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B 97 05-02 United States Power Squadrons®
Measuring Direction
Direction is measured from 000 to 360 clockwise from North
South = 180
West = 270
North - 000/360
East = 090
B 97 05-06 United States Power Squadrons®
Measuring Latitude and Longitude
One minute of
latitude equals one
nautical mile
B 97 05-07-1 United States Power Squadrons®
HOW CHART SCALESDIFFER
Chart Scale Object
Sailing Charts 1:600,000 and up
General Charts 1:150,000 to 1:600,000
Coast Charts 1:50,000 to 1:150,000
Harbor Charts 1:5000 to 1:50,000
B 97 05-08 United States Power Squadrons®
CHART SCALES
Small scale charts
show large areas
Small Scale chart
Large scale charts
show small areas
Large Scale Chart
B 97 05-07-2 United States Power Squadrons®
CHART SCALES
Chart Scale Object
Lake Charts 1:50,000 to 1,500,000
Small Craft-charts 1:10,000 to 1:40,000
BS 98 03-01 - B 97 06-01 United States Power Squadrons®
“MARK”AN AID TO NAVIGATION YOU SEE
WHILE BOATING
TWO CATEGORIES OF MARKS
Lateral Marks• Marks starboard and port sides of a route
Non-Lateral Marks • Supplemental aids having no lateral significance
BS 98 03-02 - B 97 06-02 United States Power Squadrons®
IDENTIFICATION OF “MARKS”
In Daylight• Shapes• Colors• Numbers or letters• Sounds
At Night• Light color and patterns• Sounds
Always Locate Marks On Your Chart
BS 98 03-03-1 - B 97 06-03 United States Power Squadrons®
TYPES OF “MARKS”
BUOYS• Floating marks anchored at specific
locations
BEACONS• Fixed marks permanently fastened
to the earth’s surface
BS 98 03-03-2 - B 97 06-04 United States Power Squadrons®
“BUOYS” Floating Aids
• Various shapes and colors
Position approximate Identified by
• Number, letters, sound devices and lights
Chart symbol• diamond with a small position circle
• Magenta disc around position circle, if lighted
BS 98 03-03-3 - B 97 06-05 United States Power Squadrons®
“BEACONS” Permanently fixed to Earth's surface Examples:
• Lighthouses
• Daybeacons
Identified by:• Numbers, letters, sound devices, lights
Chart symbols:• Unlighted - small triangle or square
• Lighted - magenta flare with a black position dot
BS 98 03-05 - B 97 06-06 United States Power Squadrons®
The “3-R” Rule Red - Right - Returning
When Returning from sea, keep red side-of-channel marks to your starboard
“Returning” is:• Entering a harbor or bay from the open ocean
• Traveling up a river from the sea
• Traveling clockwise around the U.S. along it’s coastline– South along the Atlantic coast
– West along the Gulf coast
– North along the Pacific coast
B 97 07-01 United States Power Squadrons®
Definitions
Navigation The science of directing the movements of a
boat from one place to another in a safe and efficient manner.
Piloting A part of navigation using landmarks,
navigational aids, and soundings as primary tools.