University Library System, CUHK 1 The Role of Librarians as Information Providers in the Digital Era Dr. Colin Storey Mrs. Shirley Leung March 15, 2004

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香港中文大學　大學圖書館系統

The Role of Librarians as The Role of Librarians as Information Providers Information Providers

in the Digital Erain the Digital Era

Dr. Colin Storey

Mrs. Shirley LeungMarch 15, 2004

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IFLA and IFLA and the World of Librariesthe World of Libraries

• The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions

• Founded in 1927

• The leading international not-for-profit organization representing the interests of library and information services and their users.

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IFLA and IFLA and the World of Librariesthe World of Libraries

• Has over 1,700 members in more than 150 countries around the world, including:

• The Hong Kong Library Association and major Hong Kong library systems.

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Role of Libraries (1)Role of Libraries (1)((2002 IFLA Glasgow meeting2002 IFLA Glasgow meeting ))

• Provide access to information, ideas and works of imagination in any medium.

• Serve as gateways to

knowledge, thought

and culture.

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Role of Libraries (2)Role of Libraries (2)• Contribute to the development and maintena

nce of intellectual freedom and help to safeguard democratic values and universal civil rights.

• Commit to offering access to relevant

resources and services without

restriction or any

form of censorship.

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Roles of Libraries (3)Roles of Libraries (3)

• Acquire, preserve and make available the widest variety of materials, reflecting the plurality and diversity of society.

• Select and provide library materials and services

with regard to professional considerations and not to political, moral and religious views.

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• Make materials, facilities and services equally accessible to all users.

• Avoid discrimination forany reason, including race,national or ethnic origin, gender or sexual preference,age, disability, religion,or political beliefs.

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• Protect each user's right to privacy and confidentiality with respect to information sought or received and resources consulted, borrowed, acquired or transmitted.

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Librarians as Information Providers Librarians as Information Providers in the Digital Erain the Digital Era

Rapid development of

communication technologies

Unprecedented opportunities for librarians to enhance their role as information providers, especially in narrowing the ‘digital divide’.

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Three factors influencing the role of Three factors influencing the role of librarians as information providerslibrarians as information providers

1. Contract law (licensing agreements) versus copyright law

2. The pricing of digital content by vendors

3. The preservation of digital information.

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FACTOR 1FACTOR 1Contract Law Contract Law

(Licensing Agreements) (Licensing Agreements) versus versus

Copyright LawCopyright Law

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Three Common Forms of Three Common Forms of Licensing Agreements Licensing Agreements

• “standard-form” paper licenses

• “shrink-wrap” licenses

• “click-through” licenses

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Licensing Agreements Licensing Agreements

• Little opportunity to negotiate the terms of these licenses

• Bargaining power between libraries and publishers is uneven

• License agreements override copyright exceptions.

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Restrictions Imposed by Restrictions Imposed by License Agreements (1)License Agreements (1)

• Users printing , downloading or emailing copies of (parts of) the material;

• The number, location, and organizational affiliation of users;

• Libraries performing inter-library loan/document supply;

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Restrictions Imposed by Restrictions Imposed by License Agreements (2)License Agreements (2)

• Libraries copying the work for preservation purposes;

• The use of a work beyond a certain date;

• Libraries networking the work beyond library premises;

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Restrictions Imposed by LicensRestrictions Imposed by License Agreements (3)e Agreements (3)

• Lending or otherwise disposing of a digital work;

• The right to quote, analyze and even to index

a work.

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Role of Librarians as Information Role of Librarians as Information Providers Threatened by LicensingProviders Threatened by Licensing

• Who determines content of digital information?

• Who controls access to information?• Can not-for-profit public lending continue?• Can resource-sharing among libraries

go on?

• How do we preserve information?

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Licensing versus Copyright LawLicensing versus Copyright Law

• Copyright legislation should not give copyright holders the power to use technological or contractual measures to override the exceptions and limitations enshrined in copyright law.

