University of Nigeria Virtual Library

Serial No

Author 1

MBAH B. N.

Author 2

Author 3

Title

Rapid Rural Appraisal Training for Soybean Utilization Project Personnel in Nigeria and

Ghana

Keywords

Description

Rapid Rural Appraisal Training for Soybean Utilization Project Personnel in Nigeria and

Ghana

Category

Agriculture

Publisher

Publication Date

1991

Signature

Rapid Rural Appraisal Training for ~oybe ik Utilization Project Personnel in Nigcria m d Ghana

. Ar. activity of the I D R U IXTA Soybean Utilization Project

Pl.rase 11

W.ORI<SHQP PROCEEDINGS '

f . . . . . . , ' * - ,

Edited by " . . - . . .

\

Ibadan, Nigeria 10 to 17th Mar+ 1991.

Dr. P.O. Oyekan Plant Pathologist Lnsrirutc of Agriculrur.;tl Research m d ' l ' r im~ng.

Dr. Ada Uwaeghiie Nutsilionist University or rdigel-ia, Nsukka.

Dr. R.N. Mbnh I-Ionic-ult~~rist)Agronomisr Clnikl-sity ol' Nigcria, Nsukku.

Mrs. C.E. Nndeji. Hornc. Econoniibt N;itional Cereals Research InstituteBadeggi (Bid:! ).

Mrs. I-I.J. Chintlo Food 7'echnologi SI: ~ a t i o n d Agricultural Extension Research Li;tisu11 Services.

Mr. D.U. Ikcjimba Agriculrurnl Fxonomist N;i tional CcreaIs Research lnsr~tute Jknnornisr (I3 id;\).

Mrs. Anria Laney Nubi tionist 4

University of Ghana, Depannwnt , ; , \ of Nurritiun and Fbxl Science, ' '. Lsgon.

Dr. S. Adjebeng-Asem Socio-Economist Technolo~y Plmi i r~g dr Dcvelvprnt.nt Policy Ar~rrlyst Unit,Obi~finli A W ~ Q W O U~liversiiy, ilc-lft'.

1 . 2 . INTT?oT)IJCTION

Tht- quest fer wzy; of alleviating problcrns ansir;& from protem n~ainutrition in

Nigeria, particularly amongst the vulticrrable pr)~.; 7 ( i ~ f ~ i r i b , preschool, pregnant and

.lactating mothm and the aged) ha(: led to the adoption of soybean, a high protein crop

by the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN). Soybean is nortnally grewn in the

northcrn ~ w t of Nigeria, particularly in the m~rirlle brlt. Initlal attempts to grow

q;pcnn In >wthwestcrn Nigeria failcd mosrly l~ecnuse that was no ready rnnrhet for i t

duc to ignorance of its utilization.

The need lo use soybeans becan~c itnperative when Kersey Children's I lome in

C3gl~otiioclio which is involved i n nuuitlon rehrrbil~tntinn had prnhlcms in ilnporting

foreign baser! soybcnn rnf;lrrt for-muln rtv- iiih~~t re!lahilrt;\tion in thc centrr.. In addifion,

other sourcr7 d proteins, such as rneat, fish and eggs arc very cxpcrnsive and i!! xmle

cases not culturally accepted as food for children. Thw t h e need to use soybeans,

which can be substittmxi for Isornil, at the cepier becntne pronounced. ' 1 7 ~ rlirccror of

the centre i n her attet?ipr to seek help locally carnc I n t o contact w i t h the n,itional

cmrdinatclr of soybean research at IAR&T. Both IAriRtT and IITA srtppl~t~rl :,tttds to

rhe home for nutrition rehabilitation. Ilowever, the inadequacy of rhic arrangerntnt led

213 idcncificiitiori of sum~~nci ir~g m a s where soybean can be grown to stipplernent

c.i~ppliec from IARRrT and IITA. Tkoyi-0gb1nosi1u, s i ~ i t x n kiionietcrs from Kcrsey

! I m c v.,l% dec ted for :oyllean cutfivat~on k x w e of the intcrest farmers in the area

sliowcd i n soybean variety trial initiated in the area in 1981.

To promote soybean production i n the area, various'projccts have becn initiated.

One such project is the IDKC/IITA/IAR&T soybean utilization project (1 987- 1989)

which is anticipated to incrensed"prductic,n through utilizatioo. This vcry short R K A /

ficId activity is to study the production trends of soyhem in Ikoyi. Ogboniotho.

