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Unit One ReviewFoundations: 8000
BCE - 600 BCE
Unit One ReviewFoundations: 8000
BCE - 600 BCE
AP World HistoryAP World History
Paleolithic vs NeolithicNeolithic Rev: 8000 BCE-3000 BCE
Paleolithic vs NeolithicNeolithic Rev: 8000 BCE-3000 BCE
Hunter Gatherer Agriculture
-Hunter gather-Women role very important-Everybody required-Small bands, authority based on family-Belief in many spirits, not formal religion-Migrations
-Africa out to middle east, Europe, Asia-Asia to America (land bridge)
-Domesticate animals and develop agriculture-Increase reliable foods supplies-Less nutritious b/c most people each only one or two staples-Stay put-Allow more people to do other stuff- i.e. job specialization-Gender differences-Huge population growth
River Valley CivilizationsBasic characteristics
River Valley CivilizationsBasic characteristics
Location in river valleys Complex irrigation Development of legal codes System of writing Use of money Number systems, calendars Social inequality: classes Patriarchal
Location in river valleys Complex irrigation Development of legal codes System of writing Use of money Number systems, calendars Social inequality: classes Patriarchal
Early River Valley Civilizations
Early River Valley Civilizations
Mesopotamia: cuneiform, powerful kings in city-states, Hammurabi’s code of law, job specialization, merchant class important; Tigris and Euphrates; ziggurats (Temples)
Egypt: hieroglyphics, pharaoh as god, centralized, extensive bureaucracy, fewer merchants, priests have high status; Nile River; conflicts with Kush
Mesopotamia: cuneiform, powerful kings in city-states, Hammurabi’s code of law, job specialization, merchant class important; Tigris and Euphrates; ziggurats (Temples)
Egypt: hieroglyphics, pharaoh as god, centralized, extensive bureaucracy, fewer merchants, priests have high status; Nile River; conflicts with Kush
Early River Valley Civilizations
Early River Valley Civilizations
Indus: complex, centralized, limited information known about them, priests high status (Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro)
Shang: (Huang He/Yellow River) writing highly valued, geographic separation from others, centralized power in hands of emperor, job specialization
Indus: complex, centralized, limited information known about them, priests high status (Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro)
Shang: (Huang He/Yellow River) writing highly valued, geographic separation from others, centralized power in hands of emperor, job specialization
Olmec- 3500-2500 BCEOlmec- 3500-2500 BCE Two environments & Agricultural methods
Slash and burn agriculture Irrigation river agriculture 2 or more crops per year Maize, beans, squash
Lowland river population became the elite Chiefdom societies- rulers, elite, crafts-persons Writing system but un-deciphered though indications of
counting system- Maya used same counting system so this aspect is translatable.
Items of trade Highlands- obsidian, jade and Magnetite, cacao (drink for
nobility) Lowlands- mollusk, turtle shell, sharks teeth, and pottery
4 major redistribution/ceremonial centers- Classic Maya- 2000- 800 BCE
Two environments & Agricultural methods Slash and burn agriculture Irrigation river agriculture 2 or more crops per year Maize, beans, squash
Lowland river population became the elite Chiefdom societies- rulers, elite, crafts-persons Writing system but un-deciphered though indications of
counting system- Maya used same counting system so this aspect is translatable.
Items of trade Highlands- obsidian, jade and Magnetite, cacao (drink for
nobility) Lowlands- mollusk, turtle shell, sharks teeth, and pottery
4 major redistribution/ceremonial centers- Classic Maya- 2000- 800 BCE
Development of trade routes
Development of trade routes
Silk Road (blue)
Indian Ocean (green)
Sub-Saharan (red)
Silk Road (blue)
Indian Ocean (green)
Sub-Saharan (red)
Classical Civilizations: Basic Characteristics
Classical Civilizations: Basic Characteristics
PatriarchalAgriculture BasedComplex gov’t,
Larger areasExpanded trading
PatriarchalAgriculture BasedComplex gov’t,
Larger areasExpanded trading
Classical Civilizations: Greece
Classical Civilizations: Greece
1st Democracy Polytheist Divided into city-states (not centralized) Slavery widely practiced Strong military Alexander the Great: Hellenistic age Conquered by Romans
1st Democracy Polytheist Divided into city-states (not centralized) Slavery widely practiced Strong military Alexander the Great: Hellenistic age Conquered by Romans
Classical Civilizations: Rome
Classical Civilizations: Rome
For the most part conquer but don’t oppress Impressive roman law code Basic social divisions: patricians-aristocrats
and plebeians-free farmers Dependence on slavery
Leads to little technological innovation/development Three eras:
Monarchy Republic: rule by aristocrats, Senate Empire: non-hereditary emperor
For the most part conquer but don’t oppress Impressive roman law code Basic social divisions: patricians-aristocrats
and plebeians-free farmers Dependence on slavery
Leads to little technological innovation/development Three eras:
Monarchy Republic: rule by aristocrats, Senate Empire: non-hereditary emperor
Greek and Roman Economy
Greek and Roman Economy
Greece Agriculture based
economy, but rocky terrain forced them to rely heavily on imports and trade
Slave labor - caused decrease in scientific innovations because they provided cheap labor
Greece Agriculture based
economy, but rocky terrain forced them to rely heavily on imports and trade
Slave labor - caused decrease in scientific innovations because they provided cheap labor
Rome Agrarian/Slave Based
Economy Crops: Grains, Olives,
Grapes Trade throughout
empire Crops as taxes Some small
manufacturing - tools/weapons/textiles
Heavily reliant on imports
Rome Agrarian/Slave Based
Economy Crops: Grains, Olives,
Grapes Trade throughout
empire Crops as taxes Some small
manufacturing - tools/weapons/textiles
Heavily reliant on imports
Classical Civilizations: China
Classical Civilizations: China
Highly patriarchal, social divide urban/rural, silk road develops but merchants low class, bureaucracy, wealth based on land ownership
Zhou: slowly deteriorated; Period of Warring States, Confucianism and Daoism developed to restore stability
Qin: very harsh, Legalism, construction of Great wall; Shi Huangdi
Han: strong centralized gov’t, great influence of Confucian, scholar-gentry
Highly patriarchal, social divide urban/rural, silk road develops but merchants low class, bureaucracy, wealth based on land ownership
Zhou: slowly deteriorated; Period of Warring States, Confucianism and Daoism developed to restore stability
Qin: very harsh, Legalism, construction of Great wall; Shi Huangdi
Han: strong centralized gov’t, great influence of Confucian, scholar-gentry
Classical Chinese Philosophies
Classical Chinese Philosophies
Confucianism - based on proper social order and relationships (ruler/subject; father/son; brother/brother; friend/friend; husband/wife); good people lead to good government; focus on family
Legalism - powerful and efficient governments will re-establish order (Qin dynasty)
Daoism/Taoism - focus on the Dao (“the wa
y ”); focus attention on nature and surroundings in order to remove onself from corruption
Confucianism - based on proper social order and relationships (ruler/subject; father/son; brother/brother; friend/friend; husband/wife); good people lead to good government; focus on family
Legalism - powerful and efficient governments will re-establish order (Qin dynasty)
Daoism/Taoism - focus on the Dao (“the wa
y ”); focus attention on nature and surroundings in order to remove onself from corruption
Classical Civilizations: India
Classical Civilizations: India
Invaded by Aryans Hinduism based on books Vedas
Caste System- much harsher, rigid than other class systems at the time
Connections to Silk Road and Indian ocean trade Lack of political unity; easily invaded; hard to conquer
and unite small kingdoms; tends not to be centralized or unified
Mauryan: Buddhist, bureaucratic, public works ; decline b/c land returned to locals (Chandragupta; Ashoka)
Gupta: Hinduism, allow local control and administration not bureaucratic; fall to invaders, rule returned to locals Decentralization allows fall not to be as drastic as others
Invaded by Aryans Hinduism based on books Vedas
Caste System- much harsher, rigid than other class systems at the time
Connections to Silk Road and Indian ocean trade Lack of political unity; easily invaded; hard to conquer
and unite small kingdoms; tends not to be centralized or unified
Mauryan: Buddhist, bureaucratic, public works ; decline b/c land returned to locals (Chandragupta; Ashoka)
Gupta: Hinduism, allow local control and administration not bureaucratic; fall to invaders, rule returned to locals Decentralization allows fall not to be as drastic as others
Classical Civilizations: The Fall
Classical Civilizations: The Fall
Similarities:Attacks from HunsDeterioration of political institutionsProtection maintenance of borders- costly,
ineffectiveDisease followed trade routesTrouble collecting taxes, controlling landowners
Differences: India regional gov’t broke apartRome gradual, east stayed up (Byzantine)Order least impact to greatest:
India: still had caste system, regional gov’tChina: Confucian tradition, problems w/ central power goneRome: civilization depended on gov’t to keep together,
organized
Similarities:Attacks from HunsDeterioration of political institutionsProtection maintenance of borders- costly,
ineffectiveDisease followed trade routesTrouble collecting taxes, controlling landowners
Differences: India regional gov’t broke apartRome gradual, east stayed up (Byzantine)Order least impact to greatest:
India: still had caste system, regional gov’tChina: Confucian tradition, problems w/ central power goneRome: civilization depended on gov’t to keep together,
organized
Common results for fallCommon results for fall
Disruption of tradeInternal AND external problemsReliance on religion to organize
peopleSpread of Buddhism, Christianity and
Islam Political disunity
Feudal societies develop
Disruption of tradeInternal AND external problemsReliance on religion to organize
peopleSpread of Buddhism, Christianity and
Islam Political disunity
Feudal societies develop