University of Groningen

Group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu2/3) receptorsImre, Gábor

IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.

Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of record

Publication date:2006

Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database

Citation for published version (APA):Imre, G. (2006). Group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu2/3) receptors: potential drug targets for thetreatment of schizophrenia and anxiety?. s.n.

CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).

Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.

Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.

Download date: 16-01-2021

References

110

REFERENCES

Abel KM, Allin MP, Hemsley DR, Geyer MA (2003) Low dose ketamine increases prepulse inhibition in healthy men. Neuropharmacology. 44:729-37.

Aghajanian GK, Marek GJ (1999) Serotonin, via 5-HT2A receptors, increases EPSCs in layer V pyramidal cells of prefrontal cortex by an asynchronous mode of glutamate release. Brain Res. 825(1-2):161-71.

Ahn YM, Kang UG, Park JB, Kim YS (2002) Effects of MK-801 and electroconvulsive shock on c-Fos expression in the rat hippocampus and frontal cortex. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 3:513-7.

Alonso SJ, Castellano MA, Alfonso D, Rodriguez M (1991) Sex differences in behavioral despair: relationships between behavioral despair and open field activity. Physiol Behav. 49:69-72.

Andrews N, File SE (1993) Handling history of rats modifies behavioural effects of drugs in the elevated plus-maze test of anxiety. Eur J Pharmacol. 235(1):109-12.

Angrist B (1994) Ethical issues regarding prospective studies of amphetamine psychosis.J Calif Alliance Ment Ill. 5:32-5.

Anis NA, Berry SC, Burton NR, Lodge D (1983) The dissociative anaesthetics, ketamine and phencyclidine, selectively reduce excitation of central mammalian neurones by N-methyl-aspartate. Br J Pharmacol. 79:565-75.

Anwyl R (1999) Metabotropic glutamate receptors: electrophysiological properties and role in plasticity. Brain Res Rev. 29:83-120.

Arnold AP, Breedlove SM (1985) Organizational and activational effects of sex steroids on brain and behavior: a reanalysis. Horm Behav. 19:469-98.

Atack JR (2003)Anxioselective compounds acting at the GABA(A) receptor benzodiazepine binding site. Curr. Drug Targets CNS Neurol. Disord. 2, 213–232.

Aultman JM, Moghaddam B (2001) Distinct contributions of glutamate and dopamine receptors to temporal aspects of rodent working memory using a clinically relevant task. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 153:353-364.

Bakshi VP, Geyer MA (1995) Antagonism of phencyclidine-induced deficits in prepulse inhibition by the putative atypical antipsychotic olanzapine. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 122:198-201.

Bakshi VP, Geyer MA (1998) Multiple limbic regions mediate the disruption of prepulse inhibition produced in rats by the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist dizocilpine. J.Neurosci. 18:8394-8401.

Bakshi VP, Swerdlow NR, Geyer MA (1994) Clozapine antagonizes phencyclidine-induced deficits in sensorimotor gating of the startle response. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 271:787-94.

Barros HMT, Ferigolo M (1998) Ethopharmacology of imipramine in the forced-swim test: gender differences. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 23:279-86.

Battaglia G, Monn JA, Schoepp DD (1997) In vivo inhibition of veratridine-evoked release of striatal excitatory amino acids by the group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist LY354740 in rats. Neurosci Lett. 229:161-4.

References

111

Becker A, Peters B, Schroeder H, Mann T, Huether G, Grecksch G (2003) Ketamine-induced changes in rat behaviour: A possible animal model of schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 27(4):687-700.

Belda X, Marquez C, Armario A (2004) Long-term effects of a single exposure to stress in adult rats on behavior and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responsiveness: comparison of two outbred rat strains. Behav Brain Res.154(2):399-408.

Benvenga MJ, Overshiner CD, Monn JA, Leander JD (1999) Disinhibitory effects of LY354740, a new mGluR2 agonist, on behaviors suppressed by electric shock, in rats and pigeons. Drug Dev.Res. 47:37–44.

Bergink V, Westenberg HG (2005) Metabotropic glutamate II receptor agonists in panic disorder: a double blind clinical trial with LY354740. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 20(6):291-3.

Blanchard DC, Griebel G, Blanchard RJ (1995) Gender Bias in the preclinical psychopharmacology of anxiety: male models for (predominantly) female disorders. J Psychopharmacol. 9:79-82.

Blanchard DC, Shepherd JK, De Padua Carobrez A, Blanchard A (1991) Sex effects in defensive behavior: baseline difference and drug interactions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev.15:461-8.

Blehar MC (1995) Gender differences in risk factors for mood and anxiety disorders: implications for clinical treatment research. Psychopharmacol Bull. 31:687-91.

Braff DL, Geyer MA (1990) Sensorimotor gating and schizophrenia. Human and animal model studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 47:181-8.

Braff DL, Geyer MA, Swerdlow NR (2001) Human studies of prepulse inhibition of startle: normal subjects, patient groups, and pharmacological studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 156:234-58.

Brann DW (1995) Glutamate: a major excitatory transmitter in neuroendocrine regulation. Neuroendocrinology. 61:213-25.

Breier A, Malhotra AK, Pinals DA, Weisenfeld NI, Pickar D (1997) Association of ketamine-induced psychosis with focal activation of the prefrontal cortex in healthy volunteers. Am J Psychiatry. 154:805-11.

Bruijnzeel AW, Stam R, Wiegant VM (2001) LY354740 attenuates the expression of long-term behavioral sensitization induced by a single session of foot shocks. Eur J Pharmacol. 426:77-80.

Brunello N, Blier P, Judd LL, Mendlewicz J, Nelson CJ, Souery D, Zohar J, Racagni G (2003) Noradrenaline in mood and anxiety disorders: basic and clinical studies. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 18, 191–202.

Bubenikova V, Votava M, Horacek J, Palenicek T, Dockery C (2005) The effect of zotepine, risperidone, clozapine and olanzapine on MK-801-disrupted sensorimotor gating. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 80:591-6.

Bubser M, Tzschentke T, Hauber W (1995) Behavioural and neurochemical interactions of the AMPA antagonist GYKI 52466 and the non-competitive NMDA antagonist dizocilpine in rats. J Neural Transm Gen Sect. 101:115-26.

Cannon WB (1929) Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Death. New York: Appleton.

Cartmell J, Monn JA, Schoepp DD (1999a) The metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor agonists LY354740 and LY379268 selectively attenuate phencyclidine versus d-amphetamine motor behaviors in rats. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther 291:161-170.

References

112

Cartmell J, Monn JA, Schoepp DD (1999b) Attenuation of specific PCP-evoked behaviors by the potent mGlu2/3 receptor agonist, LY379268 and comparison with the atypical antipsychotic, clozapine. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 48:423-9.

Cartmell J, Monn JA, Schoepp DD (2000a) Tolerance to the motor impairment, but not to the reversal of PCP-induced motor activities by oral administration of the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist, LY379268. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 361:39-46.

