United States History I United States History I Review!Review!

United States History I United States History I Review!Review!

In this PowerPoint are the responses In this PowerPoint are the responses to your review packet.to your review packet.

Chapter 4!Chapter 4!Chapter 4!Chapter 4!

The American Revolution (1754-1783)In the early colonial period, the colonies grew

accustomed to running their own affairs. When Britain tried to reestablish control, tensions mounted over

taxes and basic rights. In 1775 these tensions led to battle, and in 1776 the colonists declared their

independence from Britain. With the help of France and Spain, the colonists defeated the British in 1781. The Treaty of Paris in 1783 formally ended the war.

The Albany Plan of Union<Proposed by Ben Franklin <Proposed that the colonies unite

under one unified government DWanted to unite for common defense

<Rejected<Showed that colonial leaders had

begun to think about joining the colonies together for a common defense

Gaspee Affair<British ship that was sent to patrol the

North American waters against smugglers <Stationed off of the coast of Rhode Island<Rhode Islanders didn’t want it there - the

commander often searched ships without warrant and sent his crew to get food without paying for itGaspee ran aground and 150 colonists seized and burned it

Stamp Act<Created because the Sugar Act was

not bringing in enough money in England

<Proposed by Greenville to raise more money

<Passed by Parliament in March 1765<Protested by refusing to buy goods

from Britain

Battle of Saratoga<General Burgoyne of the British

surrendered at the battle of Saratoga

<Victory was a turning pointDImproved American moraleDConvinced France to send troops to

help colonial forces

Thomas Paine<Published a persuasive pamphlet

called Common Sense<Changed the enemy from Parliament

to the king<Called King George III a tyrant <Made many colonists ready to

declare independence <Sold 100,000 copies in 3 months

John Paul Jones<American naval officer <Commanded a ship - Bonhomme Richard <Attacked by 2 British ships - nearly sank<Called on by the British to surrender, “I

have not yet begun to fight”<Lashed his ship to one of the English ships

and boarded itD 3 hours later the British surrendered

Charles Cornwallis <British general <In command in Charlestown SC after

American defeat<Marched into VA - combined forces with

Benedict Arnold <Forced to retreat to Yorktown, VA

D Surrounded by French and American troops

D Surrendered and marched out of VAD End of the war

Nathan Hale<American sent to spy on the British<Caught by the British <“I only regret that I have but one life

to lose for my country”

Royal Proclamation of 1763<Issued by King George<Drew a line from north to south

along the Appalachian Mountains and declared that colonists could not settle west of it - without British permission

<Enraged those who wanted to move there

Benedict Arnold<American general at Saratoga<Sold military information to the

British<Fled to British <Given command of British troops<Joined with Cornwallis’ forces at

Yorktown

Non-importation agreement<The colonies pledged not to buy any

British goods until Parliament repealed the Stamp Act

Boston Massacre<Colonists hassled British troops<Troops began firing into the crowd <Different accounts of what happened<Four men died <Colonial newspapers portrayed the

soldiers as tyrants who were willing to kill people who stood up for their rights

Committees of Correspondence <Created by each colony<Made to communicate with the other

colonies about British activities <Helped to unify the colonies and

shape public opinion helped colonial leaders coordinate their plans for resisting the British

Declaration of independence <Continental Congress stated that the

colonies were declaring themselves the USA and that they were totally independent from Britain

<“When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another…”

<Listed the injustices of King George III

Chapter 5!Chapter 5!Chapter 5!Chapter 5!

Creating a Constitution ( 1781-1789)After the American Revolution, the new nation struggled to draw up a

plan for government. Americans wanted to make sure the government did not have too much power. Eventually they came up with a way to balance federal and state power and to divide federal power into three branches. Promising to add a bill of rights helped win approval for the

Constitution.

