology Bio-

Control Research Lab (EBCRL), Department of

Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro.

2.4 Quantitative deamage

The observation on the infestation of different borer

species was recorded at weekly intervals stating from

germination till harvest of the crop. During early

vegetative growth stage the infestation was recorded

on dead heart basis and later on internode basis.

3. RESULTS

It was observed that District Dadu production is

about 20 thousands ton of sugarcane. Sugarcane crop

continuously damages by different borers species

Present it was noticed that 05 pest borers i.e: Stem

Borer (Chilo tumidicostalis), Shoot Borer (Chilo

infuscatellus), Internode Borer (Chilo

sacchariphagus indicus), Top Borer (Sciropophaga

excerptalis) and Root Borer (Emmalocera

depressella) damage the cane and effect quantity,

quality and reduce the sucrose of cane. It is observed

that most dominate species belonging to genus

species Chilo on the cane and causing maximum

damage in all visited sectors (Table 1 a-d) Chilo

species damages about 10 – 80% of the cane and

reduces the yield quantity and somewhere “dead

heart”. It was also noted that the first time growing

sugarcane is less affected then the second time and

second time is less effected then the third time or

lope is more effected than the second lope such like

infestation increase lope by lope (Fig.1). It has been

seen from Table 2 that various species of borer show

fluctuated occurrence in difference seasons. This

infestation of stem borer were significantly highest

during this month of October to November in Kakar

and Phulji sectors while most of the borer were not

found in the Autumn season. In case of the spring

season in 03 sectors i.e: Payaro, Patt shareef and Sita

were occupied with borer’s population while

remaining sectors were free from this with exception

of few rare numbers of steam borer and root borer

seen in March. Beside this, Table 1 indicates that

there is great fluctuation in population density of

borer in various seasons of the year. During the

present study 08 sectors were visited but key

concentration was focused on 05 sectors (Fig. 2).

Table 2 indicates that infestation percentage of stem

borer was significantly higher i-e 28% in Payaro and

Phulji followed by 27% in Kakar. Opposing to this,

infestation of top borer was significantly low i-e 10%

in Phulji and there was no significant differences

were observed in infestation rate of shoot borer in all

visited sectors.

a

b

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

28

Fig 1.

Table 1. Seasonal occurrence of borers

a. October (Autumn) 2016

Borers

Payaro Patt Shareef

Stem Borer + + + + +

Internode Borer + ++ + +

Shoot Borer ++ +

Root Borer + + + +

Top Borer + + +

b. November (Autumn) 2016

Borers

Payaro Patt

Shareef

Stem Borer + + + +

Internode Borer + + + +

Shoot Borer + + +

Root Borer + + + +

Top Borer + + + +

c. February (Spring) 2017

Borers

Payaro Patt

Shareef

Stem Borer + + + +

Internode Borer + + + +

Shoot Borer + + + +

Root Borer + + + +

Top Borer + +

c

Infestation of Borers in Sugarcane

1. Infestation of different bores in sugarcane.

Seasonal occurrence of borers in various sectors in different month of the year 2016

Sectors

Patt Shareef Kakar Phulji Buriri Sade

Mosani

Makhdom

Bilawal

+ + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + +

+ + + + + + +

+ + + -- +

++ ++ + ++

Sectors

Patt

Shareef Kakar Phulji Buriri

Sade

Mosani

Makhdom

Bilawal

+ + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + +

+ + + + + + +

+ + + -- +

+ + + + + +

Sectors

Patt

Shareef Kakar Phulji Buriri

Sade

Mosani

Makhdo

Bilawal

+ + + -- +

+ + + -- --

+ + + + + --

+ + + -- --

+ + + -- --

d

erent month of the year 2016-17

Makhdom

Bilawal Sita

+ + + +

+ + + +

-- + +

-- +

-- ++

Makhdom

Bilawal Sita

+ + +

-- + +

-- + +

-- +

-- + +

Makhdo

Bilawal Sita

-- +

-- +

-- +

-- +

-- +

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

29

d. March (Spring) 2017

Borers

Payaro Patt Shareef

Stem Borer + +

Internode Borer _ _

Shoot Borer _ _

Root Borer + _

Top Borer --- ---

Table 2: Infestation percentage of

S. No Borers

1 Stem Borer

2 Internode Borer

3 Shoot Borer

4 Top Borer

5 Root Borer

Fig 2. Infestation rate of

4. DISCUSSION

Sugar is essential items in our daily life. It is cash

crop in Pakistan and contributes big portion in

economy of country. But due to attach of many pest

species its proper yield capacity is reducing day

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

PayaroPatt

shareef

A. Aziz et al.,

Sectors

Patt Shareef Kakar Phulji Buriri Sade

Mosani

Makhdom

Bilawal

-- + -- +

_ _ -- --

_ _ + --

_ _ -- --

--- --- --- ---

: Infestation percentage of Chilo species in five sectors in District Dadu

Payaro Patt shareef Kakar

26% 24% 25%

20% 21% 20%

14% 15% 16%

12% 14% 12%

28% 26% 27%

rate of the various borers in different localities in District Dadu

Sugar is essential items in our daily life. It is cash

big portion in

attach of many pest

species its proper yield capacity is reducing day-by-

day. The basic aim of this work was to note the

infestation rate of some borers in cane fields. During

field it was observed that Chilo

yield capacity. So it was essential to conduct a study

of prevalence of Chilo species in a

At present infestation of borers significant reduce the

Patt

shareefKakar

PhuljiSita

Makhdom

Bilawal Sita

-- --

-- _

-- _

-- _

--- ---

District Dadu

Phulji Sita

26% 22%

23% 20%

13% 18%

10% 16%

28% 24%

The basic aim of this work was to note the

infestation rate of some borers in cane fields. During

species reduces the

essential to conduct a study

species in a sugarcane sectors.

present infestation of borers significant reduce the

Stem Borer

Internode Borer

Shoot Borer

Top Borer

Root Borer

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

30

Infestation of Borers in Sugarcane

yield in various important growing sectors of Dadu.

Similar studies were conducted in other regions of

Sindh by Khan et al., [13]. They also reported that in

Sindh borer’s infestation is big thread for formers

present study agreed on this account. Further, there

are also some conflicting reports about cane stages

which suffer maximum borers infestation and there

are some factors affecting cane yield as well as

sugarcane recovery, several authors [2], [10], [11],

[12], [13] carried work on the different aspects of

sugarcane pests from different areas of the world

including Pakistan, but in the District Dadu there was

no such survey done before this. This atempt has

been conceded for first time and 08 sectors incuding

05 major sectors were incpected. Overall, it was

noticed that borers baddly effect the yield and after

infesation cane is no longer in any specific use except

we can used this as fuel resourec. Rehman et al., [9]

provide the identification and distribution pattern of

stem borers from Bangladesh they reported that

infestations of cane has been started in the month of

May after this it reduce. Present study suggests that it

might be due to climatic change in June. Ullah, [14]

noticed that C. sacchariphagus damage the crop an

internode formation take place and continuous its

activity till the harvestmen it was also observed that

juice quality deterioration occur when this infestation

is severe. A part from this, Khan et al., [13] worked

out on the population dynamics of C. infuscatellus,

they reported that it is very destructive pest damaging

crop when internode formation occurred. They

calculated overage percentage of C. infuscatellus was

9.08±3.97 in chamber followed by 8.44±5.69 in

Tando Allahyar. However they did not mentioned

any specific cane yield variety. During present study

we have visited 04 varieties and noticed considerable

damage of Chilo on cane verities.