To study rhe production w e l d s c)f soyl~cx,ms i n Iknyi of 0rii.c 1,oc:rl Govsrnnlent

Aren.

b . Dc[cnniric the Ievt.1 of production and f:\rn:crs ilivoived.

C. Lktenn~ne cultural !~ractices of soybc;m, c:dc.nder of production.

c l . Idcnrify cropping systems and var icries plmrrd.

r 1tlc111it'y wilsces of Inputs

C . Idcnnfy p ~ o b l c ~ ~ i s uf soybean protluctiori.

With the general ol>jcctivc of this study i n mind, thc 'I'opicd Rapid Rural

Appraisal was used. This type of RRA focuses on one iysue, usunlly n prohlcm, with

the aim of conducting more dctafiled invesfiytion 1e:iding to extended h;.porhesis on the

roots of the proidern and spccific suzp t ion f ~ r dealing v ~ i t l : such ynhlrnls. Vxrim~c

!nethcKis wcre uscd iri attnining t h i ; ohjcctive.

Thr v l r r t i an was hnwd on the fact that thcsc areas are actively involvcd i t 1 soybenn

Rescnrch team:

-'. mulri-disciplinnry t eam comprising of I plant pa~liologist, 2 nutri tionists/

h o r r i c ~ ~ l t u r i ~ ~ / h ~ o r r u m i s t , I home economist, 1 food technologist and 1 agricultural

economist wns S P ~ up to investigat~ the level of saykan production in Ikoyi. Since

problen~ to be invcstigard from various prlrqxcrivcs and to conic I I ~ with solutions that

ernlmc;: di of these factors.

After the fonnulntion of thc team n check list was dtlvclopd frmn which a semi-

questionnaire and by direcr dwrvntirrn. Based on thc response obtained a pr?!lminary

report was drafted at the end of the first day. On the second day, nlnrc informantion

through intcwiewr; was ohtaincd at Iluju, Also rhe preliminary report from day one

1 . 6 . TECIINIQUES USED.

In KRA ~nerhodology there is a basket oi'choic.cs which includes the f o l l ~ i ~ k ; ~ .

Secondary darn, Direct observation, Pmicipaiory observation, Ser111-srri~cturcd

i~iterviews, Diiigr;\m~, 'I'rnnst'crs, Ciden~i:irs, Ver~rt i)iiigr-;irr~s, flis[oricr~l profile,

Weahh ranking and Workshop and valid;~tion.

The present study used the following techniques:

-.. Seconday ~ I ~ K I . : 1 h;: nSircrivc was ro obtain reIcvant a~;iliiSle dat:~. -----

Governrnent Agricultural Officer, and a Community Development Supervisor ; t lw

providcd us itvail;hlc infi)rrnntion n!l soybcan l iu r w r \ i r r i : i ~ cnlrl??rr;;~:y.

.4 hey irlfor-n~:~nt t'rorn Chiyo village, runfirrnccf [hc village's concept of wealth

as fc~llows: ownership of ;I house, possession of cropped land mtr~lling 8 hectares, or

soyheall 1';i~rn of 4 hect:trcs, has extra income to purchase equipnirnts such as car,

motorcycle, grindcr. A totai of 18 household h c d were identified and ranked inm the

three c a t r g o r k of rich, moderately rich and pcwr as Golloivs; Rich = 13, Moclsrmly

rich = 3, and ljucv = 2.

The leader of Bctter LiSc for Rural Mlolnen in Ikoyi cctl~rrlli~rrity cunfinmd t h ,

soybean has been embraced by the co~nrnunity and is used extensively tiy most

househokls. Most families use s ~ y b ~ i i n in vnrioys foods 'at least three times ii week.

Her organization also acquired 12 hecfnres (30 acres) of land for cultivation, cropping

this planting season, of which 2 hccwes ( 5 acres) will be used for soyberw praducrion

while the orher 10 hectares (25 acres) will be used for cropping cassava, cowpca and

vegetables.

Direct ohservnrirm: This technique was used ro allow 11s see the s r ~ d y area, tl,e people -- and products. And to confirm some of !ht. in f , , , rrl;irit)n ob~,tinztl f'rom r k i n t r r v i ~ ~ i x d

personl; :rntf grr)il!j>,.

