UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FLOW AND SEDIMENT MATRIX FOR THE FORMATION OF

MIDLAND POINT BARS IN SAND BED CHANNEL

DURATUL AIN BINTI THOLIBON

Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

Faculty of Civil Engineering

May 2016

CONFIRMATION BY PANEL OF EXAMINERS

I certify that a Panel of Examiners has met on 18 January 2016 to conduct the final examination of Duratul Ain Binti Tholibon on her Doctor of Philosophy thesis entitled "Flow And Sediment Matrix For The Formation Of Midland Point Bars In Sand Bed Channel" in accordance with Universiti Teknologi MARA Act 1976 (Akta 173). The Panel of Examiners recommends that the student be awarded the relevant degree. The panel of Examiners was as follows:

Puan Sri Datin Sri Hanizah Abd Hamid, PhD Professor Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA (Chairperson)

Janmaizatulriah Jani, PhD Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA (Internal Examiner)

Aminuddin Ab. Ghani, PhD Professor Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia (External Examiner)

Seyed Ata Amini, PhD Associate Professor Water Resources Management Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre of Kurdistan Iran Kurdistan, Iran (External Examiner)

DR MOHAMMAD NAWAWI DATO' HAJI SEROJI, PhD Dean Institute of Graduates Studies Universiti Teknologi MARA Date: 9 May 2016

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AUTHOR'S DECLARATION

I declare that the work in this thesis was carried out in accordance with the regulations

of Universiti Teknologi MARA. It is original and is the results of my own work, unless

otherwise indicated or acknowledged as referenced work. This thesis has not been

submitted to any other academic institution or non-academic institution for any degree

or qualification.

I, hereby, acknowledge that I have been supplied with the Academic Rules and

Regulations for Post Graduate, Universiti Teknologi MARA, regulating the conduct of

my study and research.

Name of Student

Student I.D. No.

Programme

Faculty

Thesis Title

Signature of Student

Date

Duratul Ain Binti Tholibon

2011436482

PhD in Civil Engineering (Alternative Water

Resource) - EC990

Civil Engineering

Flow and Sediment Matrix for the Formation of

Midland Point Bars in Sand Bed Channel

M. May 2016

in

ABSTRACT

A large number of studies, both theoretical and experimental have been devoted to understanding the physical mechanisms underlying the bar formation. Numerous data on bar formation have been accumulated yet the methods to predict bar geometry, especially bar height are still insufficient. This research aims to investigate the parameters that promote bar formation in term of bar height. Investigation was carried out on an erodible sand bed channel using a large-scale physical river model. Study have included various hydraulic and sediment characteristics with steady flow rates and sediment supply. There are four matrices of flow rate and channel width with other variables, namely grains size and bed slope which were kept constant. A relationship between dimensionless bar heights with the respective independent parameters has been established. Bar profile development was generated using Surfer, of which 3D elevation plots are given. Analysis has included the discussion on a significant difference of planform view for each experimental condition, trends in volume change along the channel, widening ratio and centreline bed elevation profile along the longitudinal distance. Both experimental and historical data were used to develop the empirical model. Model development involved selection of parameters through review of established models, dimensional analysis to check on the homogeneity of the model and statistical analysis. Derived empirical model has been validated using a different set of data from previous studies. Analysis confirmed that the empirical model derived using

D B linear regression technique depicts the highest accuracy of 90% with — and — as the

ds D most significant parameters that promote bar height formation. An empirical formula to predict bar height formation in sand bed channel for flow rates in the range of 4.97 m3/hr to 10.91 m3/hr is proposed. The empirical formulae considers constant supply of sediment in the upstream of channel, thus the growth of bar —— is higher in the range

ds

of 67 to 107.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

"Strength doesn 7 come from what you can do, it comes from overcoming the things you once thought you couldn 't"

Firstly, I wish to thank God for giving me the opportunity to embark on my PhD and for completing this long and challenging journey successfully. My gratitude and thanks go to my supervisor Prof. Ir. Dr. Junaidah Ariffin, and co-supervisor, Dr. Jazuri Abdullah. Thank you for the support, patience and ideas in assisting me with this project.

I also would like to express my gratitude to the staff of the Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam for providing the facilities, knowledge and assistance. Special thanks to all my colleagues and friends, particularly, Saerahany Ibrahim, Azlinda Saadon, Zamsalwani Zamri and Mohd Fais Mohd Noor for the co-operation and support that were always beside me during the happy and hard moments.

Finally, this thesis is dedicated to my beloved parents and parents in law Haji Tholibon Hassan, Hajjah Sharipah Fatimah Syed Ahmad, Haji Othman Abu Samah and Hajjah Aminah Hamzah, my dear husband Noor Irwan Othman and my lovely little son Muhammad Aneeq Azzufar for the continued and unfailing love, support and understanding during my pursuit of PhD degree that made the completion of thesis possible. My heart felt regard goes to my family Ahmad Johari, Dulina, Mohd Asyraf, Nurul Huda, Hidayatul Ajmal, Nur Iman Wafiya, Nur Amni Safiya and family in law for their love and moral support.

This piece of victory is dedicated to all of you. Alhamdulillah.

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