Shay’s Rebellion< Governor of MA raised taxes to pay of debts < Taxes fell most heavily on farmers in western MA< Farmers rebelled - 1,200 marched to state arsenal < Governor sent forces to put down the rebellion < Other states saw this rebellion as a weakness of

the republic - the wealthy were concerned that the poor everywhere would rebel

< Thought the republic was at risk!< Made the argument for a stronger central

government - called a meeting to revise the Articles of Confederation

Federalist< Supporters of the Constitution < Supported the creation of a federal system of

governmentD Power divided between the state and national

government

< Prominent supportersD James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay

< Large landowners, artisans in coastal cites, farmers near the coast, farmers who shipped over state borders

< Wrote the Federalist D Explained how the new Constitution would work and

why it was needed

Anti-Federalist< Opponents to the Constitution < Accepted the need for a national government -

but wanted the state government to be more powerful

< Prominent Anti-Federalists:D John Hancock, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry, George

Clinton, Edmund Randolph, George Mason

< Wanted a Bill of Rights< Farmers living far from the coast, those who

were in debt, suspicious of the rich < Ran a negative campaign against the Federalists

Constitutional Convention< George Washington - presiding officer < 2 Plans:

D VA Plan - get rid of AofC and create a new national govt with the power to make laws binding upon the states

D NJ Plan - modified the AofC to make the central govt stronger, single house of congress, each state was equally represented, power to raise taxes and regulate trade

< CT Compromise/The Great Compromise - house of representatives and the senate

< 3/5ths Compromise - every 5 enslaved people would count as 3 free people for purposes of representation

< Checks and balances< Amending the Constitution - 2/3 of both houses

and 2/3 of all states could propose - then 3/4 of the state legislatures or state conventions had to ratify

< Closed to the public

Federal System<Government is divided between the

national (federal) government and the state government

Checks and Balances< Each branch of government has the ability to

limit the power of the other branches < Executive - President

D Propose legislation, appoint judges, put down rebellions, veto acts of congress, commander and chief

< LegislatureD Override veto, approve presidential appointees and

treaties, impeachment

< Judicial D Hear all cases arising under federal law/Constitution,

federal judges serve for life

Bill of Rights<First 10 amendments to the

Constitution <Lists the rights that are protected by

the government

The Great Compromise<Also known as the CT Compromise<Proposed by Roger Sherman of CT<2 Houses

DHouse of Representatives - representation according to population

DSenate - each state would have equal representation

AofC<Very weak central government<Once a year each state would select

a delegation to send to the capital - Confederation Congress

<Had the right to - declare war, raise armies and sign treaties

<Could not - impose taxes or regulate trade

3/5ths compromise<3/5ths Compromise - every 5

enslaved people would count as 3 free people for purposes of representation

Federalist 10<Written by James Madison<Dangers of Factions (Special Interest

groups)<Need for large republic under the

Constitution to CONTROL the factions<Variety<States are like small republics - more

chance of factions<Expand territory

Powers of the 3 branches<Executive - President

D Propose legislation, appoint judges, put down rebellions, veto acts of congress, commander and chief

<LegislatureD Override veto, approve presidential appointees

and treaties, impeachment

<Judicial D Hear all cases arising under federal

law/Constitution, federal judges serve for life

Constitution Review!<7 Major PrinciplesL Popular Sovereignty

G Authority of the people

L RepublicanismG Voters hold sovereign power

L Limited GovernmentG The government’s authority is restricted

L FederalismG Shared power between the states and federal government

L Separation of PowersG Federal government divided into three branches

L Checks and BalancesG Each branch of government can limit the power of the other

branches- balance

L Individual RightsG The Bill of Rights- protect basic liberties and rights

Federalism

Delegated Powers Reserved Powers

Concurrent Powers:

•Power to Tax

•Maintain Courts

•Borrow Money

• Regulate interstate and international trade •Coin money •Declare war •Maintain armed forces •Establish a postal system •Enforce copyrights •Sign treaties

•Regulate intrastate trade •Establish schools •Establish local governments •Pass statewide laws (ex. safety belt laws) •Run elections

STATESFederal Gov’t

AT THE SAME TIME

Rights of American CitizensCProtection from unfair actions

I By the government or the lawCEqual Treatment

I All Americans have the right to be treated the same under the law

CBasic FreedomsI Fundamental liberties

CLimits on RightsI Respecting everyone’s rights equally

Responsibilities of American Citizens t Duties

KObey the lawKPay taxesKDefend the nationK Jury duty, school

t ResponsibilitiesKBecome well-informedKBe informed of your rightsKRespect rights of others

t Vote, Vote, Vote!

Remember!<To review your RAM-QCed

Constitution!!<To review your RAM-QCed Bill of

Rights!!