Cartmell J, Perry KW, Salhoff CR, Monn JA, Schoepp DD (2000b) The potent, selective mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY379268 increases extracellular levels of dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in the medial prefrontal cortex of the freely moving rat. J Neurochem. 75:1147-1154.

Cartmell J, Salhoff CR, Perry KW, Monn JA, Schoepp DD (2000c) Dopamine and 5-HT turnover are increased by the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY379268 in rat medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and striatum. Brain Res. 887:378-384.

Cartmell J, Perry KW, Salhoff CR, Monn JA, Schoepp DD (2001) Acute increases in monoamine release in the rat prefrontal cortex by the mGlu2/3 agonist LY379268 are similar in profile to risperidone, not locally mediated, and can be elicited in the presence of uptake blockade. Neuropharmacology. 40:847-855.

Cartmell J, Schoepp DD (2001) Regulation of neurotransmitter release by metabotropic glutamate receptors. J Neurochem. 75(3):889-907.

Casey DE (1996) Extrapyramidal syndromes and new antipsychotic drugs: findings in patients and non-human primate models. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 29:32-9.

Chautard T, Boudouresque F, Guillaume V, Oliver C (1993) Effect of excitatory amino acid on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat during the stress-hyporesponsive period. Neuroendocrinology. 57:70-8.

Chavez-Noriega LE, Schaffhauser H, Campbell UC (2002) Metabotropic glutamate receptors: potential drug targets for the treatment of schizophrenia. Curr.Drug Targets.CNS.Neurol.Disord 1:261-281.

Chen YL, Huang CC, Hsu KS (2001) Time-dependent reversal of long-term potentiation by low-frequency stimulation at the hippocampal mossy fiber-CA3 synapses. J Neurosci. 21:3705-14.

Clineschmidt BV (1982) Effect of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist Ro 15-1788 on the anticonvulsant and anticonflict actions of MK-801. Eur J Pharmacol. 84:119-21.

Cohen BD, Rosenbaum G, Luby ED, Gottlieb JS (1962) Comparison of phencyclidine hydrochloride (Sernyl) with other drugs. Simulation of schizophrenic performancewith phencyclidine hydrochloride (Sernyl), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), and amobarbital (Amytal) sodium: II. Symbolic and sequential thinking. Arch Gen Psychiat. 6:395–401.

Conn PJ, Pin JP (1997) Pharmacology and functions of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 37:205-37.

Coplan JD, Mathew SJ, Smith EL, Trost RC, Scharf BA, Martinez J, Gorman JM, Monn JA, Schoepp DD, Rosenblum LA (2001) Effects of LY354740, a novel glutamatergic metabotropic agonist, on nonhuman primate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and noradrenergic function. CNS Spectr. 6:607-12.

Coppel DL, Bovill JG, Dundee JW (1973) The taming of ketamine. Anaesthesia. 28:293-6.

References

113

Crawford JM, Curtis DR (1964) The excitation and depression of mammalian cortical neurons by amino acids. Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 23:313-29.

Cruz AP, Frei F, Graeff FG (1994) Ethopharmacological analysis of rat behavior on the elevated plus-maze. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 49(1):171-6.

Curtis DR, Watkins JC (1960) The excitation and depression of spinal neurons by structurally related amino acids. J Neurochem. 6:117–141.

Danysz W, Parsons AC (1998) Glycine and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors: physiological significance and possible therapeutic applications. Pharmacol Rev.50:597-664.

Davies BM, Beech HR (1960) The effect of 1-arylcyclohexylamine (Sernyl) on twelve normal volunteers. J Mental Sci. 106:912–924.

Davies SN, Lodge D (1987) Evidence for involvement of N-methylaspartate receptors in ‘wind-up’ of class 2 neurones in the dorsal horn of the rat. Brain Res. 424:402-6.

Daw NW, Stein PS, Fox K (1993) The role of NMDA receptors in information rocessing. Annu Rev Neurosci. 16:207-22.

de Bruin NM, Ellenbroek BA, Cools AR, Coenen AM, van Luijtelaar EL (1999) Differential effects of ketamine on gating of auditory evoked potentials and prepulse inhibition in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 142:9-17.

de Leonibus E, Mele A, Oliverio A, Pert A (2001) Locomotor activity induced by the non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, MK-801: role of nucleus accumbens efferent pathways. Neuroscience. 104(1):105-16.

Diaz-Veliz G, Butron S, Benavides MS, Dussaubat N, Mora S (2000) Gender, estrous cycle, ovariectomy, and ovarian hormones influence the effects of diazepam on avoidance conditioning in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 66:887-92.

Duncan EJ, Madonick SH, Parwani A, Angrist B, Rajan R, Chakravorty S, Efferen TR, Szilagyi S, Stephanides M, Chappell PB, Gonzenbach S, Ko GN, Rotrosen JP (2001) Clinical and sensorimotor gating effects of ketamine in normals. Neuropsychopharmacology. 25:72-83.

Duncan G, Moy S, Knapp D, Mueller R, Breese G (1998a) Metabolic mapping of the rat brain after subanesthetic doses of ketamine: potential relevance to schizophrenia. Brain Res. 787: 181-190.

Duncan GE, Leipzig JN, Mailman RB, Lieberman JA (1998b) Differential effects of clozapine and haloperidol on ketamine-induced brain metabolic activation Brain Res. 812:65-75.

Duncan GE, Miyamoto S, Leipzig JN, Lieberman JA (1999) Comparison of brain metabolic activity patterns induced by ketamine, MK-801 and amphetamine in rats: support for NMDA receptor involvement in responses to subanesthetic dose of ketamine.Brain Res. 843:171-83.

Falconer EM, Galea LA (2003) Sex differences in cell proliferation, cell death and defensive behavior following acute predator odor stress in adult rats. Brain Res. 975(1-2):22-36.

Feinberg I (1990) Cortical pruning and the development of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull.16:567-70.

Fernandes C, File SE (1996) The influence of open arm ledges and maze experience in the elevated plus-maze. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 54(1):31-40.

References

114

Fernandez-Guasti A, Picazo O (1990) The actions of diazepam and serotonergic anxiolytics vary according to the gender and the estrus cycle phase. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 37:77-81.

Fernandez-Guasti A, Picazo O (1992) Changes in burying behavior during the estrous cycle: effect of estrogen and progesterone. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 17:681– 9.

Fernandez-Guasti A, Picazo O (1997) Anxiolytic actions of diazepam, but not ofbuspirone, are influenced by gender and the endocrine stage. Behav Brain Res. 88:213– 8.

Fernandez-Guasti A, Picazo O (1999) Sexual differentiation modifies the allopregnanolone anxiolytic actions in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 24:251– 67.

Ferris P, Seward E, Dawson GR (2001) Interactions between LY354740, a group II metabotropic agonist and the GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor complex in the rat elevated plus-maze. J Psychopharmacol. 15:76-82.