5. CONCLUSION

During this study it is observed the chilo damage

almost 10 – 80% of cane and reduces the yield

quantity, quality and sucrose. Present study suggests

that 05 borer’s species significantly damage the 04

varieties, of sugarcane in field. However, there is no

significant morphological varieties were observed in

the emergence of adult moth. Further, during the field

survey it was also observed that this borer also had

attached other plant of cane under family graminae

poaceae. Present study recommends that Chilo

tumidicostalis was found major pest borer for all

grown sugarcane varieties which prevails in Dadu,

Sindh. This study will be very helpful to know the

major insect’s pests and their extent of damage so

that in future proper control measures can be used to

minimize the number of insecticides.




REFERENCES

[1] Food and Agriculture Organization of United

Nations, “Global network on integrated soil

management for sustainable use of salt-affected

soil,” Rome. Italy: FAO Land and Plant Nutr.

Manag. Service, 2003,

http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/spush.

[2] H.F. Box, “List of Sugar Cane Insects,” London

common: Ins. pp. 101, 1953.

[3] K.A. Rehman and D. Singh, “Studies on dead

hearts caused by different species of sugarcane

borers in Punjab,” Indian Journal of Entmology,

vol. IV (I), pp. 78-85, 1942.

[4] N.A. Chaudhry and M. A. Ansari, “Insect Pests of

Sugar Cane in Pakistan,” Progressive Farming,

vol. 8(4), pp. 10-18, 1988.

[5] K.M. Naqvi, “Improvement insects pest of

sugarcane crop in Sindh,” Sugarcane crop

seminar, 1975.

[6] H.A. Qayum, “Important insect pests of

sugarcane in Punjab and their control,” Sugarcane

crop, Seminar Representation and

recommendations Ciba Giegy, pp. 59-66, 1975.

[7] M. Irshad, A.S.K. Ghouri, S. Mirza and I.

Khanzada, “Incidence and economic significance

of Chilo infuscatellus Snell. (Pyrilidae:

Lepidoptera) in Northern Pakistan,” Sarh. J.

Agric., vol. 6(1), pp. 35-38, 1990.

[8] D.K. Butani, “A key for identification of

sugarcane borers. Indian Journal of Entomology,

vol. 18, pp. 303-304, 1956.

[9] M.A. Rehman, M.S. Noman, M.A. Maleque,

M.Z. Alam, S. Afroz and M.K.A. Chowdhury,

“Identification and distribution of sugarcane

stem borer in Bangladesh,” SAARC J. Agri.,

vol. 11(2), pp. 103-116, 2013.

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

31

A. Aziz et al.,

[10] V.P. Rao, M.A. Ghani, and K.C. Mathur, “A

review of the biological control of insects in

South-East Asia and the Pacific Region,” Tech.

Commun. Commonw. Inst. Biol. Contr., vol. 6,

pp. 1-196, 1971.

[11] K.M. Harris, “Biology of Chilo species,” Insect

Science and Application, vol. 11(4), pp. 467-

477, 1990.

[12] L.S. Kuniata, “Borer damage and estimation of

losses caused by Sesamia grisescens Walker

(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in sugarcane Papua

New Guinea,” Int. J. Pest Managt, vol. 44, pp.

93-98, 1998.

[13] M. Khan, R. Sultana, B.A. Bughio, A. Ali, B.K.

Solangi and S. Kumar, “Studies on the

population dynamics of sugarcane stem borer,

Chilo infuscatellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and

its parasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera:

Braconidae) in sugarcane in Hyderabad region of

Sindh,” Sindh Univ. Res. Jour. (Sci. Ser.) vol. 45

(3) pp. 542-545, 2013.

[14] M. Ullah, B.U. Butt, and M. Shah, “Assessment

of cane and internode damage in millable cane

by sugarcane pest complex,” Sarhad Journal of

Agriculture, vol. 22(2), pp. 202-217, 2006

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

32

UNIVERSITY OF SINDH



Impact of Natural Diets on the Development and Morphometric

Chrysoperla carnea

Fida Hussain Magsi1, Abid Ali Soomro

1Department of Entomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GSCAAS) Beijing China

2Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture Unive

ARTICLE INFORMATION

Article History:

Received: 12th August, 2017 Accepted: 1st November 2017

Published online: 16th November, 2017

Authors Contribution:

FHM planned the study, AAS wrote the results, AB supervised the experiment &

compiled data with help to statistical

analysis, IAK noted the duration of developmental stages, and SMJ look

after the whole research experiment

maintained under laboratory condition.

Key words:

Chrysoperlacarnea,

Natural diets, Development,

Morphometric,

Laboratory condition.


1. INTRODUCTION

hrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera:

Chrysopidae), is a Common green lacewing,

generallly predators, and very efficient and useful in

biological control agent. The chrysopidae lacewings

are very useful insects of agricultural ecosystem

An entomologist knows that target of biological

control programs and its family included more than

90 type and 1800 well-famous species and their

predating performance always paying attention and

reported thatin Iran 46 species are member of

Chrysopidae families and 193 lacewings species are

described [2]. The potential of feeding behaviour of

first-instar larva of C. carneaon unusual prey species

in the order of Aphis craccivora

melanogaster, Corcyra cephalonica.

Corresponding Author: [email protected] 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences

C





of Natural Diets on the Development and Morphometric

rnea (Stephens) under Laboratory Conditions

Abid Ali Soomro2, Aslam Bukero2, Imran Ali Kumbhar

Jaffery2

Department of Entomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GSCAAS) Beijing China


ABSTRACT

The study was conducted under laboratory conditions

Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Faculty of Crop

Protection, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam during 2015

determine better artificial diets for mass rearing of C. carnea.

natural diets Mustard, Akk, Cabbage aphid and Sitroga

were used. The results indicated that the maximum larval developmental

period was recorded 5.5±0.6 of 1st instar larvae of C. carnea

whereas the shortest development was 2.25±0.3 days in 2

cerellela and mustard aphid, while the results further revealed that the

highest development period of 3rd

instar larvae observed 4.25±1.3 on akk

aphid. The maximum pupal developmental time was recorded (7.0±1.1) on

S. cerellela eggs followed by cabbage aphid (6.25

(5.75±1.3), and mustard aphid (5.00±1.0) On the other hand the

morphometric measurement of C. carnea highest length and breadth was

at 1st instar 4.38±0.13 L/B 2.25±0.25mm 2

nd

2.13±0.13mm and 3rd

instar 6.88±0.31 2.88±0.13mm on

The analysis of variance indicated that there was highly significant

difference between the natural diets, and their larval, pupal,

developmental, and morphometric stages on different aphid species

(Stephens) (Neuroptera:

Chrysopidae), is a Common green lacewing,

generallly predators, and very efficient and useful in

biological control agent. The chrysopidae lacewings

are very useful insects of agricultural ecosystems [1].

An entomologist knows that target of biological

control programs and its family included more than

famous species and their

ing attention and

in Iran 46 species are member of

idae families and 193 lacewings species are

The potential of feeding behaviour of

on unusual prey species

Aphis craccivora, Drosophila


Reliant on these studies, D. melanogaster

be capable for mass production of the predator in the

laboratory for mass rearing, no native aphids or other

natural hosts could be available throughout the year;

in this context experiments were conducted to

standardize an artificial diet instead of eggs of

Angoumois grain moth, to generate their some

numbers at a low cost [3].The number of methods has

been used for rearing lacewing with a cannibalistic

tendency. Term paper sheets covered with

Phthorimaea oprulella (Zeller) eggs as a kill

sprinkled on top in wooden tray sheltered with

muslin for rearing C.carnea larvae to keep away from

cannibalism. To divide larvae of

examine shape was used as rearing containers and

Sitrtroga cerealella eggs were provide as food to the

larvae independently. They are successful predators

of jassid, whiteflies, thrips, aphids and mites they

also nourish on the eggs and tiny larvae of the cotton

bollworms [4]. The Chrysoperla

Malladadesjardinsi are well widely described in


ISSN(E): 2523-6067

ISSN(P): 2521-8328


of Natural Diets on the Development and Morphometrics of

nder Laboratory Conditions

Kumbhar2, Syeda Maira

Department of Entomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GSCAAS) Beijing China

rsity Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan

under laboratory conditions, in Bio-control

Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Faculty of Crop

Protection, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam during 2015-2016 to

C. carnea. The four

troga cercellela eggs

were used. The results indicated that the maximum larval developmental

C. carnea on akk aphid,

whereas the shortest development was 2.25±0.3 days in 2nd

instar on S.

and mustard aphid, while the results further revealed that the

instar larvae observed 4.25±1.3 on akk

The maximum pupal developmental time was recorded (7.0±1.1) on

eggs followed by cabbage aphid (6.25±1.3), akk aphid

(5.75±1.3), and mustard aphid (5.00±1.0) On the other hand the

highest length and breadth was nd

instar 5.13±0.31

13mm on S.cerellela eggs.

