Unit2:Unit2:Environmental Considerations in Environmental Considerations in Building Design.Building Design.

Sustainable Building Design Sustainable Building Design

Engr Attaullah Shah Project Director AIOU.Engr Attaullah Shah Project Director AIOU.

Impact of building on the Impact of building on the EnvironmentEnvironment Law of Resource Conservation Law of Resource Conservation

Three basic Principles of Sustainable Three basic Principles of Sustainable Building DesignBuilding Design

1.1. Resource Conservation. Resource Conservation. Energy Conservation Energy Conservation Water Conservation Water Conservation Material Conservation Material Conservation

2.2. Life Cycle Costing Life Cycle Costing Pre- Building Phase Pre- Building Phase Building phase Building phase Post Building Phase.Post Building Phase.

3. Human Design 3. Human Design Preservation of Natural conditions Preservation of Natural conditions Urban Design site Planning Urban Design site Planning Design for human comfort Design for human comfort

Housing Spotlight: Lincoln Woods

Principle No1: Economy of Principle No1: Economy of Resources Resources

Energy Conservation:

Maximize the use of natural resources on the site.. In temperate climates, open southern exposure

will encourage passive solar heating; Deciduous trees provide shade in summer and

solar heat gain in winter. Evergreens planted on the north of a building will

protect it from winter winds, improving its energy efficiency.

Buildings can be located relative to water onsite to provide natural cooling in summer.

Energy-conscious Site planning. Historically, architects have devised building forms that Historically, architects have devised building forms that

provide shading in summer and retain heat in winter.provide shading in summer and retain heat in winter.

Passive solar architecture offers design schemes to control the Passive solar architecture offers design schemes to control the flow of solar radiation using building structure.flow of solar radiation using building structure.

Shading in summer, by plants or overhangs, prevents summer Shading in summer, by plants or overhangs, prevents summer heat gain and the accompanying costs of air-conditioning.heat gain and the accompanying costs of air-conditioning.

The wind, or the flow of air, provides two major benefits: The wind, or the flow of air, provides two major benefits: cooling and hygienic effects. cooling and hygienic effects.

High-performance windows and wall insulation prevent both High-performance windows and wall insulation prevent both heat gain and loss. heat gain and loss.

Reducing such heat transfer reduces the building’s heating Reducing such heat transfer reduces the building’s heating and cooling loads and thus its energy consumption. and cooling loads and thus its energy consumption.

Reduced heating and cooling loads require smaller HVAC Reduced heating and cooling loads require smaller HVAC equipment, and the initial investment need for the equipment equipment, and the initial investment need for the equipment will be smaller. will be smaller.

Alternative sources of energyAlternative sources of energy Solar, wind, water, and geothermal energy systems are all Solar, wind, water, and geothermal energy systems are all

commercially available to reduce or eliminate the need for commercially available to reduce or eliminate the need for external energy sources. external energy sources.

Electrical and heating requirements can be met by these Electrical and heating requirements can be met by these systems, or combination of systems, in all climates.systems, or combination of systems, in all climates.

Day lighting: Day lighting: Building and window design that utilizes natural light. Building and window design that utilizes natural light.

Lead to conserving electrical lighting energy,Lead to conserving electrical lighting energy, Shaving peak electric loads, and reducing cooling energy Shaving peak electric loads, and reducing cooling energy

consumptions. consumptions. Day lighting increases the luminous quality of indoor Day lighting increases the luminous quality of indoor

environments, environments, Enhancing the psychological well-being and productivity of Enhancing the psychological well-being and productivity of

indoor occupants.indoor occupants. These qualitative benefits of day lighting can be far more These qualitative benefits of day lighting can be far more

significant than its energy-savings potential.significant than its energy-savings potential.

Energy-Efficient Equipment & AppliancesEnergy-Efficient Equipment & Appliances

After construction costs, a building’s greatest expense is the cost of operation. After construction costs, a building’s greatest expense is the cost of operation. Operation costs can even exceed construction costs over a building’s lifetime. Operation costs can even exceed construction costs over a building’s lifetime. Careful selection of high-efficiency heating, cooling, and ventilation systems Careful selection of high-efficiency heating, cooling, and ventilation systems

becomes critical. becomes critical. The initial price of this equipment may be higher than that of less efficient The initial price of this equipment may be higher than that of less efficient

equipment, but this will be offset by future savings.equipment, but this will be offset by future savings.