Fink G, Sumner BE, Rosie R, Grace O, Quinn JP (1996) Estrogen control of central neurotransmission: effect on mood, mental state, and memory. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 16:325-44.

Frackiewicz EJ (2000) Endometriosis: an overview of the disease and its treatment.J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 40:645-57.

Fritschy JM., Johnson DK, Mohler H, Rudolph U (1998) Independent assembly and subcellular targeting of GABA(A)-receptor subtypes demonstrated in mouse hippocampal and olfactory neurons in vivo. Neurosci Lett. 249(2-3):99-102.

Frye CA, Petralia SM, Rhodes ME (2000) Estrous cycle and sex differences in performance on anxiety tasks coincide with increases in hippocampal progesterone and 3a5a-THP. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 67:587–96.

Galici R, Echemendia NG, Rodriguez AL, Conn PJ (2005) A selective allosteric potentiator of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) 2 receptor has effects similar to an orthosteric mGlu2/3 receptor agonist in mouse models predictive of antipsychotic activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 315:1181-1187.

Gao XM, Hashimoto T, Tamminga CA (1998) Phencyclidine (PCP) and dizocilpine (MK801) exert time-dependent effects on the expression of immediate early genes in rat brain. Synapse. 1:14-28.

Gass P, Herdegen T, Bravo R, Kiessling M (1993) Induction and suppression of immediate early genes in specific rat brain regions by the non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801. Neuroscience. 53:749-758.

Gater R, Tansella M, Korten A, Tiemens BG, Mavreas VG, Olatawura MO (1998) Sex differences in the prevalence and detection of depressive and anxiety disorders in general health care settings: report from the World Health Organization Collaborative Study on Psychological Problems in General Health Care. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 55:405-13.

Gerrits M, Grootkarijn A, Bekkering BF, Bruinsma M, Den Boer JA, Ter Horst GJ (2005) Cyclic estradiol replacement attenuates stress-induced c-Fos expression in the PVN of ovariectomized rats. Brain Res Bull. 67(1-2):147-55.

Geyer MA, Ellenbroek B (2003) Animal behavior models of the mechanisms underlying antipsychotic atypicality. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 27(7):1071-9.

Geyer MA, Krebs-Thomson K, Braff DL, Swerdlow NR (2001) Pharmacological studies of prepulse inhibition models of sensorimotor gating deficits in schizophrenia: a decade in review. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 156:117-154.

References

115

Geyer MA, Swerdlow NR, Mansbach RS, Braff DL (1990) Startle response models of sensorimotor gating and habituation deficits in schizophrenia. Brain Res.Bull. 25:485-498.

Ginsberg AB, Frank MG, Francis AB, Rubin BA, O’Connor KA, Spencer RL (2006) Specific and time-dependent effects of glucocorticoid receptor agonist RU28362 on stress-induced pro-opiomelanocortin hnRNA, c-fos mRNA and zif268 mRNA in the pituitary. J Neuroendocrinol. 18(2):129-38.

Gorman, JM (2003) New molecular targets for antianxiety interventions. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 64, 28–35.

Gould E, Tanapat P (1999) Stress and hippocampal neurogenesis. Biol Psychiatry. 46(11):1472-9.

Grace AA (2000) Gating of information flow within the limbic system and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Brain Res.Brain Res.Rev. 31:330-341.

Greene R (2001) Circuit analysis of NMDAR hypofunction in the hippocampus, in vitro, and psychosis of schizophrenia. Hippocampus. 11(5):569-77.

Grillon C, Cordova J, Levine LR, Morgan CA 3rd (2003) Anxiolytic effects of a novel group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist (LY354740) in the fear-potentiated startle paradigm in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 168:446-54.

Grunze HC, Rainnie DG, Hasselmo ME, Barkai E, Hearn EF, McCarley RW, Greene RW (1996) NMDA-dependent modulation of CA1 local circuit inhibition. J Neurosci. 16:2034-43.

Handa RJ, Burgess LH, Kerr JE, O’Keefe JA (1994) Gonadal steroid hormone receptors and sex differences in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Horm Behav. 28(4):464-76.

Hanna EZ, Grant BF (1997) Gender differences in DSM-IV alcohol use disorders and major depression as distributed in the general population: clinical implications. Compr Psychiatry. 38:202-12.

Hafner H, Maurer K, Loffler W, Riecher-Rossler A (1993) The influence of age and sex on the onset and early course of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 162:80-6.

Hellewell JS (1999) Treatment-resistant schizophrenia: reviewing the options and identifying the way forward. J Clin Psychiatry. 60 Suppl 23:14-9.

Helton DR, Tizzano JP, Monn JA. Schoepp DD, Kallman MJ (1998) Anxiolytic and side-effect profile of LY354740: a potent, highly selective, orally active agonist for group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 284:651-660.

Henry SA, Lehmann-Masten V, Gasparini F, Geyer MA, Markou A (2002) The mGluR5 antagonist MPEP, but not the mGluR2/3 agonist LY314582, augments PCP effects on prepulse inhibition and locomotor activity. Neuropharmacology. 43:1199-1209.

Higgins GA, Ballard TM, Kew JN, Richards JG, Kemp JA, Adam G, Woltering T, Nakanishi S, Mutel V (2004) Pharmacological manipulation of mGlu2 receptors influences cognitive performance in the rodent. Neuropharmacology. 46(7):907-17.Hollmann M, Heinemann S (1994) Cloned glutamate receptors. Annu Rev Neurosci. 17:31-108.

Holmes A, Heilig M, Rupniak NM., Steckler T, Griebel G (2003) Neuropeptide systems as novel therapeutic targets for depression and anxiety disorders. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 24, 580–588.

References

116

Holmes KH, Keele NB, Arvanov VL, Shinnick-Gallagher P (1996) Metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist-induced hyperpolarizations in rat basolateral amygdala neurons: receptor characterization and ion channels. J Neurophysiol. 76(5):3059-69.

Huang LQ, Rowan MJ, Anwyl R (1997) mGluR II agonist inhibition of LTP induction, and mGluR II antagonist inhibition of LTD induction, in the dentate gyrus in vitro. Neuroreport. 8:687-93.

Huntley GW, Vickers JC, Morrison JH (1994) Cellular and synaptic localization of NMDA and non-NMDA receptor subunits in neocortex: organizational features related to cortical circuitry, function and disease. Trends Neurosci. 17:536-43.

Imhof JT, Coelho ZM, Schmitt ML, Morato GS, Carobrez AP (1993) Influence of gender and age on performance of rats in the elevated plus maze apparatus. Behav Brain Res. 56(2):177-80.

Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Ernberg G, Anker M, Korten A, Cooper JE, Day R, Bertelsen A (1992) Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten-country study. Psychol Med Monogr Suppl. 20:1-97.

Javitt DC, Zukin SR (1991) Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 148:1-10.

Jentsch JD, Roth RH (1999) The neuropsychopharmacology of phencyclidine: from NMDA receptor hypofunction to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 20, 201-225.