Chapter 6Chapter 6Chapter 6Chapter 6

Federalists and Republicans (1789-1816)In the first government under the Constitution, important new

institutions included the cabinet, a system of federal courts, and a national bank. Political parties gradually developed from the different

views of citizens in the Northeast, West, and South. The new government faced special challenges in foreign affairs, including the

War of 1812 with Great Britain.

Embargo Act<1807<Halted all trade between the US and all of

Europe<Hurt the US more than France and Britain <Northeast shipping came to a standstill<Farmers in the South and West saw the

demand for their crops plummet <Congress repealed the act in 1809

Bank of the United States<Hamilton <Government needed the bank to manage

its debts and interest payments <It would issue paper money<Said it was Congress’ ability to do b/c of

the necessary and proper clause - it was an implied power

<OpposedD South, pointed out that the Northern

merchants would own most of the bank’s stockD Madison said it was not one of the enumerated

powers in the Constitution

Louisiana Territory<Napoleon offered to sell the US the

Louisiana Territory and New Orleans<Napoleon was too busy conquering

Europe, needed $<Bought for $11.25 million and agreed to

take on debts to American citizens ($3.75million) - total of $15 million

<More than doubled the size of the US<Gained control of the entire Mississippi

River

Democratic-Republicans<Led by Madison and Jefferson <State governments have more power<Ruling power given to all landowners<Government should promote agriculture<Strict interpretation of the Constitution <Protective Tariffs burden farmers

Tariff of 1789<Required all importers to pay a

percentage of the value of their cargo when they landed it in the US

<Shippers had to pay tonnage - a tax based on how much their ships carried

Whiskey Rebellion <Congress imposed a tax on the

manufacture of whiskey <Western regions of the US were angered -

whiskey was used as a medium of exchange

<Rebellion erupted - farmers terrorized tax collectors, stopped proceedings, robbed the mail, and destroyed the whiskey making stills of those who paid the tax

<Washington sent 15,000 troops to crush the rebellion - rebels dispersed without a fight

Federalists RepublicansNational government supreme

Ruling power given to the wealthy

Government should promote manufacturing

Loose interpretation of the Constitution

Protective tariffs protect domestic industry

State governments supreme

Ruling power is given to all landowners

Government should promote agriculture

Strict interpretation of the Constitution

Protective tariffs burden

farmers

Farewell Address<National Unity<Religion<Warning against political parties<Warning against foreign affairs

Alien and sedition Acts<Alien Acts

D Wait 14 years before becoming citizens - weakened Republican support

D Presidential power to deport any alien that seemed dangerous

<SeditionD Incitement of rebellionD Crime to utter or print anything false,

scandalous, or malicious against the federal government

John Marshall <Chief justice of the Supreme Court<Responsible for making the Supreme

Court a strong branch of government <Valued the nation over the state

Marbury vs. Madison (judicial review)<Adams had appointed John Marshall

as Chief Justice<William Marbury, an Adams

appointee, wanted the Supreme Court to issue a court order to have Madison deliver his papers

<Marshall said the court had no jurisdiction

<Asserted the Court’s right of judicial review

Chapter 7Chapter 7Chapter 7Chapter 7

Growth and Division (1816-1832)After the War of 1812, a new spirit of nationalism took hold in American society. A new national bank was chartered, and

Supreme Court decisions strengthened the federal government. New roads and canals helped connect the country. Industry

prospered in the North, while an agricultural economy dependent on slavery grew strong in the South. Regional

differences began to define political life.

Supreme Court Decisions<Marshall’s decisions showed judicial

nationalism<Decisions gave the federal

government more power than the state government

Steamboat<Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston<Made river travel more reliable -

could always travel upstream <By 1850 - 700 steamboats <Spurred canal construction <Erie Canal

Hiring practices of Mills<Thousands of workers<Mostly women and children who

would work for lower wages than men

Industrialization <Developed more in the North<Free enterprise encouraged industry<Competition <Interchangeable parts<Unions <Strikes<People moved to the cites in hope of

better wages

Missouri Compromise/Amendment<Admitted Maine as a free state and

Missouri as a slave state<States north of the line would enter

as free states<States south of the line would enter

as slave states

John Quincy Adams/1824<Won election in the House of

Representitives <Nationalist legislation <Congress granted the president

funds for: improving rivers and harbors, and extending the National Road west

Erie Canal<Canal in NY<Spurred a wave of canal building

Election of 1824<Showed how divided the Republican party

was<Henry Clay<Andrew Jackson <John Quincy Adams<William Crawford<Jackson won the popular vote<Clay threw his support to Adams - won the

