UNIT IV Chapter 10 Principles of Evolution

UNIT IVChapter 10 Principles of Evolution

UNIT 4: EVOLUTIONChapter 10: Principles of EvolutionI. Early Ideas about Evolution (10.1)A. Early scientists proposed ideas about evolution1. Evolution- process of biological change by which descendants come to differ fromtheir ancestors2. Other scientists besides Darwin came up with idea

B. Four scientists important in development of evolution theory1. Carolus Linnaeus (1700s)- developed classification system to name living things (grouped by similarities)

2. Georges Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1700s)- proposed species shared ancestors instead of arising separately

3. Erasamus Darwin- Darwins grandfather. Proposed that all living things were descended from a common ancestor

4. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck -proposed theory that all organisms evolved toward perfection and complexity. a. Proposed changes in environment caused an organism behavior to change, leading to greater use or disuse of a structure or organb. Organism then passed changes on to offspring

C. Theories of geologic change set stage for Darwins Theory1. Age of the Earth was key issue in early debatesa. Many thought Earth on 6000 years oldb. Discovery of fossils created controversy

2. James Hutton (late 1700s)- proposed that Earth very old. Said geologic change occurred gradually (called gradualism)

3. Charles Lyell (1830)- published Principles of Geology. Also said Earth must be very old. Said changes in Earth occurred at constant rate over time a. Same changes we see happening todayb. Greatly affected Darwins thinking.

II. Darwins Observations (10.2)A. Darwin observed differences among islandspecies1. Differences between species studied on Galapagos Islands

2. Noticed variations well suited to animals environment (variation- differences in physical traits)

3. Studied birds, tortoises and said some how adapt to their surroundings (adaptation- a feature that allows an organism to better survive in environment)

B. Darwin observed fossil and geologic evidence supporting ancient Earth1. Discovered fossil evidence of species changed over time2. Suggested that modern organisms have relationship to fossil forms

3. Earth must be very old (supported Lyells theory)4. Darwin said, like the Earth, organisms must change gradually over time

III. Theory of Natural Selection (10.3)A. Several key insights led to Darwins idea for natural selection1. Artificial Selection- process by which humans changes a species by breeding itfor certain traitsa. Darwin compared what he learned about breeding to his idea of adaptationb. Said that in nature, environment creates selective pressure instead of humans in artificial selection

2. Natural Selection- mechanism by which environment is selective agenta. Darwin used work of others to develop theoryb. Said adaptations arose over many generations (called process decent with modification)

B. Natural selection explains how evolution can occur1. 4 main principles to theory of natural selectiona. Variation- variations in populations are basis for natural selection.

b. Overproduction- organisms produce more offspring than will survive (creates competition)

c. Adaptation- Some adaptations allow organism to survive at higher rate and individuals are naturally selected to survive and produce offspring

d. Descent with Modification- Over time, natural selection will result in species with adaptations that are well suited for survival

Before the industrial revolution, soot was rare in the English countryside. A light-colored moth was difficult to see against the clean bark. Which moth would most likely be noticed by a hungry bird?

2. Fitness- measure of ability to survive and produce more offspring relative to other members of a population

C. Natural selection acts on existing variation1. Natural selection acts on phenotypes (not genetic material itself)2. As environment changes, different traits will become beneficial.

IV. Evidence of Evolution (10.4)A. Evidence for evolution in Darwins timecame from several sources1.Fossils- supported Darwins descent with modification

2. Geography- Darwin realized that finches found on Galapagos Islands closely resembled those found on mainland.

a. Over time new traits became well established in separate island populationsb. The different environments on each island led tospecific adaptations in diets, habits, and beak shapes

3. Embryology- Similarities in embryos showed relation-ships between organisms and possible common ancestor

4. Anatomy- Some of Darwins best evidence came from comparing body parts of different speciesa. homologous structures- features that are similar in structure but have different functions (suggested common ancestor) (i.e. forelimbs of vertebrates)

b. analogous structures-structures that perform similar function but are not similar in origin (i.e. wings of bats and insects)

B. Structural patterns are clues to the history of a species1. vestigial structures- structures or organs that seem to lack any useful function that had a function in early ancestor2. Examples of vestigial structures found in many organisms. (e.g. human appendix, wings of Ostriches)

V. Evolutionary Biology Today (10.5)A. Fossils provide a record of evolution1. Paleontology- study of fossils or extinct organisms2. Fossil evidence shows change in forms over time.3. New fossils found that fill in gaps (transitional forms)

Chimp chromosomes (24 pair)Human chromosomes (23 pair)B. Molecular and genetic evidence support fossil and anatomical evidence

1. DNA sequence analysis- more closely related have more similar DNA

2. Pseudogenes- genes that no longer function. Similarities in organisms suggest common ancestor

3. Protein comparisons- Similarities in proteins found in specific cell types suggest common ancestor

C. Evolution unites all fields of biology1. New discoveries and tools helping to study mechanisms of evolution2. Principles used to study medicine, disease, ecology, etc. To avoid going extinct a population must not only survive, but also reproduce. Yale's Paul Turner, associate professor of ecology and evolutionary biology, tested the practicality of luring a virus population into the wrong cells within the human body, thus preventing virus reproduction and alleviating disease.