Jezova D, Oliver C, Jurcovicova J (1991) Stimulation of adrenocorticotropin but not prolactin and catecholamine release by N-methyl-aspartic acid. Neuroendocrinology. 54:488-92.

Johnson MP, Chamberlain M. (2002) Modulation of stress-induced and stimulated hyperprolactinemia with the group II metabotropic glutamate receptor selective agonist, LY379268. Neuropharmacology. 43(5):799-808.

Johnson MP, Kelly G, Chamberlain M (2001) Changes in rat serum corticosterone after treatment with metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists or antagonists. J Neuroendocrinol. 13:670-7.

Johnston AL, File SE (1991) Sex differences in animal tests of anxiety. Physiol Behav. 49:245– 50.

Jones RS (1993) Entorhinal-hippocampal connections: a speculative view of their function. Trends Neurosci. 16(2):58-64.

Kahn L, Alonso G, Robbe D, Bockaert J, Manzoni OJ (2001) Group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptors induced long term depression in mouse striatal slices. Neurosci Lett. 316(3):178-82.

Kapur S, Seeman P (2002) NMDA receptor antagonists ketamine and PCP have direct effects on the dopamine D(2) and serotonin 5-HT(2)receptors-implications for models of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 7:837-844.

Karper LP, Grillon C, Morrissey K, Abi-Saab D, Morgan CA III, Charney DS, Krystal JH (1994) The effect of ketamine on the acoustic startle response. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts. 20:482.

Karreman M, Moghaddam B (1996) Effect of a pharmacological stressor on glutamate efflux in the prefrontal cortex. Brain Res. 716(1-2):180-2.

Kehne J, De Lombaert S (2002) Non-peptidic CRF1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of anxiety, depression and stress disorders. Curr. Drug Targets CNS Neurol. Disord. 1:467–493.

References

117

Keilhoff G, Becker A, Grecksch G, Wolf G, Bernstein HG (2004) Repeated application of ketamine to rats induces changes in the hippocampal expression of parvalbumin, neuronal nitric oxide synthase and cFOS similar to those found in human schizophrenia. Neuroscience. 126(3):591-8.

Keith VA, Mansbach RS, Geyer MA (1991) Failure of haloperidol to block the effects of phencyclidine and dizocilpine on prepulse inhibition of startle. Biol Psychiatry. 30:557-566.

Kellner M, Muhtz C, Stark K, Yassouridis A, Arlt J, Wiedemann K (2005) Effects of a metabotropic glutamate(2/3) receptor agonist (LY544344/LY354740) on panic anxiety induced by cholecystokinin tetrapeptide in healthy humans: preliminary results. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 179(1):310-5.

Kew JN, Ducarre JM, Pflimlin MC, Mutel V, Kemp JA (2001) Activity-dependent presynaptic autoinhibition by group II metabotropic glutamate receptors at the perforant path inputs to the dentate gyrus and CA1. Neuropharmacology. 40:20-7.

Kilbride J, Huang LQ, Rowan MJ, Anwyl R (1998) Presynaptic inhibitory action of the group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists, LY354740 and DCG-IV. Eur J Pharmacol. 356(2-3):149-57.

Klodzinska A, Chojnacka-Wojcik E, Palucha A, Branski P, Popik P, Pilc A (1999) Potential anti-anxiety, anti-addictive effects of LY 354740, a selective group II glutamate metabotropic receptors agonist in animal models. Neuropharmacology. 38:1831-9.

Koch M (1999) The neurobiology of startle. Prog Neurobiol. 59:107-128

Korte MS, de Boer SF (2003) A robust animal model of state anxiety: fear-potentiated behaviour in the elevated plus-maze. Eur J Pharmacol. 463(1-3):163-75.

Krystal JH, Abi-Saab W, Perry E, D’Souza DC, Liu N, Gueorguieva R, McDougall L, Hunsberger T, Belger A, Levine L, Breier A (2005) Preliminary evidence of attenuation of the disruptive effects of the NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist, ketamine, on working memory by pretreatment with the group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, LY354740, in healthy human subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 179(1):303-9.

Krystal JH, Anand A, Moghaddam B (2002) Effects of NMDA receptor antagonists: implications for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Arch.Gen.Psychiatry. 59:663-664.

Krystal JH, Karper LP, Seibyl JP, Freeman GK, Delaney R, Bremner JD, Heninger GR, Bowers MB, Jr Charney DS (1994) Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:199-214.

Kudo K, Qiao CX, Kanba S, Arita J (2004) A selective increase in phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein in hippocampal CA1 region of male, but not female, rats following contextual fear and passive avoidance conditioning. Brain Res. 1024(1-2):233-43.

Kurumaji A, McCulloch J (1989) Effects of MK-801 upon local cerebral glucose utilisation in conscious rats and in rats anaesthetised with halothane. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 9:786-94.

Lahti AC, Holcomb HH, Medoff DR, Tamminga CA (1995a) Ketamine activates psychosis and alters limbic blood flow in schizophrenia. Neuroreport. 6:869-72.

Lahti AC, Koffel B, LaPorte D, Tamminga CA (1995b) Subanesthetic doses of ketamine stimulate psychosis in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 13:9-19.

References

118

Large CH, Webster EL, Goff DC (2005) The potential role of lamotrigine in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 181(3):415-36.

Lindefors N, Barati S, O’Connor WT (1997) Differential effects of single and repeated ketamine administration on dopamine, serotonin and GABA transmission in rat medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Res. 759:205-212.

Linden AM, Greene SJ, Bergeron M, Schoepp DD (2004) Anxiolytic activity of the MGLU2/3 receptor agonist LY354740 on the elevated plus maze is associated with the suppression of stress-induced c-Fos in the hippocampus and increases in c-Fos induction in several other stress-sensitive brain regions. Neuropsychopharmacology. 29:502-513.

Linden AM Bergeron M, Schoepp DD (2005b) Comparison of c-Fos induction in the brain by the mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist LY341495 and agonist LY354740: evidence for widespread endogenous tone at brain mGlu2/3 receptors in vivo. Neuropharmacology. 49 Suppl 1:120-34.

Linden AM Shannon H, Baez M, Yu JL, Koester A, Schoepp DD (2005a) Anxiolytic-like activity of the mGLU2/3 receptor agonist LY354740 in the elevated plus maze test is disrupted in metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 and 3 knock-out mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 179(1):284-91.

Linden AM, Baez M, Bergeron M, Schoepp DD (2006) Effects of mGlu2 or mGlu3 receptor deletions on mGlu2/3 receptor agonist (LY354740)-induced brain c-Fos expression: Specific roles for mGlu2 in the amygdala and subcortical nuclei, and mGlu3 in the hippocampus. Neuropharmacology. ahead of print

Linn GS, Negi SS, Gerum SV, Javitt DC (2003) Reversal of phencyclidine-induced prepulse inhibition deficits by clozapine in monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 169:234-9.