Choose Materials with Low Embodied Energy: Choose Materials with Low Embodied Energy: Building materials vary with respect to how much energy is needed to produce Building materials vary with respect to how much energy is needed to produce

them. them. The embodied energy of a material attempts to measure the energy that goes The embodied energy of a material attempts to measure the energy that goes

into the entire lifecycle of building material. into the entire lifecycle of building material. For instance, aluminum has a very high embodied energy because of the large For instance, aluminum has a very high embodied energy because of the large

amount of electricity that must be used to manufacture it from mined bauxite amount of electricity that must be used to manufacture it from mined bauxite ore; recycled aluminum requires far less energy to re-fabricate. By choosing ore; recycled aluminum requires far less energy to re-fabricate. By choosing materials with low embodied energy, the overall environmental impact of a materials with low embodied energy, the overall environmental impact of a building is reduced. building is reduced.

Using local materials over imported materials of the same type will save Using local materials over imported materials of the same type will save transportation energy.transportation energy.

Water Conservation: Water Conservation: Water consumed in buildings can be classified as two types: Water consumed in buildings can be classified as two types:

Gray water Can be easily re-cycled Gray water Can be easily re-cycled Sewage- Need treatment plant Sewage- Need treatment plant

Reuse:Reuse:- Rainwater collection- Rainwater collection-Gray water collectionGray water collection

ReductionReduction::-Indigenous landscaping — using plants native to the local Indigenous landscaping — using plants native to the local ecosystem — will also reduce water consumption. ecosystem — will also reduce water consumption. -These plants will have adapted to the local rainfall levels,These plants will have adapted to the local rainfall levels,-The sprinkler heads should be carefully placed and adjusted to The sprinkler heads should be carefully placed and adjusted to avoid watering the sidewalk and street.avoid watering the sidewalk and street.

- Low-flow showerheads.- Low-flow showerheads.- Vacuum-assist toilets or smaller toilet tanks- Vacuum-assist toilets or smaller toilet tanks

Material ConservationMaterial Conservation:

•Material conserving design and Material conserving design and constructionconstruction•Proper sizing of building systemsProper sizing of building systems•Rehabilitation of existing structuresRehabilitation of existing structures•Use of reclaimed or recycled materials andUse of reclaimed or recycled materials andcomponentscomponents•Use of non-conventional building materialsUse of non-conventional building materials

Material ConservationMaterial Conservation Adapt Existing Buildings to New Uses Adapt Existing Buildings to New Uses One of the most straightforward and effective methods for material One of the most straightforward and effective methods for material

conservation is to make use of the resources that already exist in the conservation is to make use of the resources that already exist in the form of buildings.form of buildings.

Incorporate Reclaimed or Recycled MaterialsIncorporate Reclaimed or Recycled Materials Buildings that have to be demolished should become the resources for Buildings that have to be demolished should become the resources for

new buildings. Many building materials, such as wood, steel, and new buildings. Many building materials, such as wood, steel, and glass, are easily recycled into new materials.glass, are easily recycled into new materials.

Use Materials That Can Be RecycledUse Materials That Can Be Recycled During the process of designing the building and selecting the building During the process of designing the building and selecting the building

materials, look for ways to use materials that can themselves be materials, look for ways to use materials that can themselves be recycled. This preserves the energy embodied in their manufacture.recycled. This preserves the energy embodied in their manufacture.

Size Buildings and SystemsSize Buildings and Systems Properly.Properly. A building that is oversized for its designed purpose, or has oversized A building that is oversized for its designed purpose, or has oversized

systems, will excessively consume materials.systems, will excessively consume materials.

Principle 2: Life Cycle Principle 2: Life Cycle DesignDesign

Pre-building Phase. Pre-building Phase. Use Materials Made From Renewable ResourcesUse Materials Made From Renewable Resources..

Renewable resources are those that can be grown or harvested at a rate Renewable resources are those that can be grown or harvested at a rate that exceeds the rate of human consumption. Using these materials is, that exceeds the rate of human consumption. Using these materials is, by definition, sustainable.by definition, sustainable.

Using renewable materials wherever possible reduces the need for Using renewable materials wherever possible reduces the need for nonrenewable materials.nonrenewable materials.

Use Materials Harvested or Extracted Without Causing Use Materials Harvested or Extracted Without Causing Ecological DamageEcological Damage

Of the renewable materials available, not all can be obtained without Of the renewable materials available, not all can be obtained without significant environmental effects. Therefore, the architect must be aware of significant environmental effects. Therefore, the architect must be aware of how various raw materials are harvested and understand the local and how various raw materials are harvested and understand the local and global ramifications.global ramifications.

Use Recycled Materials Use Recycled Materials Using recycle materials reduces waste and saves scarce land-fill space. Using recycle materials reduces waste and saves scarce land-fill space.

Recycled materials also preserve the embodied energy of their original form, Recycled materials also preserve the embodied energy of their original form, which would otherwise be wasted. which would otherwise be wasted.

Use Materials with Long Life and Low MaintenanceUse Materials with Long Life and Low Maintenance Durable materials last longer and require less maintenance with harsh Durable materials last longer and require less maintenance with harsh

cleansers. cleansers.

