UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

SOLEHUDDIN BIN SHUIB

FK 2012 60

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD PREDICTION OF HIP PROSTHESIS IN BONE RESORPTION ENVIRONMENT

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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD PREDICTION OF HIP PROSTHESIS IN

BONE RESORPTION ENVIRONMENT

By

SOLEHUDDIN BIN SHUIB

Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,

in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

MAY 2012

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© Copyright 2012 by Solehuddin bin Shuib

All Rights Reserved

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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment

of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD PREDICTION OF HIP PROSTHESIS IN

BONE RESORPTION ENVIRONMENT

By

SOLEHUDDIN BIN SHUIB

May 2012

Chairman: Professor Ir. Barkawi bin Sahari, PhD

Faculty: Engineering

Total hip replacement (THR) is normally done for the failure of hip joint caused by

osteoarthritis. It is performed to relief pain and to improve functionality. Issues

related to the study include method to reduce fixation failure, means to improve the

longevity of the prosthesis, methods to reduce the factors contributing to probability

of failure such as cement strength, implant interface strength, and loosening. The

present work focused on failure related to stress related only. The main aim of this

work is to study the inner failure stress for THR and to suggest recommended

functional activities for patient whom undergoes THR. By knowing the stress for

the inner bone, the failure mechanisms of THR for different dynamics loadings can

be predicted more objectively. For this study, ANSYS Workbench version 11.0 was

used for the Finite Element (FE) analysis. The values of stress and strain

distributions in anterior (A), posterior (P), medial (M) and lateral (L) positions of the

healthy femoral bone and THR were obtained. The stress and strain distributions of

inner healthy femoral bone surface subjected to standing were studied. The effect of

materials on the variations of stress and strain of the outer and inner surface of the

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healthy bone were studied and determined. Hip prosthesis and hip prosthesis with

bone resorption for different functional activities such as standing, walking, stair-

climbing, single-legged stance, abductor, and adductor loads was studied. Failure

mechanisms of hip implant were determined and THR life was predicted. The

values of von Mises stressess and strains for inner surface of the femur and

consideration of bone resorption are essential for the study of Total Hip Replacement

(THR). The restricted types of activities for the patient who undergoes THR surgery

were recommended. From this study it was found that the THR the patient should

not do activities such as stair climbing and adduction. The data for inner stress can

be used as a guide for future implant design and surgical procedure.

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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia

sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Doktor Falsafah

RAMALAN ALAT GANTI TULANG PEHA DALAM PERSEKITARAN

PENGECUTAN TULANG MENGGUNAKAN KAEDAH UNSUR TAK

TERHINGGA

Oleh

SOLEHUDDIN BIN SHUIB

Mei 2012

Pengerusi: Profesor Ir. Barkawi bin Sahari, PhD

Fakulti: Kejuruteraan

Prosedur menggantikan tulang peha dilakukan terhadap tulang paha yang menghidap

penyakit osteoartritis. Tulang peha digantikan bagi menghilangkan kesakitan dan membantu

meningkatkan fungsi gerakan. Dalam kajian alat ganti tulang peha, terdapat beberapa isu

penting, antaranya teknik mengurangkan kegagalan pelekat, tatacara memanjangkan hayat,

teknik mengurangkan faktor-faktor penyebab kegagalan seperti jenis beban, kekuatan simen,

kekuatan antara muka implan, dan tatacara meramalkan kelonggaran alat ganti tulang peha

pada jangka masa tertentu. Skop kajian ini bertumpukan kegagalan yang berkaitan dengan

tegasan sahaja. Objektif utama kajian ini ialah mengkaji kegagalan tegasan pada bahagian

dalam tulang peha dan mencadangkan aktiviti yang sesuai bagi pesakit yang menjalani

pembedahan tulang peha. Dengan mengetahui nilai tegasan pada bahagian dalam tulang

peha, mekanisma kegagalan bagi pelbagai beban dinamik dapat diramal dengan lebih

objektif. Untuk kajian ini, perisian ANSYS Workbench versi 11.0 digunakan. Nilai taburan

tegasan dan terikan bagi tulang peha yang sihat pada kedudukan anterior (A), posterior(P),

medial (M) dan lateral(L) telah diperolehi. Taburan tegasan dan terikan bagi tulang peha

yang sihat semasa berdiri diperolehi. Perubahan tegasan dan terikan bagi penggunaan bahan

berbeza juga dikaji dan diperolehi. Bagi analisis untuk tulang peha dengan implan, dan

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tulang peha mengecut dengan implan pula, pelbagai aktiviti telah dilakukan seperti berdiri,

berjalan, menaiki tangga, angkat kaki sebelah, abduksi dan adduksi. Nilai tegasan bagi

pelbagai aktiviti diperolehi dan dibentangkan. Mekanisme kegagalan telah dikaji dan

diperolehi. Nilai-nilai tegasan dan terikan bagi permukaan dalam tulang peha mengecut amat

penting untuk diketahui. Pesakit perlu menghadkan pergerakan mereka setelah pembedahan.

Pesakit juga dinasihatkan untuk mengurangkan aktiviti menaiki tangga dan adduksi.

Maklumat bagi tegasan mekanikal ini amat berguna sebagai panduan merekabentuk alat

ganti tulang peha dan prosedur pembedahan.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, my deepest appreciation and thanks must be expressed to my

academic advisor, Prof. Ir. Dr. Barkawi bin Sahari. He has been an inspiration, my

primary motivator, guidance, support and encouragement throughout my study at

UPM.

I would like to thank also my co-supervisors Professor Dr. Wong Shaw Voon, and

Associate Professor Dr. Manohar for their useful input and wisdom.