Lipska BK, Weinberger DR. Lipska BK, Weinberger DR (2000) To model a psychiatric disorder in animals: schizophrenia as a reality test. Neuropsychopharmacology. 23(3):223-39.

Liu J, Moghaddam B (1995) Regulation of glutamate efflux by excitatory amino acid receptors: evidence for tonic inhibitory and phasic excitatory regulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 274:1209-15.

Liu XB, Munoz A, Jones EG (1998) Changes in subcellular localization of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes during postnatal development of mouse thalamus. J Comp Neurol. 395:450-65.

Lodge D, Anis NA (1982) Effects of phencyclidine on excitatory amino acid activation of spinal interneurones in the cat. Eur J Pharmacol. 77:203-4.

Lorrain DS, Baccei CS, Bristow LJ, Anderson JJ, Varney MA (2003a) Effects of ketamine and N-methyl-D-aspartate on glutamate and dopamine release in the rat prefrontal cortex: modulation by a group II selective metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist LY379268. Neuroscience. 117:697-706.

Lorrain DS, Schaffhauser H, Campbell UC, Baccei CS, Correa LD, Rowe B, Rodriguez DE, Anderson JJ, Varney MA, Pinkerton AB, Vernier JM, Bristow LJ (2003b) Group II mGlu receptor activation suppresses norepinephrine release in the ventral hippocampus and locomotor responses to acute ketamine challenge. Neuropsychopharmacology. 28:1622-1632.

Lorrain DS, Baccei CS, Correa LD, Bristow LJ (2005) Comparison of the effects of diazepam, the CRF1 antagonist CP-154,526 and the group II mGlu receptor agonist LY379268 on stress-evoked extracellular norepinephrine levels. Neuropharmacology. 48(7):927-35.

References

119

Louvart H, Maccari S, Lesage J, Leonhardt M, Dickes-Coopman A, Darnaudery M (2006) Effects of a single footshock followed by situational reminders on HPA axis and behaviour in the aversive context in male and female rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 31(1):92-9.

Low K, Crestani F, Keist R, Benke D, Brunig I, Benson JA, Fritschy JM, Rulicke T, Bluethmann H, Mohler H, Rudolph U (2000) Molecular and neuronal substrate for the selective attenuation of anxiety. Science. 290(5489):131-4.

Luby ED, Cohen BD, Rosenbaum G, Gottlieb JS, Kelly R (1959) Study of a new schizophrenic-like drug: Sernyl. Arch Neurol Psychiat. 81:363–369.

Makara GB, Stark E (1975) Effect of intraventricular glutamate on ACTH release.Neuroendocrinology. 18:213-6.

Mansbach RS, Carver J, Zorn SH (2001) Blockade of drug-induced deficits in prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle by ziprasidone. Pharmacol. Biochem Behav. 69:535-542.

Mansbach RS, Geyer MA (1989) Effects of phencyclidine and phencyclidine biologs on sensorimotor gating in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacotogy 2:299-308.

Mansbach RS, Geyer MA. (1991) Parametric determinants in pre-stimulus modification of acoustic startle: interaction with ketamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 105:162-168.

Maragakis NJ, Rothstein JD (2001) Glutamate transporters in neurologic disease. Arch Neurol. 58:365-70.

Marcondes FK, Miguel KJ, Melo LL, Spadari-Bratfisch RC (2001) Estrous cycle influences the response of female rats in the elevated plus-maze test. Physiol Behav. 74:435– 40.

Marek GJ, Wright RA, Schoepp DD, Monn JA, Aghajanian GK (2000) Physiological antagonism between 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) and group II metabotropic glutamate receptors in prefrontal cortex. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 292:76-87.

Marti O, Garcia A, Valles A, Harbuz MS, Armario A (2001) Evidence that a single exposure to aversive stimuli triggers long-lasting effects in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis that consolidate with time. Eur J Neurosci. 13(1):129-36.

Mathe JM, Nomikos GG, Schilström B, Svensson TH (1998) Non-NMDA excitatory amino acid receptors in the ventral tegmental area mediate systemic dizocilpine (MK-801) induced hyperlocomotion and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Journal of Neuroscience Research. 51:583–592.

Matrsciano F, Storto M, Ngomba RT, Cappuccio I, Caricasole A, Scaccianoce S, Riozzi B, Melchiorri D, Nicoletti F (2002) Imipramine treatment up-regulates the expression and function of mGlu2/3 metabotropic glutamate receptors in the rat hippocampus. Neuropharmacology. 42(8):1008-15.

McCarthy MM, Konkle AT (2005) When is a sex difference not a sex difference? Front Neuroendocrinol. 26:85-102.

McGeer PL, McGeer EG, Itagaki S, Mizukawa K (1987) Anatomy and pathology of the basal ganglia. Can J Neurol Sci.14:363-72.

McGhie A, Chapman J (1961) Disorders of attention and perception in early schizophrenia. Br J Med Psychol. 34:103-16.

References

120

Meldrum BS (2000) Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology. J Nutr. 130(4S Suppl):1007S-15S.

Mineff E, Valtschanoff J (1999) Metabotropic glutamate receptors 2 and 3 expressed by astrocytes in rat ventrobasal thalamus. Neurosci Lett. 270:95-8.

Mirescu C, Gould E (2006) Stress and adult neurogenesis. Hippocampus. 16(3):233-8.

Mitchell SJ, Silver RA (2000) Glutamate spillover suppresses inhibition by activating presynaptic mGluRs. Nature. 404(6777):498-502.

Moghaddam B, Adams B, Verma A, Daly D (1997) Activation of glutamatergic neurotransmission by ketamine: a novel step in the pathway from NMDA receptor blockade to dopaminergic and cognitive disruptions associated with the prefrontal cortex. J.Neurosci. 17: 2921-2927.

Moghaddam B, Adams BW (1998) Reversal of phencyclidine effects by a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist in rats. Science. 281:1349-1352.

Mohler H, Crestani F, Rudolph U (2001) GABA(A)-receptor subtypes: a new pharmacology. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 1(1):22-5.

Monaghan DT, Bridges RJ, Cotman CW (1989) The excitatory amino acid receptors: their classes, pharmacology, and distinct properties in the function of the central nervous system. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 29:365-402.

Monn JA, Valli MJ, Massey SM, Hansen MM, Kress TJ, Wepsiec JP, Harkness AR, Grutsch JL Jr, Wright RA, Johnson BG, Andis SL, Kingston A, Tomlinson R, Lewis R, Griffey KR, Tizzano JP, Schoepp DD (1999) Synthesis, pharmacological characterization, and molecular modeling of heterobicyclic amino acids related to (+)-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0] hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY354740): identification of two new potent, selective, and systemically active agonists for group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. J Med Chem. 42:1027-40.

