The Universe is all of time and space and its contents.[8][9][10][11] The Universe includes planets, stars, galaxies, the contents of intergalactic space, the smallest subatomic particles, and all matter and energy. The observable universe is about 28 billion parsecs (91 billion light-years) in diameter at the present time.[2] The size of the whole Universe is not known and may be infinite.[12] Observations and the development of physical theories have led to inferences about the composition and evolution of the Universe.Throughout recorded history, cosmologies and cosmogonies, including scientific models, have been proposed to explain observations of the Universe. The earliest quantitative geocentric models were developed by ancient Greek philosophers and Indian philosophers.[13][14] Over the centuries, more precise astronomical observations led to Nicolaus Copernicus's heliocentric model of the Solar System and Johannes Kepler's improvement on that model with elliptical orbits, which was eventually explained by Isaac Newton's theory of gravity. Further observational improvements led to the realization that the Solar System is located in a galaxy composed of billions of stars, the Milky Way. It was subsequently discovered that our galaxy is just one of many. Observations of the distribution of these galaxies and their spectral lines have led to many of the theories of modern physical cosmology. The discovery in the early 20th century that galaxies are systematically redshifted suggested that the Universe is expanding, and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation suggested that the Universe had a beginning.[15] Finally, observations in the late 1990s indicated the rate of the expansion of the Universe is increasing[16] indicating that the majority of energy is most likely in an unknown form called dark energy.[17][18] The majority of mass in the universe also appears to exist in an unknown form, called dark matter.[17][18]The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model describing the development of the Universe. Space and time were created in the Big Bang, and these were imbued with a fixed amount of energy and matter; as space expands, the density of that matter and energy decreases. After the initial expansion, the Universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation first of subatomic particles and later of simple atoms. Giant clouds of these primordial elements later coalesced through gravity to form stars. Assuming that the prevailing model is correct, the age of the Universe is measured to be 13.7980.037 billion years.[1][19]There are many competing hypotheses about the ultimate fate of the Universe. Physicists and philosophers remain unsure about what, if anything, preceded the Big Bang. Many refuse to speculate, doubting that any information from any such prior state could ever be accessible. There are various multiverse hypotheses, in which some physicists have suggested that the Universe might be one among many universes that likewise exist.[20][21]Contents [hide] 1 Definition2 Etymology2.1 Synonyms3 Chronology and the Big Bang4 Properties4.1 Shape4.2 Size and regions4.3 Age and expansion4.4 Spacetime5 Contents5.1 Dark energy5.2 Dark matter5.3 Ordinary Matter5.4 Particles5.4.1 Hadrons5.4.2 Leptons5.4.3 Bosons5.4.4 Photons6 Geometry7 Theories of physics7.1 Special relativity7.2 General relativity7.2.1 Solving Einstein's field equations7.3 Multiverse hypothesis7.4 Fine-tuned Universe8 Historical development8.1 Mythologies8.2 Philosophical models8.3 Astronomical concepts9 See also10 References11 Bibliography12 Further reading13 External links13.1 VideosDefinitionPart of a series onPhysical cosmologyFull-sky image derived from nine years' WMAP dataBig Bang UniverseAge of the universeChronology of the universeEarly universe[show]Expansion Future[show]Components Structure[show]Experiments[show]Scientists[show]Subject history[show]Category CategoryPortal icon Cosmology portalPortal icon Astronomy portalv t eThe Universe is customarily defined as everything that exists, everything that has existed, and everything that will exist.[22][23][24] According to our current understanding, the Universe consists of three constituents: spacetime, forms of energy, including electromagnetic radiation and matter, and the physical laws that relate them. The Universe also encompasses all of life, all of history, and some philosophers and scientists even suggest that it encompasses ideas such as mathematics.[25][26][27]EtymologyThe word universe derives from the Old French word univers, which in turn derives from the Latin word universum.[28] The Latin word was used by Cicero and later Latin authors in many of the same senses as the modern English word is used.[29] The Latin word derives from the poetic contraction unvorsum first used by Lucretius in Book IV (line 262) of his De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things) which connects un, uni (the combining form of unus, or "one") with vorsum, versum (a noun made from the perfect passive participle of vertere, meaning "something rotated, rolled, changed").[29]