Building phase Building phase Minimize Site ImpactMinimize Site Impact

Careful planning can minimize invasion of heavy equipment and the Careful planning can minimize invasion of heavy equipment and the accompanying ecosystem damage to the site. accompanying ecosystem damage to the site.

Excavations should not alter the flow of groundwater through the site Excavations should not alter the flow of groundwater through the site Finished structures should respect site topology and existing drainage. Finished structures should respect site topology and existing drainage. Trees and vegetation should only be removed when absolutely Trees and vegetation should only be removed when absolutely

necessary for accessnecessary for access Employ Nontoxic MaterialsEmploy Nontoxic Materials

The use of nontoxic materials is vital to the health of the building’s The use of nontoxic materials is vital to the health of the building’s occupants, who typically spend more than three-quarters of their time occupants, who typically spend more than three-quarters of their time indoors.indoors.

Post Building Phase: Post Building Phase: Reuse the BuildingReuse the Building.. The embodied energy of a building is considerable. It includes not only the sum The embodied energy of a building is considerable. It includes not only the sum

of energy embodied in the materials, but also the energy that went into the of energy embodied in the materials, but also the energy that went into the building’s construction. building’s construction.

Where complete reuse of a building is not possible, individual components can Where complete reuse of a building is not possible, individual components can be selected for reuse — windows, doors, bricks, and interior fixtures are all be selected for reuse — windows, doors, bricks, and interior fixtures are all excellent candidates.excellent candidates.

Recycle Materials Recycle Materials Recycling materials from a building can often be difficult due to the difficulty in Recycling materials from a building can often be difficult due to the difficulty in

separating different substances from one another. separating different substances from one another. Some materials, like glass and aluminum, must be scavenged from the Some materials, like glass and aluminum, must be scavenged from the

building by hand.building by hand.

Reuse Existing Buildings and InfrastructureReuse Existing Buildings and Infrastructure It has become common for new suburbs to move farther and farther from the It has become common for new suburbs to move farther and farther from the

core city as people search for “space” and“ nature.core city as people search for “space” and“ nature.

new suburbs from virgin woods or fertile agricultural fields destroys the very new suburbs from virgin woods or fertile agricultural fields destroys the very

qualities these suburbanites are seekingqualities these suburbanites are seeking. .

Principle 3: Humane Design Principle 3: Humane Design

Preservation of Natural ConditionsPreservation of Natural Conditions Respect Topographical Contours: Respect Topographical Contours: The existing contours of a site should be respected.The existing contours of a site should be respected. Radical terra forming is not only expensive but devastating to the site’s Radical terra forming is not only expensive but devastating to the site’s

microclimate. microclimate. Alteration of contours will affect how water drains and how wind moves Alteration of contours will affect how water drains and how wind moves

through a site.through a site.

Do Not Disturb the Water TableDo Not Disturb the Water Table Select sites and building designs that do not require excavation below the Select sites and building designs that do not require excavation below the

local water table. local water table. Placing a large obstruction (the building) into the water table will disturb Placing a large obstruction (the building) into the water table will disturb

natural hydraulic process. natural hydraulic process. If the water table is exposed during construction, it will also become more If the water table is exposed during construction, it will also become more

susceptible to contamination from polluted surface runoff.susceptible to contamination from polluted surface runoff.

Preserve Existing Flora and Fauna Preserve Existing Flora and Fauna Local wildlife and vegetation should be recognized as part of the building Local wildlife and vegetation should be recognized as part of the building

site. site. When treated as resources to be conserved rather than as obstacle to be When treated as resources to be conserved rather than as obstacle to be

overcome, native plants and animals will make the finished building a overcome, native plants and animals will make the finished building a more enjoyable space for human habitation.more enjoyable space for human habitation.

Urban Design and Site PlanningUrban Design and Site Planning Integrate Design with Public Transportation Integrate Design with Public Transportation Sustainable architecture on an urban scale must be Sustainable architecture on an urban scale must be

designed to promote public transportation. Thousands of designed to promote public transportation. Thousands of individual vehicles moving in and out of area with the daily individual vehicles moving in and out of area with the daily commute create smog, congest traffic, and require parking commute create smog, congest traffic, and require parking spaces.spaces.

Promote Mixed Use DevelopmentPromote Mixed Use Development Sustainable development encourages the mixing of Sustainable development encourages the mixing of

residential, commercial, office and retail space. residential, commercial, office and retail space. People then have the option of living near where they work People then have the option of living near where they work

and shop. This provides a greater sense of community and shop. This provides a greater sense of community than conventional suburbs. The potential for 24-hour than conventional suburbs. The potential for 24-hour activity also makes an area safer.activity also makes an area safer.