Monn JA, Valli MJ, Massey SM, Wright RA, Salhoff CR, Johnson BG, Howe T, Alt CA, Rhodes GA, Robey RL, Griffey KR, Tizzano JP, Kallman MJ, Helton DR, Schoepp DD (1997) Design, synthesis, and pharmacological characterization of (+)-2-aminobicyclo [3.1.0] hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY354740): a potent, selective, and orally active group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist possessing anticonvulsant and anxiolytic properties. J Med Chem. 40:528-37.

Moore NA, Rees G, Monn JA (1999) Effects of the group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, LY354740 on schedule-controlled behaviour in rats. Behav Pharmacol. 10:319-25.

Mutel V, Adam G, Chaboz S, Kemp JA, Klingelschmidt A, Messer J, Wichmann J, Woltering T, Richards JG (1998) Characterization of (2S,2’R,3’R)-2-(2’,3’-[3H]-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine binding in rat brain. J Neurochem. 71(6):2558-64.

Nakao S, Nagata A, Miyamoto E, Masuzawa M, Murayama T, Shingu K (2003) Inhibitory effect of propofol on ketamine-induced c-Fos expression in the rat posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices is mediated by GABAA receptor activation. Acta Anaesthesiol.Scand. 47:284-290.

Nakazato A, Kumagai T, Sakagami K, Yoshikawa R, Suzuki Y, Chaki S, Ito H, Taguchi T, Nakanishi S, Okuyama S (2000) Synthesis, SARs, and pharmacological characterization of 2-amino-3 or 6-fluorobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivatives as potent, selective, and orally active group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists. J Med Chem. 43:4893-909.

Nicoletti F, Meek JL, Iadarola MJ, Chuang DM, Roth BL, Costa E (1986) Coupling of inositol phospholipid metabolism with excitatory amino acid recognition sites in rat hippocampus. J Neurochem. 46:40-6.

References

121

Nishizawa N, Nakao S, Nagata A, Hirose T, Masuzawa M, Shingu K (2000) The effect of ketamine isomers on both mice behavioral responses and c-Fos expression in the posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices. Brain Res. 857:188-192.

Nusser Z, Sieghart W, Benke D, Fritschy JM, Somogyi P (1996) Differential synaptic localization of two major gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor alpha subunits on hippocampal pyramidal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93(21):11939-44.

Nutt DJ, Malizia AL (2001) New insights into the role of the GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor in psychiatric disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 179:390-6.

Ohishi H, Neki A, Mizuno N (1998) Distribution of a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR2, in the central nervous system of the rat and mouse: an immunohistochemical study with a monoclonal antibody. Neurosci Res. 30:65-82.

Ohishi H, Shigemoto R, Nakanishi S, Mizuno N (1993a) Distribution of the messenger RNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR2, in the central nervous system of the rat. Neuroscience. 53:1009-18.

Ohishi H, Shigemoto R, Nakanishi S, Mizuno N (1993b) Distribution of the mRNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR3) in the rat brain: an in situ hybridization study. J Comp Neurol. 335:252-66.

Olney JW, Newcomer JW, Farber NB (1999) NMDA receptor hypofunction model of schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res. 33:523-33.

Oranje B, Gispen-de Wied CC, Verbaten MN, Kahn RS (2002) Modulating sensory gating in healthy volunteers: the effects of ketamine and haloperidol. Biol Psychiatry. 52:887-95.

Ossowska K, Pietraszek M, Wardas J, Nowak G, Zajaczkowski W, Wolfarth S, Pilc A (2000) The role of glutamate receptors in antipsychotic drug action. Amino Acids. 19: 87-94.

Pace TW, Gaylord R, Topczewski F, Girotti M, Rubin B, Spencer RL (2005) Immediate-early gene induction in hippocampus and cortex as a result of novel experience is not directly related to the stressfulness of that experience. Eur J Neurosci. 22(7):1679-90.

Palanza P (2001) Animal models of anxiety and depression: how are females different. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 25:219– 33.

Pallares MA, Nadal RA, Silvestre JS, Ferre NS (1995) Effects of ketamine, a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, on the acquisition of the lever-press response in rats. Physiol Behav. 57:389-392.

Pechnick RN, George R, Poland RE (1989) Characterization of the effects of the acute and repeated administration of MK-801 on the release of adrenocorticotropin, corticosterone and prolactin in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 164:257-63.

Petralia RS, Wang YX, Niedzielski AS, Wenthold RJ (1996) The metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR2 and mGluR3, show unique postsynaptic, presynaptic and glial localizations. Neuroscience. 71:949-76.

Petralia RS, Yokotani N, Wenthold RJ (1994) Light and electron microscope distribution of the NMDA receptor subunit NMDAR1 in the rat nervous system using a selective anti-peptide antibody. J Neurosci. 14(10):6102-20.

Phillips T, Rees S, Augood S, Waldvogel H, Faull R, Svendsen C, Emson P (2000) Localization of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 2 in the human brain. Neuroscience. 95:1139-56.

References

122

Pigott TA (1999) Gender differences in the epidemiology and treatment of anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 18:4-15.

Rakic P, Bourgeois JP, Goldman-Rakic PS (1994) Synaptic development of the cerebral cortex: implications for learning, memory, and mental illness. Prog Brain Res.102:227-43.

Reijmers LG, Peeters BW (1994a) Acoustic prepulses can facilitate the startle reflex in rats: discrepancy between rat and human data resolved. Brain Res.Bull. 35:337-338.

Reijmers LG, Peeters BW (1994a) Effects of acoustic prepulses on the startle reflex in rats: a parametric analysis. Brain Res. 661:174-180.

Rivier C (1999) Gender, sex steroids, corticotropin-releasing factor, nitric oxide, and the HPA response to stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 64(4):739-51.

Rodgers RJ, Johnson NJ (1995) Factor analysis of spatiotemporal and ethological measures in the murine elevated plus-maze test of anxiety. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 52(2):297-303.

Rudolph U (2001) Identification of molecular substrate for the attenuation of anxiety: a step toward the development of better anti-anxiety drugs. ScientificWorldJournal.1:192-3.

Rutter M (1995) Relationships between mental disorders in childhood and adulthood. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 91:73-85.

Scanziani M, Salin PA, Vogt KE, Malenka RC, Nicoll RA (1997) Use-dependent increases in glutamate concentration activate presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors. Nature. 385:630-634.

Schaffhauser H, Richards JG, Cartmell J, Chaboz S, Kemp JA, Klingelschmidt A, Messer J, Stadler H, Woltering T, Mutel V (1998) In vitro binding characteristics of a new selective group II metabotropic glutamate receptor radioligand, [3H]LY354740, in rat brain. Mol Pharmacol. 53(2):228-33.

Schoepp DD (2001) Unveiling the functions of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors in the central nervous system. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 299:12-20.

Schoepp DD (2004) Case study: utility of metabotropic glutamate agonists in psychiatric illness. 5th World Congress on Stress. Abs 120.

Schoepp DD, Conn PJ (2002) Metabotropic glutamate receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 73:285-6.