The analysis of variance indicated that there was highly significant

difference between the natural diets, and their larval, pupal,

developmental, and morphometric stages on different aphid species.

D. melanogaster appeared to

be capable for mass production of the predator in the

ss rearing, no native aphids or other

natural hosts could be available throughout the year;

in this context experiments were conducted to

standardize an artificial diet instead of eggs of

Angoumois grain moth, to generate their some

The number of methods has

been used for rearing lacewing with a cannibalistic

Term paper sheets covered with

(Zeller) eggs as a kill

sprinkled on top in wooden tray sheltered with

larvae to keep away from

cannibalism. To divide larvae of Chrysoperla honey

examine shape was used as rearing containers and

were provide as food to the

hey are successful predators

hrips, aphids and mites they

also nourish on the eggs and tiny larvae of the cotton

Chrysoperla carnea and

are well widely described in

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

33

F.H. Magsi et al.,

Europe, USR, North Americaa, and Central Africa.

And some prey of green lacewings, Chrysoperlaspp.

(Chrysopidae) are international predators that come

to mind to control in a wide number range of

agricultural pests. The larvae of Chrysoperla is a very

active, and native predator of biological control agent

of a range of phytophagous arthropods like as aphids,

caterpillars, leafhoppers, thrips and eggs [5].The

highest biological agent of C. carnea was observed

when adult fed on a diet based on honey, yeast and

pollen there were significant difference between rate

of oviposition, larvae longevity, fertility and sex ratio

on different diets (female: male when larvae fed on

age of nymph Shizaphisgraminum, Bemisiatabaci

and artificial diet. Considering above parameters,

artificial diet can be a best choice for mass rearing C.

carnea[6].The Biological control programe is a

permanent, secure, and economically and

environmental important. The action of parasites has

been described and parasitoids prey and pathogenic

which are the key pest populations at a lowest typical

more economic damage level". Most of the natural

bio agents are host-specific to a small number of

strongly as compared to C. carnea. Thus the non-

target species are no affected. Capable natural

enemies frequently carry on having a supress have an

effect on insect pests [7].A larva of C. carnea is a

predator of uncovered eggs, small larvae of

biological agents and lepidopterist pests. It nourish

on time-consuming affecting, very elastic bodied

arthropods like as aphids, whitefly, scales, mealy

bugs and mites [8]. The rearing technique is provider

C. carnea culture and large numbers of eggs and

larvae which considered necessary for inundative

release in sort to start a natural programme with C.

carnea.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1 Place of work

The experiment was conducted onimpact of natural

diets on the development and morphometric of

Chrysoperlacarnea (stephens) under laboratory conditions,

during 2015-2016, Department of Entomology,

Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture

university, Tandojam. The stock culture of

Chrysoperlacarnea and Sitotrogacerellela were

obtained from N.I.A laboratory.

2.2 Experimental design

The aphid species (Giant milk weed, Mustard and

Cabbage) were collected from respective crops. The

prey species were provided to the predator larvae to

determine the development period and

morphometrics of different larval instars of C. carnea

under laboratory conditions. The temperature

maintained between 26±2OC and Relative humidity

60±5%. The experimental design will be Complete

Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications.

2.3 Treatments

There was four treatments i.e. T1= Aphis nerii, T2=

Lipaphis erysimi, T3= Bervicoryne brassicae and T4

=S. cerealella eggs.

2.4 Data collection

First instar larvae of C. carnea was shifted in each

Petri dishes for experiment. The larvae feed on aphid

species and S. cereallela eggs.

The observation was taken daily to determine the

developmental time and morphometric measurement

of each life stage daily with help of magnifying glass

scale.

2.5 Statically Analysis

The collected data were subjected for statistical

analysis and statistical differences existed between

data sets (P<0.05), Fisher’s Least Significant

Differences (LSD) was used to separate the differing

means.

3. RESULTS

3.1 Development period of Chrysoperla carnea on

different natural diet

3.1.1 Larval period

The result showed in Table.1 indicated that the

maximum development period was observed 4.5±0.6

days in the 1st instar larvae of C. carnea fed with S.

cerellela eggs, whereas minimum development

period was recorded as 2.68±0.29, 2.95±0.72, and

3.5±0.58 on mustard, cabbage and akk aphid,

respectively. Similarly, the lowest development

period was recorded 3.10±0.38, days in 2nd

instar

larvae on both mustard aphid and akk aphid, followed

by 4.8±0.89 and 5.89±0.25 on cabbage and S.

cerellela eggs, respectively. The results further

revealed that the highest development period was

observed 6.92±1.05 in 3rd

instar on S. cerellela eggs

whereas lowest development period was 4.89±0.39

on both musrard aphid and akk aphid 5.31±1.20,

respectively. In the light of above results the

minimum development period was occurred on S.

cerellela eggs whereas maximum development time

was observed on mustard, cabbage and akk aphids.

The analysis of variance indicated that there was

highly significant difference between the larval

development on different aphid species (P<0.05).

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

34

Impact of Natural diets on Chrysoperlac arnea Development

3.1.2 Pupal stage

The result further depicted in table 1 that the

maximum developmental time was recorded

7.75±1.24a in pupa on S. cerellela eggs followed by

7.0±1.1a cabbage and 6.25±1.3, on akk, aphid, while

minimum 6.16±1.05, days on mustard aphids. The

analysis of variance indicated that there was highly

significant difference in the pupal development on

different host species (P<0.05).

Table 1. Mean Development Time (Days) of Chrysoperla carnea on different natural diets

Life stages Mustard Aphid

(T1)

Akk Aphid

(T4)

Cabbage Aphid

(T2)

S.cerella eggs

(T3)

1st instar 2.68±0.29c 2.95±0.72bc 3.5±0.58b 4.5±0.6a

2nd

instar 3.10±0.38c 3.98±0.78c 4.8±0.89b 5.89±0.25a

3rd

instar 4.89±0.39c 5.31±1.20b 5.41±0.28b 6.92±1.05a

Pupa 6.16±1.05b 6.25±1.3b 7.0±1.1a 7.75±1.24a

3.2 Morphometrics of Chrysoperla carnea on

different host species.

3.2.1 Larval stage

The results presented in Table 2 showed that the

highest length and breadth was measured 3.02±0.43

and 1.05±0.24mm in the 1st instar larvae of

Chrysoperla carnea on mustard aphid followed by

2.78±0.32; 0.92±0.13 and 2.41±0.13; 0.89±0.05b and

0.72±0.02mm reared on cabbage, akk aphids, and S.

cereallela eggs, respectively. Similarly, the

maximum length and breadth of 2nd

instar larvae was

recorded 4.45±0.52 and 1.62.±0.29mm on mustard

aphids whereas minimum was 2.98.±0.08 and

2.25±0.25; 4.75±0.25 and 2.25±0.25; 4.88±0.52 and

1.50±0.29mm on akk, cabbage and S. cereallela eggs,

respectively. The results further revealed that the

highest length and breadth of 3rd

instar larvae was

measured 5.89±0.24 and2.12±0.13mm on mustard

aphid followed by 5.35±0.20; 1.98±0.13mm and

5.01±0.38; 1.79±0.21 and 4.86±0.31; 1.49±0.13 on

akk, cabbage and S. cereallela eggs, respectively.

