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Unit Three Wisdom and Insight. Chinese and Japanese Literature (1000 B.C. to 1890 A.D. China Historical Background. world’s oldest surviving civilization (approx. 3,500 years) Began in Yellow River Basin (Northern China) By 1600 B.C .- developed complex economic and social system - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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world’s oldest surviving civilization (approx.
3,500 years) Began in Yellow River Basin (Northern China) By 1600 B.C .- developed complex economic
and social system~ Shang Dynasty developed by elite group of kings (Northern China)
ChinaHistorical Background
believed heaven granted rulers right to rule subjects must live in complete obedience in
exchange for good government people had the right to rebel
ChinaHistorical Background
Chou Dynasty (1122-256/255 B.C.) Central Asian people overthrew Shang Dynasty advances in philosophy (Taoism and Confucianism), despite
political turmoil
ChinaHistorical Background
Confucianism Taoism Buddhism
• official state doctrine for over 2,000 years
• founded by Confucius (551-479 B.C.)
• focus on morality• Stresses obedience
to authority figures
• founded by Lao Tzu
• focus on human connection to nature
• humans are seen as equals to all creation
• Stresses simplistic lifestyle
• originated in India• proliferated China
in the 2nd Century• teaches earth
filled with suffering and characterized by illusion
Ch’in Dynasty (221-206 B.C.)• short lived (15 years)• built a system of roads• Great Wall of China (4,500 miles)
Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.)• established trade with Europe and western Asia• introduction of Buddhism
T’ang Dynasty (618-907)• Golden Age of China• rulers created empire that stretched from Pacific Ocean to
borders of Persia and India- world’s most effective system of government
• invention of gun powder and block printing
ChinaHistorical Background
Sung Dynasty (960-1279)• Neo-Confucianism- reaction against Buddhist influence;
blending of morality and meditation to achieve enlightenment
Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368)• overrun by Mongol invaders• dynasty established by Genghis Khan• first foreign rule of China• flourishing trade
~Exp. ) visit from Venetian Marco Polo
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)• avoided foreign influence, due to the former invasion of
Mongols
ChinaHistorical Background
Ch’ing Dynasty (1644-1911/1912)• 2nd foreign dynasty- Manchurian• unrest toppled dynasty and imperial rule
ChinaHistorical Background
little known about original settlers farming through irrigation by 200 B.C. immigration from Korea and other Asian
countries divided into tribal organizations called uji or
clan ~aristocrats ~warriors ~spiritual leaders
Japan Historical Background
Yamato Clan and Chinese Influence 4th Century- Yamato Clan most powerful in
Japan Brought Chinese beliefs to Japan (Buddhism;
Confucianism) Chinese influence also found in architecture,
art, clothing, and language, and political structure (central imperial rule)
Japan Historical Background
The Heian Age 794- new imperial capital built in Heian (now
Kyoto) courtiers- a refined life; devoted to ceremonies
and festivals emperor’s power began to diminish; political
rule fell into hands of powerful aristocrat family- Fujiwara
large aristocratic families set up estates on outskirts in hopes to challenge Fujiwara family
Japan Historical Background
Feudal Japan warrior nobility like Western Europe Samurai or Daimyo- lords/highest class Minamoto Yoritomo became powerful shogun,
chief general trouble unifying Japan led to centuries of
feudal warfare
Japan Historical Background
Japan Shuts Out the World 1600’s- Tokugawa shoguns created a peaceful
society with a central government new capital built in Edo (Tokyo) Tokugawa felt threatened by European traders 1639-closed Japan to world
Japan Historical Background
Perry Opens the Door 1853- United States fleet lead by Perry arrived
in Edo to end Japanese isolation 14 years later, Tokugawa shogunate ended new emperor called reign Meiji (enlightened
rule) Japanese began to study western ways Japan became a modern industrial nation by
1900
Japan Historical Background
Japanese Religious Traditions
Japan Historical Background
Shintoism Buddhism
• nature worship• believed the elements
of nature to be inhabited by spirits called kami
• emphasized life’s impermanence, to overcome the sorrows of earthly existence
• Zen- a form of Buddhism which emphasized attainment of tranquility through mental and physical discipline
• rituals, tea ceremony, samurai
Philosophy Along with poetry, most popular genre The Analects –Confucius Tao Te Ching- Lao Tzu
Chinese Literature
Poetry The Book of Songs- oldest collection of
Chinese literature Forms: shih; tz’u Poets: T’ao Ch’ien; Li Po; Tu Fu T’ang’era- golden age of Chinese poetry
Chinese Literature
Drama and Fiction regarded to be inferior to poetry Yuan dynasty- golden age of Chinese drama Plays: The Romance of the Western Chamber;
Injustices Suffered by Tou-o Novel: Dream of the Red Chamber
Chinese Literature