Schoepp DD, Jane DE, Monn JA (1999) Pharmacological agents acting at subtypes of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Neuropharmacology. 38:1431-76.

Schoepp DD, Johnson BG, Wright RA, Salhoff CR, Mayne NG, Wu S, Cockerman SL, Burnett JP, Belegaje R, Bleakman D, Monn JA (1997) LY354740 is a potent and highly selective group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist in cells expressing human glutamate receptors. Neuropharmacology. 36:1-11.

Schoepp DD, Marek GJ (2002) Preclinical pharmacology of mGlu2/3 receptor agonists: novel agents for schizophrenia? Curr Drug Target CNS Neurol Disord. 1:215-225.

Schoepp DD, Wright RA, Levine LR, Gaydos B, Potter WZ (2003) LY354740, an mGlu2/3 receptor agonist as a novel approach to treat anxiety/stress. Stress. 6:189–197

References

123

Schreiber R, Lowe D, Voerste A, De Vry J (2000) LY354740 affects startle responding but not sensorimotor gating or discriminative effects of phencyclidine. Eur J Pharmacol. 388:R3-R4.

Schulz B, Fendt M, Gasparini F, Lingenhohl K, Kuhn R, Koch M (2001a) The metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP) blocks fear conditioning in rats. Neuropharmacology. 41:1-7.

Schulz B, Fendt M, Pedersen V, Koch M (2001b) Sensitization of prepulse inhibition deficits by repeated administration of dizocilpine. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 156:177-181.

Seeman P (1987) Dopamine receptors and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Synapse. 1:133-52.

Seeman P, Lee T (1975) Antipsychotic drugs: direct correlation between clinical potency and presynaptic action on dopamine neurons. Science. 188:1217-9.

Sharp JW (1997) Phencyclidine (PCP) acts at sigma sites to induce c-fos gene expression. Brain Res. 758:51-8.

Shekhar A, Keim SR (2000) LY354740, a potent group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist prevents lactate-induced panic-like response in panic-prone rats. Neuropharmacology. 39:1139-1146.

Shigemoto R, Kinoshita A, Wada E, Nomura S, Ohishi H, Takada M, Flor PJ, Neki A, Abe T, Nakanishi S, Mizuno N (1997) Differential presynaptic localization of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in the rat hippocampus. J Neurosci. 17:7503-22.

Shors TJ (2001) Acute stress rapidly and persistently enhances memory formation in the male rat. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 75(1):10-29.

Silvestre JS, Nadal R, Pallares M, Ferre N (1997) Acute effects of ketamine in the holeboard, the elevated-plus maze, and the social interaction test in Wistar rats. Depress.Anxiety. 5:29-33.

Sinclair JG, Tien AF (1979) Neuronal responses to ketamine administered microiontophoretically or intraperitoneally in the rat. Gen Pharmacol. 10:51-5.

Sladeczek F, Pin JP, Recasens M, Bockaert J, Weiss S (1985) Glutamate stimulates inositol phosphate formation in striatal neurones. Nature. 317:717-9.

Sloviter RS (2003) Excitatory Dentate Granule Cells Normally Contain GAD and GABA, but Does That Make Them GABAergic, and Do Seizures Shift Granule Cell Function in the Inhibitory Direction? Epilepsy Curr. 3(1):3-5.

Spooren WP, Gasparini F, van der Putten H, Koller M, Nakanishi S, Kuhn R (2000a) Lack of effect of LY314582 (a group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist) on phencyclidine-induced locomotor activity in metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 knockout mice. Eur J Pharmacol 397:R1-R2.

Spooren WP, Vassout A, Neijt HC, Kuhn R, Gasparini F, Roux S, Porsolt RD, Gentsch C (2000b) Anxiolytic-like effects of the prototypical metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine in rodents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 295:1267-75.

Steenbergen HL, Farabollini F, Heinsbroek RPW, Van de Poll NE (1991) Sex dependent effects of aversive stimulation on holeboard and elevated plus-maze behavior. Behav Brain Res. 43:159–65.

References

124

Stock HS, Foradori C, Ford K, Wilson MA (2000) A lack of tolerance to the anxiolytic effects of diazepam on the plus-maze: comparison of male and female rats. Psychopharmacology. 147:362– 70.

Sugiyama H, Ito I, Hirono C (1987) A new type of glutamate receptor linked to inositol phospholipid metabolism. Nature. 325:531-3.

Svensson TH (2000) Dysfunctional brain dopamine systems induced by psychotomimetic NMDA-receptor antagonists and the effects of antipsychotic drugs. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 31:320-9.

Swanson CJ, Bures M, Johnson MP, Linden AM, Monn JA, Schoepp DD (2005) Metabotropic glutamate receptors as novel targets for anxiety and stress disorders.Nat Rev Drug Discov. 4(2):131-44.

Swanson CJ, Perry KW, Schoepp DD (2004) The mGlu2/3 receptor agonist, LY354740, blocks immobilization-induced increases in noradrenaline and dopamine release in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. J Neurochem. 88:194-202.

Swanson LW (1992) Brain maps: structure of the rat brain. Elsevier: Amsterdam

Swerdlow NR, Bakshi V, Geyer MA (1996) Seroquel restores sensorimotor gating in phencyclidine-treated rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 279:1290-9.

Swerdlow NR, Bakshi V, Waikar M, Taaid N, Geyer MA (1998) Seroquel, clozapine and chlorpromazine restore sensorimotor gating in ketamine-treated rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 140:75-80.

Swerdlow NR, Geyer MA (1993) Clozapine and haloperidol in an animal model of sensorimotor gating deficits in schizophrenia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 44:741-4.

Swerdlow NR, Geyer MA, Braff DL (2001) Neural circuit regulation of prepulse inhibition of startle in the rat: current knowledge and future challenges. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 156:194-215.

Swerdlow NR, Hanlon FM, Henning L, Kim YK, Gaudet I, Halim ND (2001) Regulation of sensorimotor gating in rats by hippocampal NMDA: anatomical localization. Brain Res. 898(2):195-203.

Szakacs R, Weiczner R, Mihaly A, Krisztin-Peva B, Zador Z, Zador E (2003) Non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists moderate seizure-induced c-fos expression in the rat cerebral cortex. Brain Res Bull. 59:485-93.

Takahata R, Moghaddam B (2003) Activation of glutamate neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex sustains the motoric and dopaminergic effects of phencyclidine. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:1117-1124.

Tamaru Y, Nomura S, Mizuno N, Shigemoto R (2001) Distribution of metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR3 in the mouse CNS: differential location relative to pre- and postsynaptic sites. Neuroscience. 106:481-503.

Tatarczynska E, Klodzinska A, Chojnacka-Wojcik E, Palucha A, Gasparini F, Kuhn R, Pilc A (2001) Potential anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of MPEP, a potent, selective and systemically active mGlu5 receptor antagonist. Br J Pharmacol. 132:1423-30.