• Licensing agreements should complement copyright legislation, not replace it.

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IFLA’s Position on IFLA’s Position on Licensing versus Copyright Licensing versus Copyright in the Digital Environmentin the Digital Environment

“Digital is NOT different!”

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Digital is Digital is NOTNOT Different Different..

“In national copyright legislation, exceptions to copyright and related rights, allowed in the Berne Convention and endorsed by the WIPO treaties, should be revised if necessary to ensure that permitted uses apply equally to information in electronic form and to information in print, and for copying over and above these provisions there should be administratively simple payment or licensing schemes.”

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Conditions of UseConditions of Use

“For works in digital format, without incurring a further payment or seeking permission, all legitimate users of a library should be able to:

• browse publicly available copyright material; • read, listen to, or view lawfully acquired publicly mark

eted copyright material privately, on site or remotely• copy, or have copied for them by library and informati

on staff a reasonable proportion of a digital work in copyright for personal, educational or research use.”

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On Information Resource SharingOn Information Resource Sharing

“Providing access to a digital format of a protected work to a user for a legitimate purpose such as research or study should be a permitted act under copyright law.”

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On LendingOn Lending

“The lending of published materials [e.g. CD-ROMs] by libraries should not be restricted by legislation.

Contractual provisions should not override reasonable lending of electronic resources by library and information staff. “

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On Preservation and ConservationOn Preservation and Conservation

“Legislation should give libraries and archives permission to convert copyright protected materials into digital format for preservation and conservation related purposes, and libraries should be allowed to provide access to such materials both onsite and off-site.”

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On the Licensing EnvironmentOn the Licensing Environment

“National copyright legislation should render invalid any terms of a license that restrict or override exceptions or limitations embodied in copyright law where the license is established unilaterally by the rights owners without the opportunity for negotiation of the terms of the license by the user.

At a minimum the license should permit users to read, download, and print materials for their own personal purposes, without restrictions.”

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Standard Licensing AgreementsStandard Licensing Agreements

• Digital Library Federation (strategic partners include the Library of Congress, the British Library, California Digital Library, and over 30 prominent US university libraries), the Council on Library and Information Resources, and the Yale University Library Liblicense Standard Licensing Agreement

• Joint University Librarians Advisory Committee (JULAC) Standard License

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FACTOR 2FACTOR 2 Pricing of Digital Content Pricing of Digital Content

by Vendorsby Vendors

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Skewed Ratios in Monograph & Skewed Ratios in Monograph & Journal Purchasing (1)Journal Purchasing (1)

1986-1999

Price Increase

Monographs 65 %

Serials 207 %

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• On average, research libraries dropped the number of serials subscriptions 6% from 1986 to 1999, while the number of new monographs purchased dropped 26%.

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Though the number of new journal titles and books published continues to grow, librarians can afford to supply researchers with less and less information from an ever-expanding published content.

Information

Relative Library Holdings

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Scholarly Communication NexusScholarly Communication Nexus

Scholar writes article,

for free

Publisher Scholars read own or

receives article refereed article in their library, which their

Scholarly University has paid for

Publisher sends Communication

article for editing Nexus Library buys article

& referring in print and/or

e-version

Another scholar edits Publisher publishes

or referees, for free journal article, for sale,

and copyrights it.

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SPARC (1)SPARC (1)

• Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition

• Established in 1998, with nearly 300 institutions in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia.

• Create and develop competitive alternatives to current high-priced commercial journals and digital aggregations, and stimulate expansion of the non-profit sector's share of overall scholarly publishing activity.

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SPARC (2)SPARC (2)

• Support publisher partnerships: price and service competition; fair pricing; ethical use of scholarly resources; intellectual property management policies tha

t emphasize broad and easy distribution and re-use of material.

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Budapest Open Access InitiativeBudapest Open Access Initiative

• Released in 2002.