'fhc area was d r ~ v t n r l l r ~ , u ~ ~ ~ by 11le t C : ~ l ! l G!' scientists in a single van. Some

ponions of [he arc:t w s also wnlkecl I ~ ~ C ) L I ~ I I . Dircc-t observations were n~i tde on the

children around, soybean and othcr crops in ;11r market. In cnch villages, thc holesing

pattcrn and number, !he soil of thf: ares, irnplements of prduction and stwag? I I S C ' ~ by

the farmers wcre observed. 'Thcrc was ;I ~irnplc rnwkel wnpcy of met OF sclvhcan nnd

varieties wdnblc .

. Scrni-struc.fiired interview: 'The objcctivc of this tcchniqr~e was to crlnblc rhc group

oh : t in darn on tlic study topic f r o r ~ l key irlki'iixints, individwil fanners, ond poops. It

hclped in fccusirig on the topic or skdy and in thc :idmlnistri~tion of the same scr ot

relcv;~nt qr~cstiorlr i n rcplrcatc I ~ntcrv~cws. A ctic~:klic! ~ ~ l : \ c drawn Imtd on the

~bject i \~cs tiom wherc the s e w srnictrrred qnrstinn., wcrc dcvelt>pctl (Scc Alilwidix 1 ) .

Dincrnm: 1lle objective of this technique wits to docurnen! in a scl~ernntic form the area

of study and its reFevnnt institutions. A map of thc arerr was skctched showing the

major roads, rn:irkcts, schools,. hospilal and other important land marks lSec FTig. 1).

Also s swinl organogratii of Ikoy c ~ ~ i i ~ ~ l l i t y was drawn, (Fig. 2).

Calendar: The o l . c t i v e of this technique was to identify the farming operations and

thcir time occurence within the calendxr year. Individual, f,uniers, group of farmers .

and kcy informants were interviewcd using the semi-structured questionnnire. The

fanning oycmtious werc ennmeratcd and thcir time or wcurence identified (Fig. 3).

Venn diacrani: The oljiecrive of t l i i~ rcchniquc was to illustrare the instiruri~nal

relationship in [lie m a . Identified institutions were arranged in a circlc nf various size

to indicate relative relationship as related (See Fig. 4).

Invct: The objective of the technique was to indicate the land use p:itrrni of study area --

in relation to rqmgraph. A trariset of Eleruwa soybcan producing area comprising of

Onivn 3 r d Ogede was drawn, (Scc Fig. 5).

Worksho~ and vnlidnrion; The objective wits to conTim the findings by the farmers of

the study area. A Group of fan~iers in Oniyo were invited and the sun~n~ary findings

were read to than for validation and rnodifica~ions as necess~uy.

Soybean production started in I9X4 but was fi!>i l..:tr;::.!*:c.cc! I!,: :I.:: villagers i n

t 081 by Dr. Oyekan of IARcFrT ihruugh Mr. Abdunri of Ikoyi. From hcrc soybean

production spread to t h e surrounding villages of Ogede, Oniyo, Onikoho, OIodo,

Ahopcr. Ori. Zchvn tn Tpu. .... { w z s ~ r r n part 01 ihoy;) and V X I L I ~ ol Iboyi - Onilaru,

Ol.;gu~i rere, A[apn, A fejewe, Tvlir~ko, Ogogo and Elerno.

Various instit~~tions have helped in soybean production. T h v e in5titutions

include I ' d < , IAKRr?', IDRC-IITA Prograni, Kersey Horne.

!A!?&':' ~ ~ o v & d tilt; ~ r ~ r i i ; ; ! :::!:cu_l~~~.iicrn and raini in^ of fanners in prducticm

and utilimtinn of soybean ~ h l l e IITA inirially provided seed\ through tAU&T and

Kersey Children ITnme: were the initial sole buyers of the ~oybcan produced by the

f~rrners. Later Kersey IIome sent a wormn extension agent to tewh women on h ~ ) w to

grow soybean. Kcrsey I-Iorric also providm weekly lcssons at their r!inic-5 iur tnothcrs

whose children are admitted. .

Petterscn Zocchonis: PZ s u p p l e d production by the provision of seeds free to

fanners, provision of reluridable loans and purchasc of as innch as 50% of farmers L

kx-::::: c,T,,LvJi~cKllr ar ~nuruniiy agreed ?rice.

IDKC: IDRC in addition to supporririg a household and small scale utilization of

soybean project sponsored development of threshing machi~ics for sn~all-scaie

A historical profile pf soyhean dcvclopmcnt in ikoyi area i s givcn i r ? Ti:!>!? ! .