Special thanks to Dr. A Halim Kadarman, USM and Mr. Timothy Kwan, CAD-IT

consultant for their assistance in FORTRAN programming and ANSYS

troubleshooting. Their assistance is invaluable. I have learned valuable lesson from

them.

I wish to thank ITMA for providing lab facilities for this research. The atmosphere

at ITMA automotive lab is very conducive for producing exceptional work in the

advancement of numerical study in biomechanics. Thank also for Mr. Nazrul for his

technical support in the lab.

I would like to dedicate this work to my mum, Hajjah Azizah bt Abd Hamid. The

amount of love and support and du’a she has provided me over the entire life

allowed me to progress and complete this thesis.

Lastly, I would like to thank my wife Dr. Siti Mariam, and my children Salman,

Suhaib, Said Bilal and Siti Khadijah for their understanding and encouragement.

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I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on 22 May, 2012 to conduct the final examination of Mr. Solehuddin bin Shuib on his thesis entitled "Finite Element Method Prediction of Hip Prosthesis in Bone Resorption Environment" in accordance with the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 and the Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106] 15 March 1998. The Committee recommends that the student be awarded the Doctor of Philosophy.

Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows:

Shamsuddin bin Sulaiman, PhD

Professor

Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Chairman) Mohd. Khairol Anuar bin Mohd Ariffin, PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Internal Examiner)

Faizal bin Mustapha, PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Internal Examiner)

Shaker A. Meguid, PhD

Nanyang Technological University

Singapore

(External Examiner)

SEOW HENG FONG, PhD Professor and Deputy Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia

Date: 23 July 2012

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This thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been

accepted as fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

The members of the Supervisory Committee are as follows:

Professor Barkawi bin Sahari, PhD, Ir

Faculty of Engineering,

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Chairman)

Professor Wong Shaw Voon, PhD

Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Member)

Associate Professor Dr. Manohar A/L Arumugam, M.S. Ortho

Faculty or Medicine and Health Sciences,

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Member)

BUJANG KIM HUAT, PhD

PROFESSOR AND DEAN

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

Date:

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DECLARATION

I declare that the thesis is my original work except for quotations and citations which

have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously, is not

concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or other

institutions.

SOLEHUDDIN BIN SHUIB

Date: 22 May 2012

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT iii

ABSTRAK v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii

APPROVAL viii

DECLARATION x

TABLE OF CONTENTS xi

LIST OF TABLES xiv

LIST OF FIGURES xvii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxvii

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Problems definitions 1

1.3 Knowledge gap in the field of present research 2

1.4 Project objectives 2

1.5 Thesis structure 3

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4

2.1 Introduction 4

2.2 Human skeletal system- Bony framework of the body 4

2.2.1 Bone morphology 5

2.2.2 Femoral bone anatomy 7

2.3 Finite element modeling 8

2.3.1 General procedures and discretization by finite elements 9

2.3.2 Modeling of femoral bone 12

2.3.3 Hip prosthesis modeling consideration 17

2.3.4 Tissue growth, remodeling and degeneration of bone 25

2.4 Failure analysis and life prediction 33

2.4.1 Material criterion 36

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2.4.2 Loading conditions 36

2.5 Summary 38

3 METHODOLOGY 39

3.1 Introduction 39

3.2 Finite element model generation for healthy femur and implant 41

3.2.1 Meshing development 43

3.2.2 Material 44

3.2.3 Loading and boundary conditions 45

3.2.4 Result and discussion for FEA of healthy femoral bone with 47

3.2.5 Validation of healthy femoral bone with other researcher 50

3.3 Modeling of healthy femoral bone 50

3.3.1 Material variations 50

3.3.2 Mechanical stresses and strains values 51

3.4 Modeling of hip prosthesis 52

3.4.1 Assessment of the effect of material properties variations 53

3.4.2 Loading and boundary conditions 53

3.4.3 Mechanical stresses and strains for THR 54

3.5 Assesment of the the effect of bone resorption on hip prosthesis 56

3.6 Summary 60

4 ANALYSIS OF HEALTHY FEMORAL BONE 61

4.1 Introduction 61

4.2 FE mesh, material properties, boundary conditions and load 61

4.3 Results 63

4.3.1 Stress and strain distributions 63

4.3.2 The effect of material variations on von Mises strain 65

4.3.3 Von Mises stress for inner and outer bone isotropic 74

4.3.4 Mechanical stresses for healthy femoral bone 75

4.3.4.A The overall directional stresses for inner and outer surfaces 75

4.3.4.B The variation of stress 79

4.4 Summary 82

5 FEMORAL HIP WITH IMPLANT 83

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5.1 Introduction 83

5.2 Standardized Femur and implant 83

5.3 Finite element model 83

5.3.1 Material 84

5.3.2 Finite element mesh 84

5.4 Load and Boundary Conditions 84

5.5 Basic theory 86

5.5.1 Normalized stresses 86

5.5.2 Stresses under combined loads 87

5.6 Results and discussion 87

5.7 Life prediction of cement mantle (PMMA) based upon activities 116

5.8 Summary 121

6 FEMORAL BONE RESORPTION WITH IMPLANT 122

6.1 Introduction 122

6.2 Development of resorption model 122

6.3 Hip prosthesis FE mesh, material and boundary conditions 125

6.4 Results and discussion 129

6.4.1 Behavior of bone resorption with implant- Standing (Case 0) 129

6.4.2 Effect of bone resorption 133

6.4.3 Effect of bone resorption on cement mantle (PMMA) 139

6.4.4 Effect of bone resorption on implant 145

6.5 Summary 150

7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 151

7.1 Introduction 151

7.2 Discussions of overall results 152

7.3 Conclusion 154

7.4 Recommendations 155

REFERENCES 156

APPENDICES 165

BIODATA OF STUDENT 246

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 249