Design for Human ComfortDesign for Human Comfort Provide Thermal, Visual, and Acoustic ComfortProvide Thermal, Visual, and Acoustic Comfort People do not perform well in spaces that are too hot or too People do not perform well in spaces that are too hot or too

cold. cold. Proper lighting, appropriate to each task, is essential. Proper lighting, appropriate to each task, is essential. Background noise from equipment or people can be distracting Background noise from equipment or people can be distracting

and damage occupants’ hearing. and damage occupants’ hearing. Acoustic and visual privacy also need to be considered.Acoustic and visual privacy also need to be considered.

Provide Visual Connection to ExteriorProvide Visual Connection to Exterior The light in the sky changes throughout the day, as the sun and The light in the sky changes throughout the day, as the sun and

clouds move across the sky. clouds move across the sky. Humans all have an internal clock that is synchronized to the Humans all have an internal clock that is synchronized to the

cycle of day and night.cycle of day and night. From a psychological and physiological standpoint, windows From a psychological and physiological standpoint, windows

and skylights are essential means of keeping the body clock and skylights are essential means of keeping the body clock working properly.working properly.

Provide Operable WindowsProvide Operable Windows Operable windows are necessary so that building occupants Operable windows are necessary so that building occupants

can have some degree of control over the temperature and can have some degree of control over the temperature and ventilation in their workspace.ventilation in their workspace.

Provide Fresh Clean Air. Fresh air through clean air ducts is Provide Fresh Clean Air. Fresh air through clean air ducts is vital to the well-being of building occupants. The benefits of vital to the well-being of building occupants. The benefits of fresh air go beyond the need for oxygen. Continuous fresh air go beyond the need for oxygen. Continuous recirculation of interior air exposes people to concentrated recirculation of interior air exposes people to concentrated levels of bacteria and chemicals within the building.levels of bacteria and chemicals within the building.

Use Nontoxic, Non-Out gassing MaterialsUse Nontoxic, Non-Out gassing Materials Long-term exposure to chemicals commonly used in building Long-term exposure to chemicals commonly used in building

materials and cleaners can have a detrimental effect on health.materials and cleaners can have a detrimental effect on health.

Accommodate Persons with Differing Physical Accommodate Persons with Differing Physical AbilitiesAbilities

One aspect of sustainable design is its longevity. One aspect of sustainable design is its longevity. Buildings that are durable and adaptable are more sustainable than Buildings that are durable and adaptable are more sustainable than

those that are not. This adaptability includes welcoming people of those that are not. This adaptability includes welcoming people of different ages and physical conditions. different ages and physical conditions.

The more people that can use a building, the longer the building The more people that can use a building, the longer the building successful life.successful life.

My Environment Friendly House My Environment Friendly House

Example of Eco Friendly Example of Eco Friendly Design Design

EPA Research Triangle Park Campus EPA Research Triangle Park Campus USA USA

EPA Research Triangle Park Campus USAEPA Research Triangle Park Campus USA

During construction, 80% of the construction waste was segregated and recycled - keeping about 20 million pounds of materials out of regional landfills. By using an on-site concrete batch plant, EPA eliminated at least 75,000 highway miles of concrete truck traffic and avoided the combustion of at more than 10,000 gallons of fuel. Having the plant at the site also enabled wastes like crushed scrap concrete to be directly reused for the project.

A few more of our green construction practices include:No on-site burning Aggressive forest protection Stringent protection for lakes and streams Landscaping debris ground and used on-site as mulch Gypsum trimmings recycled or applied as soil amendments Reflective,

white roofing was also used to limit heat absorption. The white roof and light-colored exterior walls increase the building's albedo, significantly lowering air conditioning costs. In addition to these architectural features, trees surrounding the building were left in place to help shade.

Computer Centre EPA –USA Computer Centre EPA –USA

Computer Centre Welcome

Labs

Lake

Transport

High Bay

Building Exterior Building Exterior Green Roofs Green Roofs Exterior Exterior

Atrium Atrium Indoor Environment Indoor Environment

Offices Offices Building amenities Building amenities

Bill ClintonBill Clinton A world without walls is the only sustainable world. . . . If A world without walls is the only sustainable world. . . . If

the world is dominated by people who believe that their the world is dominated by people who believe that their races, their religions, their ethnic differences are the most races, their religions, their ethnic differences are the most important factors, then a huge number of people will perish important factors, then a huge number of people will perish in this century.” in this century.”

Kofi Annan: Kofi Annan: Education is a human right with immense power to Education is a human right with immense power to transform. On its foundation rest the cornerstones of transform. On its foundation rest the cornerstones of freedom, democracy and sustainable human development.freedom, democracy and sustainable human development.

Emo PhilipsEmo Philips When I was a kid I used to pray every night for a new When I was a kid I used to pray every night for a new

bicycle. Then I realized that the Lord doesn't work that way bicycle. Then I realized that the Lord doesn't work that way so I stole one and asked Him to forgive me.”so I stole one and asked Him to forgive me.”