Table 1: 12i;torical profirc in lkoyi area.

I (Association of Nigerian co-operatives Esj~errs) fann wherc Mr. Abcxlrrnri w,ts a

I superiisor.

I 1984 - Xiss Ru!h W i i i ~ c h , Director of Kersey Chilciren I Iorne, lkoyi road,

[ Ogbomosho came to IITA to inquire wlterc: she cmld find saykan LO use in the clinic,

she was introduced to Feisr C) j ; i -h i i .

1 guannrer markat. PI. supplied seed, credit and bough! ; i b u t 50% of fimlers seed

I back :kt mr~rir;~lty agreed price, IDKCJIITAIIARRcT i1litiatc.d a soybean utiliziition prc>jec~

I IDRC sponsored a research prr~.jt.cr to prrd~ice [hrt.ahers for small-scale h m c r s in rht:

/ area. 1

I%-t~~:rs continuctl soylxxn prducrion on u redressed rempo but had no

(h) Prntlrrcljon level d soyhc:ins and farmers involved.

It was reported that, less than 30% of fartxcrs in Ikoyi town wcrc growing

soybean. I n rhc westerti part of Ikoyi, Ogcde, Oniyn. On~knko no! !ess than 90% of

rhe niain fanners (males alld fcma1cs) grqw soyhcms. Southern end i n C)nilr\ru, cven

though s u y h m prduction was initially embraccd hy most of the fmniers, only a sniall

percentage of thc fnnncrs grrw soybcan last yew beca11;c of lalsonr prrMemc and lack

o f frrr ~ t e d . The big!: r n z t of labour also accounted for the decrease i n rannets

prs&c:lvity 1 ; ~ t y e x .

Production level:

I n Oniyo, production levels ranged between 1-1:2 tonsfiectare, while in .

Onilnnr, fanner, reported a harvest of (3 bagdacre) 375 koectare. significantiy lower

in comparison to yield at Oniyo.

At Onilaru, farmers tended to plant cassava first prior to planting soybean,

w h i l e the reverse was observed at Oniyo. In addition iarnicrs at Oniyo wceded 3 times

during the planting scason khile thme at OniInru weeded about once per pIanting

season. Soybean was reported to Lx a priority crop at Oniyo, while a10nilar-u i t was

ratcd the fourth crop of choice. Thesc may ntcourlt for t l x diffcrcnces i n yield

ohse~ved i n the two villages stod:rd.

( c ) - S i x of rarm:

In Oniyo. the avernyc fami size rnnged From 1-5 acres. whilc i n Onilnru was 2

acres i n 1930 and 5-6 acres i n 1989, mostly in mixed crops.

iviiuketing charini.ls of suybtans in koyi art: shown in Fig. 6.

0pc.n loci11 ~narket by Kersey Children by contract wholesale buyers Home it uee~nent 1 Fig. 6 : Marketing Channels.

( d ) Cullural operations and crtrplii:?g ca!cnd:rr.

C'alentiru of r-I ul>piiig iiiiil ~pcra r ing iniolvcd 31-e ~Imwri in Fig. 3.

'. Farnlers d o not apply fertilizers o r pcsticicles to h e soybean t'rir-ms, even

through fertilizers me applied to other crops. This is because acr.r)ttiing to the fmmers

the soil is it'rtilr enough;.if fertilizer is added the soybean will grow vegetatively. The

soybean p r ~ l t i c i i o n ;ictivitics specified it1 Table 2 .

(includes s!umpin_~)

Ploughing -

Ridging Men, Mirrd labour

Planting Men; Wn~nrr-I, Children and sapkrVrised Hired labour

Wecdi n g Men, Hircd labour

I T n n r ~ c t : n r r -a ?..Icc, ','!Gx~c~,

Children and Hired lihour

TI:reshing Mostly Mcn, Women, Children and Hired l a h u r

winnow in^; Wonicn and Children (mosrly pirls)

The ff infominrion were gn!hcred in cropping s y ~ ~ i ~ s and variety of s y s t c w ; :

ir is ti~riinly mono-cruppin~ hnwcvcr. i t is intercrnppcd ninstly with c:lss;lvn.

illaizc. lntercrnpplng is practised 011 w r y fertile soils. hIinor inrcrcrcvps include

ynn~/peppcr. Annthcr system is to relay early scason make with soybeans.