The analysis of variance indicated that there was

highly significant difference between the larval

morphometrics on different host species (P<0.05).

3.2.2 Adult Male and female

Similarly, the maximum length and breadth of female

adult of Chrysoperla carnea was recorded 6.78±0.78

and 1.62±0.41mm on mustard aphid whereas

minimum was 5.48±0.11; 1.10±0.06 on S. cereallela

eggs, followed by 6.01±0.71; 1.31±0.41 and

6.21±0.71; 1.43±0.61 on cabbage, akk aphids,

respectively. The analysis of variance indicated that

there was highly significant difference between the

adult female stages on different aphid species

(P<0.05).The results further revealed that the highest

length and breadth of adult male stage of

Chrysoperla carnea was measured 6.05±0.50 and

1.41±0.28mm on mustard aphids followed by

5.92±0.36; 1.18±0.23 and 5.86±0.43; 1.05±0.29 and

0.89±0.04mm on akk aphid, cabbage aphid and S.

cerellela eggs, respectively. The analysis of variance

indicated that there was highly significant difference

between the male adult stage on different host

species.

Table 2. Morphometric measurement of different life stages Chrysoperla carnea on different natural diets

Life stages

Mustard Aphid (T1) Akk Aphid (T4) Cabbage Aphid (T2) S.cerella Eggs (T4)

Length Breadth Length Breadth Length Breadth Length Breadth

1st Instar 3.02±0.43a 1.05±0.24a 2.78±0.32ab 0.92±0.13ab 2.41±0.13b 0.89±0.05b 2.04±0.11b 0.72±0.02b

2nd instar 4.45±0.52a 1.62.±0.29a 3.79±0.25ab 1.24±0.25ab 3.39±0.31b 1.05±0.09b 2.98.±0.08b 0.98±0.05b

3rd instar 5.89±0.24a 2.12±0.13a 5.35±0.20a 1.98±0.13ab 5.01±0.38a 1.79±0.21b 4.86±0.31b 1.49±0.13b

Female 6.78±0.78a 1.62±0.41a 6.21±0.71a 1.43±0.61a 6.01±0.71a 1.31±0.41a 5.48±0.11b 1.10±0.06a

Male 6.05±0.50a 1.41±0.28a 5.92±0.36a 1.18±0.23a 5.86±0.43a 1.05±0.29a 5.21±0,09a 0.89±0.04a

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

35

F.H. Magsi et al.,

4. DISCUSSION

The findings of present result indicated that the

maximum development period was observed 4.5±0.6

days in the 1st instar larvae of C. carnea fed with S.

cerellela eggs, whereas minimum development period

was recorded as 2.68±0.29, 2.95±0.72, and 3.5±0.58 on

mustard, cabbage and akk aphid, respectively. The

maximum developmental time was recorded

7.75±1.24a in pupa on S. cerellela eggs followed by

7.0±1.1a cabbage and 6.25±1.3, on akk, aphid, while

minimum 6.16±1.05, days on mustard aphids. . The

results further revealed that the highest length and

breadth of 3rd

instar larvae was measured 5.89±0.24

and2.12±0.13mm on mustard aphid followed by

5.35±0.20; 1.98±0.13mm and 5.01±0.38; 1.79±0.21

and 4.86±0.31; 1.49±0.13 on akk, cabbage and S.

cereallela eggs, respectively. Similarly, the maximum

length and breadth of female adult of Chrysoperla

carnea was recorded 6.78±0.78 and 1.62±0.41mm on

mustard aphid whereas minimum was 5.48±0.11;

1.10±0.06 on S. cereallela eggs. The findings of

present result have the conformity with report of [9]

reported the study on predator lacewing species

Chrysoperla comanche (Banks) and Chrysopa

nigricornis Burmeister, ovipositional favorite larval to

adult late presentation of 2 generalist. These both

predators are most plentiful in pecan trees Carya

illinoensis (Wagenh) K. Kock) in southern Arizon

specialist aphids Monellia caryella (Fitch) and

Melanocallis caryaefoliae (Davis) are obtained. The

experiment with seedlings of infested one of the 2

native aphid species some time without aphid’s Ovi-

positional preference was experienced in a three-way

choice. And the Female adults of both species of green

lacewing predator showed an important ovipositing

liking on plants bearing aphids, but simply C.

Comanche well-known among the two aphid species.

The both aphid species are suitable for larval

development but development period were not affected

by the specie of aphid treatment. C. nigricornis pupae

were significantly heavier as compared to larvae of M.

caryaefoliae, but no difference was found in C.

Comanche between pupal weights. The oviposition

time was significantly longer which feed a combination

of the two aphid species of C. nigricornis females that

compared with each aphid species larval development.

On the other hand, eggs laid by either species aphid

diet did not affect the amount of during the first five

days of oviposition.

5. CONCLUSION

The maximum larval developmental period of C.

carnea was recorded on akk aphid followed by S.

cereallela eggs, cabbage aphid and mustard aphid. The

pupal developmental period of C. carnea was

significantly different when larvae fed with natural

prey species. The highest length and breadth was

measured in the larval instars on mustard aphid

followed by cabbage aphid, S. cereallela eggs and akk

aphid. Similarly, the maximum length and breadth of

adults of C. carnea was measured on mustard aphid

followed by cabbage aphid, S. cereallela eggs and akk

aphid.



regarding the publication of this article.

REFERENCES

[1] M. Sattarand G.H. Abro. “Mass rearing of

Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera:

Chrysopidae adults for integrated pest management

programmes,”. Pakistan. J. Zool, vol. 43 no. 3, pp,

483-487, 2011.

[2] S.H. Farahi, Sadeghi and A. E. Whittington.

“Lacewings (Neu.: Chrysopidae: Hemerobiidae)

from north Eastern & East Provinces of

Iran,”Munis Entomology & Zoology. vol.4 no. 2,

pp, 501- 509, 2009.

[3] N.N. Singh and K. Manoj.“Potentiality of

Chrysoperla carnea in suppression of mustard

aphid population,” Indian J. Entomol.vol. 62, pp,

323-326, 2000.

[4] M.Ahmad, B. Fatima, G.Z. Khan, Nasrullah and

A. Salam. “Field managements of insect pests of

cotton through augmentation of parasitoids and

predators,” Asian J. Plant Sci, vol. 2, pp, 563-

565, 2003.

[5] S. S. Brook and P. C. Barnard. “The Green

Lacewing of World: A Generic Review (Neu.

Chrysopidae,”) Bulletin of British Museum

(Natural History), London, England, Vol

59.pp117-286 1990.

[6] M.Jokarand M. Zarabi.“Surveying effect kind of

food on Biological parameters on Chrysoper

lacarnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) under

laboratory Conditions,” Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog.

Sci., vol. 5, no. 1, pp, 99-106, 2012.

[7] P.DeBach.“Success, trend and future possibilities

in biological control of insect pest and weeds,”

Reinhold, New York, 1964.

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

36

Impact of Natural diets on Chrysoperlac arnea Development

[8] M. Canard and Y. Semeria. New.“Biology of

Chrysopidae.”D. R. W. Junk Publishers,

Management. Cambridge University Press, 564

pp, 1984.

[9] M.K Petersen, M.S Hunter. “Ovipositional

preference and larval-early adult performance of

two generalist lacewing predators of aphids in

pecans Biological Control,” vol. 25, pp. 101-109.

