University of Groningen

The future of seagrass ecosystem services in a changing worldJames, Rebecca

DOI:10.33612/diss.132586601

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van Tussenbroek, B. I., M. M. van Katwijk, T. J. Bouma, T. van der Heide, L. L. Govers, and R. S. E. W. Leuven. 2016. Non-native seagrass Halophila stipulacea forms dense mats under eutrophic conditions in the Caribbean. J. Sea Res. 115: 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.seares.2016.05.005

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Acknowledgments

All this started from a skype call with Marieke van Katwijk, Peter Herman and Tjeerd Bouma. Their trust in me to conduct this PhD project has provided me with an amazing opportunity, which I am incredibly grateful for. With this PhD I have been able to travel the world and meet many inspirational and generous people, and these are the people I would like to thank here.

Firstly my supervisors, thank you for trusting me with this project and supporting me throughout. Tjeerd, your enthusiasm for science is uplifting and your ability to show me the bigger picture when I was stressing over details helped me many times throughout this PhD. Marieke, thank you for your encouragement when I was struggling with field work and for the many hours you devoted to correcting my manuscripts, your friendly presence throughout my PhD helped me feel more secure in what I was doing. Peter, you amaze me with your ability to understand any scientific topic and to immediately get to the heart of the problem, you inspire me to be a rigorous scientist. Tjisse, thank you for agreeing to be a part of this and helping where you could. And thank you to Brigitta van Tussenbroek, for sharing your comprehensive knowledge of Caribbean seagrass meadows and guidance in conducting low-budget fieldwork. I consider myself very fortunate to have worked alongside you all, gaining insight into your different approaches.

I left New Zealand completely naïve of what the next few years had installed for me, but everyone at De Keete and NIOZ quickly made me feel at ease. Thank you to all the De Keeter’s, for the shared dinners and late night chats, you made that small Dutch fishing village a home for me. And to all the wonderful people at NIOZ Yerseke. To the diverse group of PhD students that I met during my time at NIOZ, sharing our struggles and encouraging each other over tea breaks and after work drinks gave me the confidence to keep on going. Simeon and Zhenchang, thank you for sharing your office with me and providing entertaining chats when one of us needed a break. To the wonderful technicians and general workers at NIOZ, your support throughout my PhD allowed my research to run smoothly, and you made NIOZ a great place to come to work. A special thanks to Bert Sinke, for the brainstorming sessions, for teaching me to build strange scientific equipment and letting me loose in the workshop.

Also I want to thank the researchers I met along my travels. To the park rangers on St Martin/Sint Maarten, who do incredibly important work. Thank you for allowing me to do research on your beautiful island and providing support when needed. To the group at CNSI on Statia, thank you for attempting to teach me to relax and not stress about work. The swims in the ocean, the Pina Colada’s and the BBQ’s made my time on Statia completely worth it, even if the science side of things failed. And to the group at Riverside, thank you for sharing

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your office and making me feel welcome even though our research time scales differed by a few million years.

A special thanks to my wonderful friends Sandra and Silvia. Sandra, sharing all this with you was amazing; the late nights at De Keete or in a bar, the debriefs/rants on the drive to work and sharing our failures. Silvia, your positivity is remarkable and you probably have one of the most infectious laughs around, you quickly make people forget what they were stressing about.

Sometimes I questioned why I was on the other side of the world and not with my family and friends in NZ. But the fact that I can disappear for 2 years and then you welcome me back like I was never gone is something I truly cherish. Thank you for supporting me from the other side of the world. Thank you to my parents for making me feel secure in whatever I do. To my mum for passing on your stubbornness and perseverance to me, without this, I could not have completed the many hours of physical field work. And to my dad, for instilling a desire to understand how things work. A big thank you to my grandparents, you both make me feel loved and special with whatever I do, and I’m so lucky to have you in my life. Nana, you sat me down before I first went to university and proposed that I become a doctor. It’s not quite the doctor I think you envisaged, but hopefully a doctor of marine botany suffices.

And finally, an incredibly big thank you to Sebas. I think you can claim to be a supervisor of this PhD too. Thank you for showing me that there is often a route around the brick wall, and thank you most of all for inviting me into your family. To my Belgium family, you have turned Europe into a home for me. Thank you so much for being so accepting of me and generously welcoming me into your family and home.

I look forward to crossing paths and having many more adventures with you all in the future.

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Curriculum Vitae Rebecca James Email: Rebecca.james@nioz.nl Nationality: New Zealand Date of Birth: 6th November 1987 Orchid ID: 0000-0002-3679-8531

Education:

2015 – 2020 PhD in Science, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) and University of Groningen

Thesis: The future of seagrass ecosystem services in a changing world Supervisors: T. J. Bouma, P. M. J. Herman and M. M. van Katwijk

2010 – 2012: MSc with Distinction, University of Otago, New Zealand Thesis: Carbon use by temperate macroalgal communities and their response to ocean acidification Supervisors: C. L. Hurd and C. D. Hepburn

2006 – 2009: BSc in Botany (minor in Statistics), University of Otago, New Zealand

Publications:

• James RK, Christianen MJA, van Katwijk MM, de Smit JC, Bakker ES, van der Heide T, Herman PMJ & Bouma TJ (2020) Seagrass coastal protection services reduced by invasive species expansion and megaherbivore grazing. Journal of Ecology 108: 2025-2037. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13411

• James RK, Lynch A, Herman PMJ , van Katwijk MM, van Tussenbroek BI, SCENES team & Bouma TJ (2020) Tropical biogeomorphic seagrass landscapes for coastal protection: persistence and wave attenuation during major storm events. Ecosystems. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-020-00519-2

• James RK, van Katwijk MM, van Tussenbroek BI, van der Heide T, SCENES team, Herman PMJ & Bouma TJ (2020) Water motion and vegetation control the pH dynamics in seagrass-dominated bays. Limnology & Oceanography 65: 349-362. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11303

• van de Velde S, Hidalgo-Martinez S, Callebaut I, Antler G, James RK, Leermakers M & Meysman FJR (2020) Burrowing fauna mediate alternative stable states in the redox cycling of salt marsh sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

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• James RK, Silva Casarín R, van Tussenbroek BI, Escudero-Castillo M, Mariño-Tapia I, SCENES team, van der Heide T, van Katwijk MM, Herman PMJ & Bouma TJ (2019) Maintaining tropical beaches with seagrass and algae: a promising alternative to engineering solutions. BioScience 69: 136-142. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biy154

• James RK (2019) She studies seaweed by the seashore: The arising researcher. The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 100: e01614.https://doi.org/10.1002/bes2.1614

• Cao H, Zhu Z, James RK, Herman PMJ, Zhang L, Yuan L & Bouma TJ (2019) Wave effects on seedling establishment of three pioneer marsh species: survival, morphology and biomechanics. Annals of Botany. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz136

• van der Boog CG, Pietrzak JD, Dijkstra HA, Brüggemann N, van Westen RM, James RK, SCENES team & Katsman CA (2019) The impact of upwelling on the intensification of anticyclonic ocean eddies in the Caribbean Sea. Ocean Science 15: 1419-1437. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1419-2019

• van Westen RM, Dijkstra HA, Klees R, Riva REM, Slobbe DC, van der Boog C, Katsman CA, Candy AS, Pietrzak JD, Zijlema M, James RK & Bouma TJ (2018). Mechanisms of the 40–70 day variability in the Yucatan Channel volume transport. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013580

• James RK, Hepburn CD, Cornwall CE, McGraw CM & Hurd CL (2014) Growth response of an early successional assemblage of coralline algae and benthic diatoms to ocean acidification. Marine Biology 161: 1687-1696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-014-2453-3

Conference presentations and invited talks:

• James RK, Herman PMJ, van Katwijk M and Bouma T (2019) The future of seagrass ecosystem services in a changing world. Department of Marine Science Lunch Seminar, University of Gothenburg

• James RK, van Katwijk MM, van Tussenbroek BI, van der Heide T, Herman PMJ, Bouma TJ (2018) Natural climate change mitigation by tropical seagrass-dominated bays: coastal protection and high-pH refugia. Gordons Research Conference: Ocean Global Change Biology, Waterville Valley, NH, USA

• James RK, Silva Casarín R, van Tussenbroek BI, Escudero-Castillo M, Mariño-Tapia I, SCENES team, van der Heide T, van Katwijk MM, Herman PMJ, Bouma TJ (2018) Sediment producing calcifying algae and sediment stabilising seagrass as an alternative to coastal engineering – European Geosciences Union General Assembly (EGU), Vienna, Austria

• James RK, van Katwijk MM, van der Heide T, van Tussenbroek BI and Bouma TJ (2016) Biogeomorphic landscapes created by calcifying algae and seagrass within

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tropical bays: can they keep up with sea-level rise – AcroporaNet Symposium, Wageningen, The Netherlands

• James RK, Hepburn CD, Pritchard DW, Cornwall CE, Richards D and Hurd CL (2011) Macroalgal community carbon use and the effects of ocean acidification - New Zealand Marine Science Conference, Stewart Island, New Zealand

• James RK, Hepburn CD, Pritchard DW, Cornwall CE, Richards D and Hurd CL (2011) Vulnerability of New Zealand’s temperate macroalgal communities to ocean acidification – Ocean Acidification Workshop, Wellington, New Zealand

Supervisory Experience:

2015 – 2019: Supervision of Masters students

– 2018: MSc thesis. Modelling the coastal protection services provided by biogeomorphic landscapes of seagrass and calcifying algae – Aaron Lynch, Utrecht University

– 2018: MSc thesis. The effects of climate change on the growth and calcification of the calcifying macroalgae Halimeda incrassata – Mariska Hendricks, Utrecht University

– 2017: MSc Internship. Developing a flow-through mesocosm system to study the effect of climate change on macrophytes – Jana Dewenter, University of Ghent

– 2016: MSc Thesis. Competition and facilitation between seagrass and calcifying algae in the Caribbean coastal ecosystem – Vera van Berlo, Radboud University Nijmegen

– 2016: MSc Thesis: Wave exposure as a driver of dissimilarities in submerged macrophyte community structure of tropical seagrass meadows – successional stages and future drama? – Margot van Malenstein, Wageningen UR