House of Representatives - Adams gave Clay a cabinet post - Corrupt Bargain

McColloch v. Maryland<Maryland attempted to tax the bank

of the US<Supreme Court ruled that the right

to create a bank was Constitutional according to the necessary and proper clause

<State government cannot interfere with the actions of the federal government - therefore Maryland could not tax the bank

Gibbons v. Ogden<State-granted monopoly over

steamboat traffic in NY<Declared that the monopoly was

unconstitutional<State shouldn’t have allowed it to

happen

Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee<Court decided that it had the

authority to hear appeals of all state court decisions involving federal statutes and treaties

Francis C. Lowell<Opened a series of mills in

Northeastern MA

Robert Fulton <Created the steamboat with Robert

Livingston

Nat Turner<Enslaved minister<Believed that God had chosen him to

bring his people out of bondage<Killed more than 50 white men in an

armed uprising

Samuel F.B. Morse<Developed the Morse code for

sending messages <1844 the first long distance line

connected Washington DC and Baltimore

Eli Whitney <Created the Cotton gin<Interchangeable parts

Chapter 8Chapter 8Chapter 8Chapter 8

The Spirit of Reform (1828-1845)Reform was a key theme of the 1830s and 1840s. Political

reform came with the growth of popular democracy. President Jackson’s election symbolized the new power of common

citizens. For many Americans, social or religious reform was a goal. Some wanted to end slavery. Others wanted to expand

education or women’s rights. Throughout this period, sectional rivalries grew more bitter.

Whig Party<A new anti-Jackson party<Named after the party in New

England that worked to limit the King’s power – before the revolution

<WantedDA larger federal government DIndustrial and commercial development DCentralized economy

Prison Reform <Jails/prisons were crowded<Inmates of all kinds were grouped

together<Worked toward rehabilitating

criminals instead of just incarcerating them

Gradualism <The belief that slavery had to be

ended gradually <1st phase - stop new slaves from

coming to the country

Abolitionists <Argued that enslaved African

Americans should be freed immediately without compensation from their slave owners

<Not all people from the north were abolitionists

1700s/Organized Religion <Traditional Protestantism

experienced a revival - had lost support due to new findings in science

<New forms of worship became prominent

<New religious groups emerge

Normal Schools<Schools for teacher training

established by Horace Mann

Elizabeth Cady Stanton <With Lucretia Mott - organized the

Seneca Falls Convention <Marked the beginning of the

women’s rights movement <Wanted the right to vote

Frederick Douglass <African American abolitionist<Escaped from slavery in Maryland<Spoke well <Wrote an autobiography

DNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

<Said he was a thief - stole his owner’s property

“Personal Liberty Laws”<Laws that restricted the re-capture

of slaves<Passed by several states

Nominating Convention<Replaced the caucus system <Delegates from the states gathered

to decide on the party’s presidential candidate

Spoils System<The practice of appointing people to

government jobs on the basis of party loyalty and support

<Jackson

Caucus System <Members of each political party in

congress would get together and decide who the presidential nominee would be for that party

Nullification <John C. Calhoun argued that states

had the right to declare a federal law invalid

Secession <To leave the union

David Walker<Published Appeal to the Colored

Citizens of the World<Advocated violence and rebellion as

a way to end slavery

William Lloyd Garrison <Founded the abolitionist newspaper

the Liberator<Caustic attacks on slavery <Called for the immediate end to it<Immediate emancipation<Founded the American Antislavery

Society DMembership grew quicklyDMany women joined

Lucretia Mott<With Elizabeth Cady Stanton -

organized the Seneca Falls Conventions

<Began the women’s rights movement

Second Great Awakening<Revival of Americans’ commitment

to religion

Andrew Jackson’s presidency < People’s president < First populist president< First not to come from the

aristocracy< First to have V.P. resign< First to marry a divorcee< First to use the “pocket veto”