DOI: 10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00049-X. 2002

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

37




Ovipositional Preference of

Bhai Khan Solangi1, Muhammad Haroon Hullio

Murtaza

1 Department of Entomology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam

2 Department of Horticulture, Faculty

3 Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali B

ARTICLE INFORMATION

Article History:

Received: 24 August, 2017

Accepted: 29th October 2017 Published online 16th November, 2017

Author’s contribution

BKS writ up & supervised the

experiment, MHH maintained samples under laboratory condition, SAM help in

statistical analysis, GMB corrected the

manuscript and KKK helps in collection of data.

Key words: B. zonata, Jujube,

Preference, Varities,

Population, Sex ratio.


1. INTRODUCTION

ephritidae flies belong to the order Diptera and

most economically important in all over the

world. The fruit flies are largest group

concerning 4600 species offered in different regions

[1]. More about 800 species are recorded from

orientated regions, as well as jointly with 400

from South Asia and south east [2]. In South East

Asia the B. zonata was notorious as one of the most

important agriculture pests, some fruits Guava,

Mango, Jujube, Sputa, are the most important hosts



T





Ovipositional Preference of Bactrocera zonata on Jujube Varieties under

Laboratory Conditions

, Muhammad Haroon Hullio3, Saba Ambreen Memon

Murtaza Bughio1, Kamil Kabir Khanzada

1

Entomology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam

, Faculty of Crop Production, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam

Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Agriculture Colleges, Dokri

ABSTRACT

This particular study was conducted on Ovipositional preference of

Bactrocera zonata on jujube varieties under laboratory condition

2015-2016. The research was carried out on the host preference, maximum

adults’ emergence, and sex ratio and to observe the impact of different

jujube varieties The results showed that the highest adults emergence

percentage (56.74%), was recorded on late gola while lowest (41.96%), on

Kherol Mukhri, respectively. The data further described that

pupal period 7.85±0.07 days was observed on white gola, while minimum

on sufiimran 6.20±0.06, under free choice. However,

of male and female 1.36:1 was noted on Kherol Mukhri

was 1.13:1, on late gola. This experiment also indicated that female sex

ratio was higher compared to male adults in all varieties.

highest pupal weight was recorded (0.0118±0.003) on late gola, and

lowest was (0.0075±0.001), on Kherol Mukhri, respectively. The further

results determined under no choice, the highest males and females

emergence (79.02%), was recorded on Kherol Mukhri

(54.35%), on white gola, respectively. The data further revealed that

maximum pupal period 7.85±0.07 days was observed on white gola, while

minimum on sufiimran 6.20±0.06. On the other hand, the

emergence of female adult (132.54±29.20) was recorded on

Mukhri, this experiment also described that pupal weight is different on all

varieties and population of B. zonata highest on under no choice as

compared to under free choice. Such as, the better adults’ emergence

percentage as well as sex ratio was occurred Kherol Mukhri

to other varieties.

flies belong to the order Diptera and

cally important in all over the

ruit flies are largest group distributed


More about 800 species are recorded from

orientated regions, as well as jointly with 400 species

. In South East

was notorious as one of the most

important agriculture pests, some fruits Guava,

Mango, Jujube, Sputa, are the most important hosts [email protected]

University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences

of fruit flies and also vegetables pest in

Pakistan. The Ber, Zizyphus (jujube) is grown in the

warm regions and it’s belong to family Rhamnaceae

this fruit recorded most of Sindh and Punjab [3]

is very delicious fruits and mostly used in making

candies as well as in cooking this is grown in 3018

area hectares, having 16745 tons regular yield in

Pakistan [4]. The Ber fruits are the main source of

vitamin A, calcium, protein, fat, carbohydrates

also phosphorus. In most of the area Sindh a graft

native jujube varieties are grown, the area of farming

ber fruits from Middle East counties under the jujube

increasing due to exported, and jujube trees are very

responsible to a wide variety of phyto


ISSN(E): 2523-6067

ISSN(P): 2521-8328


on Jujube Varieties under

Saba Ambreen Memon2, Ghulam

Entomology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam-Pakistan

of Crop Production, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam-Pakistan

Ovipositional preference of

on jujube varieties under laboratory condition during

host preference, maximum

he impact of different

highest adults emergence

(56.74%), was recorded on late gola while lowest (41.96%), on

, respectively. The data further described that the maximum

was observed on white gola, while minimum

the highest sex ratio

Kherol Mukhri, whereas lowest

This experiment also indicated that female sex

ratio was higher compared to male adults in all varieties. Such as, the

) on late gola, and

, respectively. The further

highest males and females

Kherol Mukhri while lowest

.35%), on white gola, respectively. The data further revealed that the

was observed on white gola, while

On the other hand, the maximum

) was recorded on Kherol

, this experiment also described that pupal weight is different on all

highest on under no choice as

the better adults’ emergence

Kherol Mukhri as compared

of fruit flies and also vegetables pest in India and

(jujube) is grown in the

belong to family Rhamnaceae

orded most of Sindh and Punjab [3]. This

is very delicious fruits and mostly used in making

cooking this is grown in 3018

area hectares, having 16745 tons regular yield in

. The Ber fruits are the main source of

vitamin A, calcium, protein, fat, carbohydrates and

also phosphorus. In most of the area Sindh a graft

native jujube varieties are grown, the area of farming

ber fruits from Middle East counties under the jujube

increasing due to exported, and jujube trees are very

responsible to a wide variety of phytophagous insect

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

38

B.K. Solangi et al.,

pests those attack a wide verities, and destroy which

including ber fruits fly such as C. vasuviana costa

and B. zonata [5]. The different type of jujube

varieties was damaged by fruit flies species From

Pakistan it reported 67 to 73 percent. On the other

hand, Carpomia vesuvana 3.75 to 19.5 percent

damage occurred by jujube fruit fly whereas there is

infestation of flies founded the damage could be even

higher, keeping the more importance of ber fruit fly,

it was decided that on managing of fly species on

different jujube to carry the experiment [6]. The

peach fruit fly, B. zonata was noted one of the most

critical fruit pests which increased in more than a few

regions of the world. It is also recorded in several

governorates in Egypt where it caused great problems

to many fruits. In Pakistan, this pest caused from 25

to 50% losses in guava fruits [7]. The Selection of the

egg laying site by the fruit fly depends upon host

quality. Female fruit flies decisions about fruit and

vegetable to oviposition their eggs based on aptness

regarding the performance of the off-springs Fruits

and vegetables may vary with respect to the quality

and quantity of nutrients available that can influence

the larval and pupal size, weight, developmental

time, adult eclosion rate, maturity time of adult bee

and their fecundity as well [8]. Fruit fly females use

visual and contact cues like shape, size, smell and

color of fruits and as well as olfaction to locate the

suitable larval host [9]. The little work on

inhabitant’s dynamics of fruit flies and their

parasitoids species in terms of identification on

different varieties of ber have been carried out so far.

The output of the present survey will be exploited for

managing the population densities of fruit flies

integrated pest management program for fruit flies in

Ber orchard. Hopefully, these findings will be helpful

in managing the population densities of fruit flies and

their Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes

in different orchards [5]. The main objective of

Present study was to observe the ovipositional

preference, and biology of B. zonata.


The experiment was conducted at Dipterian Research

Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Faculty of

Crop Protection, and Sindh Agriculture University

Tandojam during 2015-2016. Ovipositional

preference of B. zonata on different jujube varieties

under laboratory condition was observed at

temperature of 27oC with relative humidity of 67±5.

2.1 Experimental design The five jujube varieties i.e T1= Sufi Imran T2=

White gola, T3= Late gola, T4= Kherol Mukhri and

T5= Sufi gilli, were placed in one Cage for free

choice and five different cages were used for no

choice ovipositional preference for 2 hours, with

release 200 pairs of fruit flies in the cage. After 24

hours the jujube varieties were separated in five

different cages containing fine saw dust at the bottom

for pupation. The experiment was laid up in

Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with three

replications. The observation was recorded based on

parameters, as mentioned below Adult emergence,

pupal weight, pupal period and Sex ratio (male and

female).