GPO n r d 13Iai.k s o y k i ~ n - TGx 539-21:

indici~lcd th:~t where the soil is very fmile, one would need la intcrcrop or ~1st . . rhc:

soybean will grow vcgetatjve!y.

'The crops g;own in Oniyo in order of p r t f e r c ~ m o f oultivar~on arc: S ~ y b ~ ' i ~ l r \ , Yam,

Maize, C;tsssava, Guinea corn, Aklon, Okro, Pepper, Tomnroes, Ccrwpea.

In Onilnru they are: Yam, Cassava, Maize, Svy!x,ln, Guinea corn, Cowpea, ??Ifelon;

It is in!ers'sting to nn!c th:\t wliilc soybean is the tms t prefcrrcd crop for c~~lt ivat ior~ i n

Oniyo i t is the 4th most preferred crop for p r o ~ l u c i i ~ i ~ in Onilnn~. In Orliyo, soybe;~n is

looked oil as importanr cash crop, and d s o can be consun?sc! by the tmliiy.

( f j Sources of inputs.

Seeds: Pla~ltirig ~ t . c d i ~ T C L I ! - ~ I ~ ~ ! W ! r!ltlinly frc~rii pr-i\~;r[c f:i;ii:r.r~ shop..:.

IAK&'I', Il'TA, PZ, ADP, and self hwcsted gr:uns srorccl for production. Farmers

rea'lised that uoybex !oL,scb i ~ s viability and hence n~lll;t be well-dried and prope~iy

( g ) Consf-aints in soybcan proclt~ction.

Arnong the problems reported by the farmers are the lack of tractors services,

also high cost of tractor hiring, the untimely arrival of tractors. Also the tediousness

and druglgeny associared with the thrwhing process was a major conccrn to all

fmners. Insufficiency of seeti for planting was considryrcd a hindcrance to production

a s final-cia1 constraints cake fartncrs to scll most of' their sceds prior ro planting.

Lack of credit facilities to procure inputs often limit production. Pests,

espccinll y birds and rodcnts (par-titularly rabbits and rats) ctlntril~ute serious threats for

sol:,ll-scdc production. TII; Sarmcrs try trr control rhcse by <caring ~ h c birds and

trapping the rrxients, howcvcr succc:;s has txcn rninimai. it WJS ! ; c * . l ~ ~ l r : x : cd i h ~ i

none of thc farmers reportcd marketing as a constraint.

Rccommcnda tions:

gm~ernnterital 2nd NGO organisntions.

1. It is a cluicli [nethod of collecting relevant data.

7 -. Tritngu1;ttion ensures ttrnt the prablenl is examined from diffmnc perspcct~ves

and solutions arc most likely 10 be the most appropriate.

3. Yemi-s~n~ctured questionnaire allows the fanners to rn:ike more cormibutions

4 . Use of checklis~ ensures that all relevant infoni~rition is collected.

5 . It is cumprdicnsive and cost effective.

6. Results me written up inini~diateIy and made available ta hose wbo nced them.

1 I . Eliminates the falsification of data by enumerators.

Weaknesses: Since the researchers ilrc involved in data collect ion and is

niultidiscip1in;wy

1. There is a limit to its application.

2 . It nee& pcrsond conlncts wid1 the tllcrefore ;tvii~lah~l~ty o f the L;ini?zr

may br: a problcm.

3. Use of interprcrrrs can jeorpirdise the accuracy of the data. It lnay also btt tiuic

I . 7 . Conirricnts and response after prescnhlinn of report:

R c s p o n s ~ :

1. Dr. Oyekw who introduced soykan to thc area had infornmtiun e.g.

he supplied t!- histor-iiitl data.

2. The OYADEP E~tension Agent fur ikoyi block - Mr. Taiwo.

3 . MI-, J.A. Abodunr-i n key infommant.

Q. You mentioned that vi1lnj:ers chtninrd h e i r sccd from cstnhlisl~cti research

institrltions c.g. II'I'A, 1AR&l' ctc. JVhnr i I K thc name5 of the varieties the

Response:

Q. You nxn~iorrc~i tile cosr of cultivatin~, one i ~ ~ c ~ a r e of soybeall and the yicld, h u ~

yo11 did not nlcnrior~ thc profit Icvcl, docs i t n;cm thrtr the frm11c.r~ were

salisiied wirh lcvcl o f protit at ilny h e the~soybesn wits soltl? (N.J. Ewere).

Th RT ,; :LT

r.. 7-