• Aims to accelerate progress in the international effort to make research articles in all academic fields freely available on the Internet.

• Over 100 organizations and 2,000 individuals support BOAI in promoting open access to peer-reviewed journal literature.

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OOpen Archives Initiativepen Archives Initiative (OAI) (OAI)

• Started in 1999 with the support of the DLF, CLIR, SPARC, ARL, and the Research Library of the Los Alamos National Laboratory

• Investigates how e-print repositories in various locations can most easily share metadata about their holdings.

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Open Archives Initiative (2)Open Archives Initiative (2)• Data provider

adopts a simple harvesting protocol; provides extracts of its metadata in a common,

minimal-level format in response to harvest requests;

records information about its collection in a shared registry.

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Open Archives Initiative (3)Open Archives Initiative (3)

• Service provider uses this registry to locate participating data pro

viders; uses the harvest protocol to collect metadata fro

m data providers; builds intellectually useful services, such as catal

ogues and portals to materials distributed across multiple e-print sites.

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Open Archives Initiative (4)Open Archives Initiative (4)

• Around 26 tools supporting OAI have been developed by various institutions and all of them are made available free of charge, including DSpace.

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DSpaceDSpace

• Developed jointly by MIT Libraries and Hewlett-Packard;

• Freely available to research institutions worldwide as an open source system that can be customized and extended;

• A digital institutional repository designed to capture, store, index, preserve, and redistribute the intellectual output of a university’s research faculty in digital formats.

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The Chinese University of Hong Kong The Chinese University of Hong Kong SIRSIR

• An intranet-based Scholarly Information Repository (SIR)

• Begins with e-prints of articles and course outlines produced by CUHK scholars.

• Use OAI technology

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FACTOR 3FACTOR 3Preservation of Digital InformPreservation of Digital Inform

ationation

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Minimum Criteria for Archival Minimum Criteria for Archival Repository of Digital Scholarly Repository of Digital Scholarly

JournalsJournals (1) (1)

In October 1999, CLIR, the DLF, and Coalition for Networked Information (CNI) convened groups of publishers and librarians:

• Responsibility for archiving the content of electronic journals?

• Minimum criteria for an e-journal archival repository?

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Minimum Criteria for Archival Minimum Criteria for Archival Repository of Digital Scholarly Repository of Digital Scholarly

Journals (2)Journals (2)

• Negotiate and accept appropriate deposits from scholarly publishers;

• Obtain sufficient control of deposited information to ensure long-term preservation;

• Policies and procedures which ensure that information is preserved against all reasonable contingencies.

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Preservation of Digital Information Preservation of Digital Information by Librarians as Content Providersby Librarians as Content Providers

• Libraries play an increasingly important role as digital information producers.

• University libraries provide web-based full-text access to:

• Theses and dissertations, faculty-generated teaching materials, preprints, open-access journals, and other intellectual resources produced on campus.

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Preservation of Digital Information Preservation of Digital Information by Librarians as Content Providersby Librarians as Content Providers

• National libraries are also major information producers:

• Turning the Pages developed by the British Library

• American Memory developed by the Library of Congress

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Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

• Librarians’ core values are still being embraced:

• the acquisition, recording, storage and preservation of information;

• free and common access to that information by identifiable user groups and communities.

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Symbiotic RelationshipSymbiotic Relationship

• Librarians have always respected intellectual property rights.

• Librarians have consistently acknowledged that if authors and composers of material in their libraries did not profit from their work, these same originators would cease their artistic and scholarly pursuits. There would then be nothing for librarians to acquire and lend.

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Yin-yang ConceptYin-yang Concept

• Information Commons versus

Pay-for-view

• Freedom of information versus

Intellectual property

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香港中文大學　大學圖書館系統THANK YOUTHANK YOU

Documents

University Library System, CUHK 1 The Role of Librarians as Information Providers in the Digital Era Dr. Colin Storey Mrs. Shirley Leung March 15, 2004