2.2 Adult diet

B. zonata were reared on artificial diet making

solution of 30% honey and 70% water.

2.3 Saw dust

It was purchased from saw machine and placed inside

the cages. The infested fruits were shifted in the saw

dust cage, after few days’ larvae pop out and drop

into the saw dust after pupation. The saw dust was

sieved to separate the pupae of fruit flies.

2.4 Statistical analysis

The collected data were subjected to statistical

analysis of variance to know the significance

differences and least significant difference (LSD) tested

was applied to compare different treatments.

3. RESULTS

3.1 Ovipositional preference under free choice

The results in Table 1 show that the highest males

and females adult emergence percentage i-e (56.74%)

was recorded on late gola while lowest (41.96%), on

Kherol Mukhri, respectively. The data further

described that the maximum pupal period 7.85±0.07

days was observed on white gola, while minimum on

sufiimran 6.20±0.06. On the other hand, maximum

preference of B. zonata female adult (92.45±28.74)

was recorded on white gola, followed by late gola

(90.45±34.88), sufiimran (82.00±30.46), sufigilli

(80.20±27.59), whereas the minimum was recorded

on Kherol Mukhri (72.70±38.91), under free choice.

However, the highest sex ratio of male and female

1.36:1 was noted on Kherol Mukhri, followed by

1.31:1, 1.30:1, 1.30:1, whereas lowest was 1.13:1, on

late gola. This experiment also indicated that female

sex ratio was higher compared to male adults in all

varieties. The results further reveled that maximum

No of male 79.79±26.05 was noted on late gola

whereas the minimum 53.20±23.19, on Kherol

Mukhri, respectively. During the research work it

was observed that sex ratio of B. zonata

comparatively higher on white gola variety than other

varieties. Such as, the highest pupal weight was

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

39

Ovipositional Preference of B. zonata

recorded (0.0118±0.003) on late gola, and lowest was

(0.0075±0.001), on Kherol Mukhri, respectively. The

fruit fly infests most of the Ziziphus species grown in

the world and cause severe yield loss up to 80% or

even more.

Table 1. Rearing of B. zonata under free choice on different jujube varieties

Treatments

Total

No. of

pupae

Pupal

weight (g)

Pupal

period

(days)

Total

No. of Male

Total

No. of Female

Total

Adult

emergence

Sex Ratio

Male &

Female

T1 Kherol Mukhri 3954 0.0075±0.001a 7.15±0.07a 53.20±23.19c 72.70±38.97b 41.96% 1.36:1

T2 Late Gola 6086 0.0118±0.003b 7.36±0.08b 79.79±26.05a 90.45±34.88ab 56.74% 1.13:1

T3 Sufi Gilli 4551 0.0095±0.001b 6.85±0.07b 61.37±21.33bc 80.20±27.59ab 47.19% 1.30:1

T4 Sufi Imran 4668 0.0105±0.001c 6.20±0.06c 62.95±23.84bc 82.00±0.46ab 48.31% 1.30:1

T5 White Gola 5255 0.0127±0.006c 7.85±0.07c 70.45±21.56ab 92.45±28.74a 54.3% 1.31:1

3.2 Ovipositional preference under no choice

The results of Table 2 determined that the highest

males and females adult emergence percentage

(79.02%) was recorded on Kherol Mukhri while

lowest (54.35%), on white gola, respectively. The

data further revealed that the maximum pupal period

7.85±0.07 days was observed on white gola, while

minimum on sufiimran 6.20±0.06. On the other hand,

the maximum emergence of female adult

(132.54±29.20) was recorded on Kherol Mukhri,

followed by (118.38±29.21, 105.21±28.99,

103.29±31.56, 91.33±30.37), such as late gola,

sufigilli, sufiimran and white gola. The fruit fly

larvae mostly feed inside the fruit, destroying the

pulp and allowing to the entry of secondary bacteria

and fungi that rot the fruit and humiliate the

excellence of the host., However the highest sex ratio

of male and female 1.29:1 was noted on late gola,

followed by 1.28:1, 1.27:1, 1.25:1, whereas lowest

was 1.26:1, on sufiimran. The results further reveled

that maximum no of male adult 104.54±26.19 was

noted on Kherol Mukhri, whereas the minimum

71.25±22.00, on white gola, respectively. This table

also described that pupal weight is different noted on

all varieties and population of B. zonata highest

recorded on under no choice as compared to under

free choice. Such as, the highest pupal weight was

recorded (0.0119±0.005) on late gola, and lowest was

(0.0095±0.002), on sufiimran, respectively. The

better adults’ emergence percentage as well as sex

ratio (males and females) was occurred Kherol

Mukhri as compared to other varieties.

Table 2. Rearing of B. zonata under no choice on different jujube varieties

Treatments

Total

No of

pupae

Pupal

weight (g)

Pupal

period

(days)

Total

No of Male

Total

No of Female

Total

Adult

emergence

Sex Ratio

Male &

Female

T1 Kherol Mukhri 5284 0.0111±0.002a 7.15±0.07a 104.54±26.19a 132.54±29.20a 79.02% 1.26:1

T2 Late Gola 7538 0.0119±0.005b 7.36±0.08b 91.25±22.86ab 118.38±29.21ab 69.87% 1.29:1

T3 Sufi Gilli 5979 0.0105±0.002ab 6.85±0.07ab 80.83±22.58bc 105.21±28.99bc 62.01% 1.27:1

T4 Sufi Imran 5952 0.0095±0.002bc 6.20±0.06bc 79.20±24.63bc 103.29±31.56bc 60.83% 1.25:1

T5 White Gola 6663 0.0125±0.007c 7.85±0.07c 71.25±22.00c 91.33±30.37c 54.35% 1.28:1

4. Discussion

The fruit flies are principal group distributed


[1]. During this study highest males and females

adult emergence percentage was recorded on late

gola while lowest on Kherol Mukhri same

observation was also noticed by Imtiaz et al., [10]

who recorded that the jujube, mauritiana L. is the

king most of the arid zone fruits area, and the highest

emergence % age was obtained on late gola as

compared to Kherol Mukhri, and Golden gola

respectively. Another investigation noted by

Muhammad et al., [11] stated that fruit flies are the

destructive polyphagous insect which transmits pests;

the effect of B. zonata fly preference was considered

on jujube, peach fruits in field conditions. The jujube

fruit was noted as more preferring host followed by

apple, the highest number of pupae was recorded

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

40

B.K. Solangi et al.,

(175.17), pupae weight (6.50 mg) observed and

emergence percentage of adult male and female was

founded (85.55%). In the present study results

showed that the pupal period was high on white gola,

while minimum on sufiimran 6.20±0.06gm. On the

other hand, maximum emergence of female adult was

recorded on Kherol Mukhri. Our results are co-

related with Mari et al., [12] who studied that organic

management in jujube the host recorded for fruit fly

species in the ecosystem. The highest was recorded

8.15, 20.8 and 55.72 % infestation on sufiimran and

sufi during treated fruits used by Neem powder,

tobacco extract and control, however on 22st

November. The infestation percentage also decreased

and it was reached on 0.72, 3.15 and 10.70 %

correspondingly. However the results of Table 1

reveled that highest sex ratio of male and female was

noted on late gola, followed by whereas lowest was

on sufiimran. The results further reveled that

maximum number of male adult was noted on

Kherol Mukhri, whereas the minimum on white gola,

respectively. Nehal, et al., [13] reported that the

population fruit fly and their parasitoids on the

different type varieties of Jujube were determined ten

methyl eugnol baited traps were installed for 24

hours in the orchard of ber, that weekly and after

these experiment were bring back to the laboratory

conditions for the identification and demo fruit flies.