Thomson AM, West DC, Lodge D (1985) An N-methylaspartate receptor-mediated synapse in rat cerebral cortex: a site of action of ketamine? Nature. 313:479-81.

References

125

Tiihonen J, Hallikainen T, Ryynanen OP, Repo-Tiihonen E, Kotilainen I, Eronen M, Toivonen P, Wahlbeck K, Putkonen A (2003) Lamotrigine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial. Biol Psychiatry. 54(11):1241-8.

Tizzano JP, Griffey KI, Schoepp DD (2002) The anxiolytic action of mGlu2/3 receptor agonist, LY354740, in the fear-potentiated startle model in rats is mechanistically distinct from diazepam. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 3:367-74.

Tokarev D, Jezova D (1997) Effect of central administration of the non-NMDA receptor antagonist DNQX on ACTH and corticosterone release before and during immobilization stress. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 19:323-8.

Trentani A, Kuipers SD, te Meerman GJ, Beekman J, ter Horst GJ, den Boer JA (2003) Immunohistochemical changes induced by repeated footshock stress: revelations of gender-based differences. Neurobiol Dis. 14(3):602-18.

Treit D, Menard J, Royan C (1993) Anxiogenic stimuli in the elevated plus-maze.Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 44(2):463-9.

van Berckel BN, Oranje B, van Ree JM, Verbaten MN, Kahn RS (1998) The effects of low dose ketamine on sensory gating, neuroendocrine secretion and behavior in healthy human subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl).137:271-81.

van den Pol AN, Wuarin JP, Dudek FE (1990) Glutamate, the dominant excitatory transmitter in neuroendocrine regulation. Science. 250:1276-8.

van Haaren F, van de Poll NE (1984) The number of pre-shock trials affects sex differences in passive avoidance behavior. Physiol Behav. 33(2):269-72.

Vardi N, Zhang LL, Payne JA, Sterling P (2000) Localization of mGluR6 to dendrites of ON bipolar cells in primate retina. J Comp Neurol. 423:402-12.

Varty GB, Bakshi VP, Geyer MA (1999) M100907, a serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist and putative antipsychotic, blocks dizocilpine-induced prepulse inhibition deficits in Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. 20(4):311-21.

Vaswani M, Linda FK, Ramesh S (2003) Role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in psychiatric disorders: a comprehensive review. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol.Psychiatry. 27:85–102.

Verma A, Moghaddam B (1996) NMDA receptor antagonists impair prefrontal cortex function as assessed via spatial delayed alternation performance in rats: modulation by dopamine. J.Neurosci. 16:373-379.

Vollenweider FX, Leenders KL, Oye I, Hell D, Angst J (1997b) Differential psychopathology and patterns of cerebral glucose utilisation produced by (S)- and (R)-ketamine in healthy volunteers using positron emission tomography (PET).Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 7:25-38.

Vollenweider FX, Leenders KL, Scharfetter C, Antonini A, Maguire P, Missimer J, Angst J (1997a) Metabolic hyperfrontality and psychopathology in the ketamine model of psychosis using positron emission tomography (PET) and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 7:9-24.

Walker DL, Rattiner LM, Davis M (2002) Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors within the amygdala regulate fear as assessed with potentiated startle in rats. Behav Neurosci. 116:1075-83.

References

126

Watkins JC (2000) l-glutamate as a central neurotransmitter: looking back. Biochem Soc Trans. 28(4):297-309.

Westenbroek C, den Boer JA, ter Horst GJ (2003) Gender-specific effects of social housing on chronic stress-induced limbic Fos expression. Neuroscience. 121:189-199.

Westenbroek C, den Boer JA, Veenhuis M, ter Horst GJ (2004) Chronic stress and social housing differentially affect neurogenesis in male and female rats. Brain Res Bull. 64(4):303-8.

Weinberger DR (1995) From neuropathology to neurodevelopment. Lancet. 346(8974):552-7.

Weinstock M, Razin M, Schorer-Apelbaum D, Men D, McCarty R (1998) Gender differences in sympathoadrenal activity in rats at rest and in response to footshock stress.Int J Dev Neurosci. 16(3-4):289-95.

Wiley JL (1997) Behavioral pharmacology of N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists: implications for the study and pharmacotherapy of anxiety and schizophrenia.Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 5:365-74.

Willins DL, Narayanan S, Wallace LJ, Uretsky NJ (1993) The role of dopamine and AMPA/kainate receptors in the nucleus accumbens in the hypermotility response to MK801. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 46:881-7.

Wilson MA, Burghardt PR, Ford KA, Wilkinson MB, Primeaux SD (2004) Anxiolytic effects of diazepam and ethanol in two behavioral models: comparison of males and females. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 78(3):445-58.

Winder DG, Conn PJ (1996) Roles of metabotropic glutamate receptors in glial function and glial-neuronal communication. J Neurosci Res. 46:131-7.

Woods JH, France CP, Medzihradsky F, Smith CB, Winger GD (1992) Evaluation of new compounds for opioid activity. NIDA Res Monogr. 132:517-78.

Wood GE, Beylin AV, Shors TJ (2001) The contribution of adrenal and reproductive hormones to the opposing effects of stress on trace conditioning in males versus females. Behav Neurosci. 115(1):175-87

Wood GE, Shors TJ (1998) Stress facilitates classical conditioning in males, but impairs classical conditioning in females through activational effects of ovarian hormones.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95(7):4066-71.

Wright RA, Arnold MB, Wheeler WJ, Ornstein PL, Schoepp DD (2001) [3H]LY341495 binding to group II metabotropic glutamate receptors in rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 298(2):453-60.

Yerkes RM (1921) Psychological examining in the United States Army. Memoirs Natl Acad Sci 15:1-16.

Yonkers KA, Ellison JM, Shera DM, Pratt LA, Cole JO, Fierman E, Keller MB, Lavori PW (1996) Description of antipanic therapy in a prospective longitudinal study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 16:223-32.

Yonkers KA, Kando JC, Cole JO, Blumenthal S (1992) Gender differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of psychotropic medication. Am J Psychiatry. 149:587-95.

Young AB, Fagg GE (1990) Excitatory amino acid receptors in the brain: membrane binding and receptor autoradiographic approaches. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 11:126-33.

References

127

Zelena D, Makara GB, Jezova D (1999) Simultaneous blockade of two glutamate receptor subtypes (NMDA and AMPA) results in stressor-specific inhibition of prolactin and corticotropin release. Neuroendocrinology. 69:316-23.

Zhang W, Bymaster FP (1999) The in vivo effects of olanzapine and other antipsychotic agents on receptor occupancy and antagonism of dopamine D1, D2, D3, 5HT2A and muscarinic receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 141(3):267-78.

Zimmerberg B, Farley MJ (1993) Sex differences in anxiety behavior in rats: role of gonadal hormones. Physiol Behav. 54:1119–2.

Zipursky RB, Lim KO, Sullivan EV, Brown BW, Pfefferbaum A (1992) Widespread cerebral gray matter volume deficits in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry.49:195-205.