Chapter 10 Principles of Evolution

During the voyage of the Beagle, many of Darwin's observations were madea.in England.b.in North America.c.on the Galpagos Islands.d.in Africa.

The species of finches that Darwin found on the Galpagos Islands displayed different structural adaptations. One of the adaptations that Darwin noted was thea.similarities of the birds' embryos.b.birds' differently shaped beaks.c.length of the birds' necks.d.number of eggs in each bird's nest.

Hutton and Lyell's work suggested thata.Earth is millions of years old.b.Earth is several thousand years old.c.fossils are not the remains of living things.d.all rocks on Earth contain fossils.

Hutton and Lyell's work was important to Darwin because ita.was the first to attempt to explain catastrophic events such as earthquakes.b.completely explained the nature of all geologic events on Earth.c.suggested that Earth was old enough for evolution to have occurred.d.refuted the work of Wallace, which relied on misunderstandings about geology.

Which is a major concept included in Lamarck's theory of evolution?a.Change is the result of mutations.b.Body structure can change according to the needs of the organism.c.Selection pressures decrease the rate of evolution.d.Sexual reproduction is the genetic basis for variations.

The economist Malthus suggested thata.people die faster than babies are born.b.babies are born faster than people die.c.in the 1700s, Earth was overrun by people.d.in the 2000s, the seas will be overrun by oysters.

Darwin was prompted to publish his theory of evolution bya.an essay by Wallace on evolution.b.the publication of Lamarck's theory of evolution.c.the vice governor of the Galpagos Islands.d.his wife.

When Darwin returned from the voyage of the Beagle, hea.immediately publish his theory of evolution.b.realized his theory of evolution was wrong.c.waited many years to publish his theory of evolution.d.copied the evolutionary theory of Wallace.

When a farmer breeds only his or her best livestock, the process involved isa.natural selection.b.artificial selection.c.artificial variation.d.survival of the fittest.

According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are most likely the ones best adapted to exist in their environment. Their survival is due to thea.possession of structures developed through use.b.possession of adaptations that maximize fitness.c.lack of competition within the species.d.ability to change their genotype.

An adaptation is a characteristic that can be physical ora.behavioral.b.geographical.c.acquired.d.that does not affect fitness.

When lions prey on a herd of antelope, some antelope are eliminated. Which part of Darwin's theory of evolution may be used to describe this situation?a.acquired characteristicsb.reproductive isolationc.survival of the fittestd.speciation due to mutations

According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, the individuals that tend to survive are those that havea.characteristics their parents acquired by use and disuse.b.undergone mutations.c.the smallest number of offspring.d.variations best suited to the environment.

What is evolution?a.the increased reproductive success of the fittest individualsb.the diminished reproductive success of poorly adapted individualsc.the change in the inherited characteristics of a populationd.the struggle for existence undergone by all living things

The pelvis and femur of the whale shown in Figure _____________.a.allow the whale to walk.b.are vestigial structures.c.are acquired traits.d.are not inherited.

The pelvis and femur of the whale shown in Figure _______________.a.allow the whale to walk.b.are vestigial structures.c.are acquired traits.d.are not inherited.

The observation by Darwin that finches of different species on the Galpagos Islands have many similar physical characteristics supports the conclusion that these finchesa.have the ability to interbreed.b.acquired traits through use and disuse.c.all eat the same type of food.d.originated from a common ancestor.

The number and location of bones of many fossil vertebrates are similar to those in living vertebrates. Most evolutionary biologists would probably explain this on the basis ofa.the needs of the organism.b.a common ancestor.c.a chance occurrence.d.the inheritance of acquired traits.

The theory that organisms evolve, or change, over time by natural selection was proposed bya.Hutton.b.Lamarck.c.Malthus.d.Darwin.

Which statement is in agreement with Darwin's theory of evolution?a.More offspring are produced than can possibly survive.b.The organisms that are the fittest are always largest.c.Number of offspring is not related to fitness.d.Acquired characteristics are inherited.

Which phrase best defines evolution by natural selection?a.an adaptation of an organism to its environmentb.a sudden replacement of one community by anotherc.a geographic or reproductive isolation of organismsd.a process of change in organisms over a period of time

The following dog breeds were produced by the process known as ______________.

The following dog breeds were produced by the process known as artificial selection

The diagram below represents what type of structures?

The diagram below represents what type of structures?Homologous structures

What is the name of the book in which Charles Darwin presented his theory of evolution?

What is the name of the book in which Charles Darwin presented his theory of evolution?

The Origin of Species

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UNIT IV Chapter 10 Principles of Evolution