The collected fruit was observed that 90 % of

infestation is inflicted the slowly by the B. zonata

which followed by the C. vesuviana and also B.

dorsalis recorded two species were dupicated from

infested fruits. In present study population of B.

zonata highest was recorded on under no choice as

compared to under free choice.

5. CONCLUSIONS

It is concluded the highest sex ratio of (males and

females) was recorded on Kherol Mukhri and late

gola under free and no choice, the females adult were

higher emerged on all verities as compared to males.

It is suggested that the white gola, late gola and

Kherol Mukhri are more suitable for B. zonata mass

rearing in public and private sector and bio- control

laboratories for mass production. It is also suggested

that these both varieties should be grown in Guava

orchards to control the fruit flies.




REFERENCES

[1] D.E. Hardy, “Contribution of Taxonomic Studies

to the Integrated Pest Management of Fruit Flies,

with Emphasis on the Asia-pacific Region:

Editors, S. Vijay segaran and A. G. Ibrahim”,

Proceedings first international symposium on fruit

flies in the tropics, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 14-

16 March: pp. 44-48, 1988.

[2] B.R. Singh, “Significance of fruit flies in fruit and

vegetable production in the Asia Pacific region”,

Proceedings of First International Symposium on

Fruit Flies in the Tropics: Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia, 14-16 March: pp. 11-2, 1988.

[3] D.F. Waterhouse, “The major arthropod pests and

weeds of agriculture in Southeast Asia:

Distribution, importance and origin”, ACIAR,

Canberra, Australia, pp. 141, 1993.

[4] Anonymous, “Fruits vegetables and condiments

statistics of Pakistan,” Govt. of Pakistan, Finance

Division, Economic Adviser's wing, Islamabad,

pp. 1-2, 2004.

[5] Z.A. Qureshi, T. Hussain, and Q.H. Siddiqui,

“Population dynamics of fruit flies and their

parasitoids species in terms of identification on

different varieties of ber,” Pakistan Journal of

Zoology, vol. 23: pp. 85-87, 1991.

[6] M. Sohail, M.A Aqueel, F. Rehman, M. Afzal,

A.M. Raza, M. Kamran, and M.S. Khalil,

"Biochemical studies on the amylase of Mango

Mealybug (DrosichaStebbingi Green)." Turkiye

Entomoloji Dergisi-Turkish Journal of

Entomology vol. 38 (3): pp. 307-321, 2014.

[7] N.F. Shehata, M.W.F. Younes and Y.A.

Mahmoud, “Biological studies on the peach fruit

fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) in Egypt,”

Journal of Applied Sciences Res, vol. 4: pp. 1103-

1106, 2008.

[8] C.T. Hing, "Effects of host fruit and larval density

on development and survival of Bactocera sp.

(Malaysian B). (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Pertanika

(Malaysia), 1991.

[9] A.V. Alyokhin, H.M. Russell and J.J. Duan,

“Visual and olfactory stimuli and fruit maturity

affect trap captures of oriental fruit flies (Diptera:

Tephritidae),” Journal of Economic Entomology

vol. 93(3): pp. 644-649, 2000.

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

41

Ovipositional Preference of B. zonata

[10] A.N. Imtiaz, M.A. Rustamani, S.M. Nizamani, S.

A. Nizamani and M. I. Khaskheli, “Population

Density of Foliage Insect Pest on Jujube,

Ziziphusmauritiana Lam. EcosystemDept of

Plant Protection, Sindh Agriculture University,

Tando Jam,” Pakistan Journal of Basic &

Applied Sciences, vol. 11, pp. 304-313, 2015.

[11] S.Muhammad, M. Hamed, B. Rasool, M.

Yousaf, and M. Hussain, “Host Preference and

Performance of Fruit Flies Bactrocera zonata

(Saunders) and Bactrocera cucurbitae

(Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) For Various

Fruits and Vegetables,” International Journal of

Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences

(IJSRES), vol. 1(8), pp. 188-194, 2013.

[12] J.M. Mari and Q.I. Chachar, “Organic

management of fruit fly in jujube ecosystem,”

Journal of Agricultural Technology vol. 9, pp.

125-133, 2013.

[13] K.B Nehal, W. Bashir, A.Q. Baloch, A. Sattar,

M. Ahmed, H. Noor, M.T. Reki, R. Kethran, S.

Ahmed, A.R. Shawani and A.S. Ruk,

“Population Dynamics of Fruit Flies on Different

Varieties of Jujube,” Journal of Biology,

Agriculture and Health care, vol. 5(21), pp.

2224-3208 2015.

RahmanKhuwaja

Typewritten Text

42

UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Email: [email protected]


THICAL GUIDELINES AND GENERAL INSTRUCTION FOR CONTRIBUTOR

ETHICAL APPROVALS:

In cases where animals are used in the submitted manuscript, the methods section must

clearly indicate approval from the ethics committee of the institute or organization and

should state that all efforts were taken to minimize pain and discomfort to the animal while

conducting these experiments.

shall follow international ethical guidelines.

SINGLE BLINDED REVIEW:

University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) process. Therefore, all submitted manuscripts will be reviewed by at least

appropriate field, determined by the Editor of the journal. The names of the reviewers will not be

displayed on the manuscript and will not be disclosed to any authors.

PERMISSIONS:

In case any part (e.g. table or figure) of the submitted manuscript has been taken from

previously published work, it is the responsibility of the authors to obtain permission

either from the publishers or from the authors depending on the copyright owners

University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) c

anytime, pre- or post-publication of the study.

LIST OF POTENTIAL REFEREES

Authors are required to provide

western/industrially developed countries. Only experts without prior connections or

collaborations will be accepted. Full name, affiliation and email address would be required

during the online submission process. The reviewers should also not belong to the

institution/university from where the manuscript has been submitted.

SUBMISSION:

Submit your manuscript through the

please contact us at [email protected]

Editor, University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS), Department of Zoology,

University of Sindh, Jamshoro.

UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCESEmail: [email protected] ISSN(E): 2523





from the ethics committee of the institute or organization and


conducting these experiments. Moreover, biomedical research involving human subjects

nternational ethical guidelines.

University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) believes in a fair and rigorous review

process. Therefore, all submitted manuscripts will be reviewed by at least two

field, determined by the Editor of the journal. The names of the reviewers will not be

displayed on the manuscript and will not be disclosed to any authors.



either from the publishers or from the authors depending on the copyright owners

University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) can demand this permission

publication of the study.

LIST OF POTENTIAL REFEREES:

Authors are required to provide at least four experts (2 foreign, 2 local

strially developed countries. Only experts without prior connections or



n/university from where the manuscript has been submitted.

Submit your manuscript through the eSubmit. For any technical issues during submission

[email protected]/[email protected]

of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS), Department of Zoology,

UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES ISSN(E): 2523-6067

ISSN(P): 2521-8328




from the ethics committee of the institute or organization and


Moreover, biomedical research involving human subjects

believes in a fair and rigorous review

two experts in the

field, determined by the Editor of the journal. The names of the reviewers will not be



either from the publishers or from the authors depending on the copyright ownership.

an demand this permission

, 2 local) from

strially developed countries. Only experts without prior connections or



For any technical issues during submission

[email protected] or The

of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS), Department of Zoology,



TYPES OF MANUSCRIPT:

RESEARCH ARTICLE:

1. Title Page,

2. Abstract,

3. Introduction,

4. Materials and Methods,

5. Results, Discussion

6. Conclusion

7. Acknowledgements,

8. Authors’ Contributions,

9. References,

10. Tables and Figure

SHORT COMMUNICATION:

Authors are advised that a short commendation reports on a significant piece of complete

research that may be either a coherent component of an on

special mention, or a publication a publication of choice that is conven

format (2 pages). The basic style and submission should follow the same guideline as far full

publication.

FORMATTING OF THE MANUSCRIPT:

Title and Authorship Information Page (first page of the manuscript)

• Title of the manuscript

• Full names of author(s)

• Full institutional mailing addresses

• Email address(es), telephone of corresponding author(s)

ABSTRACT (150 WORDS MAXIMUM):

The manuscript should contain an abstract. Abstracts shall not contain any references and

should clearly and accurately summarize the main focus of the study. The word count

should be under 150 words.

INTRODUCTION:

This section should summarize existing literature sufficiently so that the readers

understand the background of the findings. At

objectives of the study. Authors may use subheadings, if necessary.




Materials and Methods,


research that may be either a coherent component of an on-going research project that merits a

special mention, or a publication a publication of choice that is conveniently published in a short


FORMATTING OF THE MANUSCRIPT:

Title and Authorship Information Page (first page of the manuscript)

• Full institutional mailing addresses

• Email address(es), telephone of corresponding author(s)

ABSTRACT (150 WORDS MAXIMUM):


hould clearly and accurately summarize the main focus of the study. The word count


understand the background of the findings. At the end, the introduction should contain the

objectives of the study. Authors may use subheadings, if necessary.


ISSN(P): 2521-8328



going research project that merits a

iently published in a short



hould clearly and accurately summarize the main focus of the study. The word count


the end, the introduction should contain the



MATERIALS AND METHODS:

This part should contain sufficient experimental and analyti

can repeat the procedures without consulting the auth

understanding of the methodologies, it is recommended tha

different sub-headings.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

This section may be divided by sub

nature of manuscript and the type of study.

CONCLUSION:

This section should clearly explain the main conclusions of the work. It should not be more

than one paragraph and should not repeat the text presented earlier in the text

should be made to highlight the importance and relevance of the study.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

All acknowledgments (if any) should be included in the manuscript before the Reference

section and may include supporting grants etc.

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS:

The manuscript must clearly state the contribution of each au

editor that each author has contributed significantly to the study.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

In cases where no conflicts of interests exist, authors should state that “The

declare(s) that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this article”.

Otherwise, they should mention any conflict of interest in this section of the manuscript.




This part should contain sufficient experimental and analytical details so that any readers

without consulting the author of the study. To have better

understanding of the methodologies, it is recommended that this section be divided under

This section may be divided by sub-headings or may be combined depending upon the

nature of manuscript and the type of study.


than one paragraph and should not repeat the text presented earlier in the text

should be made to highlight the importance and relevance of the study.


section and may include supporting grants etc.

The manuscript must clearly state the contribution of each author and should convince

that each author has contributed significantly to the study.

In cases where no conflicts of interests exist, authors should state that “The




ISSN(P): 2521-8328


cal details so that any readers

or of the study. To have better

t this section be divided under

depending upon the


than one paragraph and should not repeat the text presented earlier in the text. Efforts


thor and should convince

In cases where no conflicts of interests exist, authors should state that “The author(s)





REFERENCES:

IEEE Referencing Style should be followed.

Reference examples:

[1] M. M. Khalid, “A Preliminary Checklist of the Spider Fauna of Sargodha (Punjab), Pakistan,” Pakistan J.

Zool, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1245–1254, 2012.

[2] C.P. Malick, and M.B. Singh, “Plant Enzymology and Histoenzymology,

[3] J. D. Ehlers, and A. E. Hall, “Cowpea (

187-204, 1997.

Please note that: List and number all bibliographical references in 9

of your paper. When referenced in the text, enclose the citation number in square brackets,

for example [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the bracket [2]. Refer simply to the

reference number, as in [3]do not use “Ref. [3]” or “

a sentence: “Reference [3] was the first . . .”

Unless there are six authors or more give all authors’ names; do not use “et al.” . Papers that

have not been published, even if they have been submitted for publica

as “unpublished” [4]. Papers that have been accepted for publication should be cited as “in

press” [5].




IEEE Referencing Style should be followed.


1254, 2012.

C.P. Malick, and M.B. Singh, “Plant Enzymology and Histoenzymology, Kalyani Publication, pp. 286, 1980.

[3] J. D. Ehlers, and A. E. Hall, “Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L Walp),” Field Crops Research, vol. 53, no. 1

List and number all bibliographical references in 9-points Times, single spaced, at the end



reference number, as in [3]do not use “Ref. [3]” or “reference [3]” except at the beginning of

a sentence: “Reference [3] was the first . . .”


have not been published, even if they have been submitted for publication, should be cited



ISSN(P): 2521-8328



Kalyani Publication, pp. 286, 1980.

L Walp),” Field Crops Research, vol. 53, no. 1-3, pp.

ngle spaced, at the end



reference [3]” except at the beginning of


tion, should be cited




Registered and will be indexed in:

� Google Scholar,

� ArXiv Cornell University,

� University of Illinois - uiucoai registry,

� BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine),

� Academia.org,

� Research Gate,

� Scribd, DOAJ,

� Scientific Indexing Services(SIS),

� EMBASE,

� Ulrich's Knowledgebase,

� Index Copernicus, and many more.




Registered and will be indexed in:

ArXiv Cornell University,

uiucoai registry,

BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine),

Scientific Indexing Services(SIS),

Ulrich's Knowledgebase,

Index Copernicus, and many more.


ISSN(P): 2521-8328




Dear Researchers

University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS)

reviewed research journal, published quarterly by University of Sindh, Jamshoro. The

journal covers a full spectrum of specialized domains in

Pest control, Molecular biology,

Animal’s diversity and Systematic

case reports and scientific findings. The journal strictly follows the guidelines proposed by

Higher Education Commission (HEC)

The Editorial team of (USJAS) invites you to submit your quality paper in

January 2018.

Last date for Submission for January Issue: 15

Salient Features

• International Quality and Standards

• Open Access – Free to All

• Quick Review Process

• Double-Blind Peer Reviewed policy for high quality and transparency

• Publication within a Reasonable Short Period

• Effective Editorial Standards

• Both Online and Print Version

• Prompt Email Notification

• No APC and Publication Charges

• Online Submission and processing

• Officially published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.

Visit the official website for furthers detail regarding scope and submission guidelines.


ISSN (E) :

ISSN (P) :

Forthcoming Issue :

Submission By :




CALL FOR PAPERS

Animal Sciences (USJAS) is an open-access, double blind peer


a full spectrum of specialized domains in Entomology, Endocrino

Pest control, Molecular biology, Parasitology, Wildlife Management and

Systematic etc. It includes original research articles, review articles,


Higher Education Commission (HEC) Islamabad, Pakistan.

invites you to submit your quality paper in its

Last date for Submission for January Issue: 15th December 2017

International Quality and Standards

eer Reviewed policy for high quality and transparency

Publication within a Reasonable Short Period

No APC and Publication Charges

Online Submission and processing

lly published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.



2523-6067

2521-8328

Volume 2, Number 1, 2018

December 15, 2017


ISSN(P): 2521-8328


access, double blind peer


Entomology, Endocrinology, Pest &

and Conservation

original research articles, review articles,


its Second issue in

December 2017




CALL FOR REVIEWERS

Interested to join Journal Reviewer Boards, Kindly Email Your CV or Scholars Profile to

[email protected]

Looking forwards to receiving your feedback and research manuscript

With Best Wishes,

Dr. Riffat Sultana

Editor of USJAS

Department of Zoology,

University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan

URL: http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS





CALL FOR REVIEWERS


Looking forwards to receiving your feedback and research manuscript

Jamshoro, Pakistan


[email protected] or [email protected]


ISSN(P): 2521-8328



Documents

UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES