Unit II: TransportRespiratory System

Chapter 20

pp 721-735

Review1. Blood normally flows into a capillary bed from: a.) distributing arteries,

b.) conducting arteries, c.) metarteriole, d.) thoroughfare channel, e.) venules

2. Plasma solutes enter the tissue fluid most easily from a.) continuous capillaries, b.) fenestrated capillaries, c.) arteriovenous anastomoses, d.) collateral vessels

3. A blood vessel adapted to withstand a high pulse pressure would be expected to have: a.) elastic tunica media, b.) thick tunica intima, c.) one-way valves, d.) a rigid tunica media

4. Intestinal blood flow to the liver by way of: a.) superior mesenteric artery, b.) celiac trunk, c.) inferior vena cava, d.) hepatic portal system

5. The capillaries of skeletal muscle are of the structural type called _______

Respiratory System

• Bring in oxygen; produce carbon dioxide as waste product

• Cardiopulmonary

• Homeostasis of acid-base balance

• Definitions:

– ventilation

– gas exchange

– aerobic (cellular) respiration

Upper Respiratory

Filters, warms, and humidifies incoming and reabsorbs heat and water from outgoing air

Tongue

NoseNasal cavitySinusesPharynxLarynx

Lower Respiratory

Conducts air to and fromthe as exchange surfaces

TracheaBronchusBronchiolesSmallest bronchioles

Alveoli

Leftlung

Right lung

Esophagus

Clavicle

Ribs

Diaphragm

Organs of Respiratory System

Right eye

Superior nasal concha

Middle meatusMiddle nasal concha

Superior meatus

Inferior meatusInferior nasal concha

TongueMandible

Hard palateVomer

Perpendicularplate of ethmoidNasal Septum

Paranasal Sinuses

Frontal sinus

Ethmoidal air cell

Maxillary sinus

Nose

• Functions:

– warms, cleanses, humidifies inhaled air

– detects odors

– resonating chamber that amplifies the voice

• Bony and cartilaginous supports

• Sinuses

A chamber shared by the digestive and respiratory systems

Pharynx

Laryngopharynx

Oropharynx

Nasopharynx

Trachea Larynx

Tongue

Glottis

Soft palate

Hard palate

External nares

Internal nares

Nasal vestibuleNasal cavity

Nasal Cavity

• External to internal nares

• Nasal septum

• Nasal fossae

• Vestibule: stratified squamous

– vibrissae (guard hairs)

Nasal Cavity

Frontalsinus

Nasal conchae:Superior

Middle

Inferior

Guard hairsExternal nares (nostril)Hard palate

Vestibule

• Superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae

• Meatuses

– narrowness and turbulence

ensures air contacts membranes

• Olfactory epithelium

– lines roof of nasal fossa

• Respiratory epithelium

– ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

– lysozyme destroys bacteria

Posterior nasal aperture

Ethmoid bone

Regions of Pharynx

Oropharynx

Nasopharynx

Laryngopharynx

Pharynx:

Vomer

Hyoidbone

Trachea

Hyoid bone

Epiglottis

Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Trachealcartilages

Vestibular ligament

Vocal ligament

PosteriorAnterior

Anterior view

Epiglottis

Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Trachealcartilages

Posterior viewSagittal section

Epiglottis

Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Large Cartilages

Ligamentous attachmentsto hyoid bone

Laryngealprominence

Larynx

• Exclude food and drink from airway

– Epiglottis

– Vestibular folds

• Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic muscles

Larynx• Vocal cords

– Glottis

– stratified squamous

Corniculate cartilage

Aryepiglotticfold

Vestibular foldEpiglottis

Glottis (open) Glottis (closed)

Vocal fold(open glottis)

Vocal fold(closed glottis)

Vestibular fold

Cuneiform cartilage

Root of tongue

Trachea

• Tube 4.5 in. long x 1 in. diameter

• C-shaped cartilaginous rings

– trachealis spans opening in rings

• pseudostratified columnar epithelium

• forks into primary/main bronchi

Larynx

Trachea

Primarybronchi

Secondarybronchi

Thyroidcartilage

Cricoidcartilage

Trachealismuscle

Hyalinecartilage ring

Lumen

Mucosa

Mucous gland

Mucous gland

(c)(a)

(b)

Particlesof debris

Cartilage

Chondrocytes

Mucociliaryescalator

Mucus

Ciliated cell

Tertiarybronchi

Epithelium: Goblet cell

Trachea

Lungs - Surface Anatomy

Left lung:

•Smaller

•Cardiac impression

•Superior & inferior lobes

Right lung:

•Larger

•Superior, inferior, and middle lobes

Primary bronchusCartilage

LEFT LUNG

Hilum

Secondary bronchus

Visceral pleura

Bronchiole

Secondary(superior lobarbronchus)

TertiarybronchiRespiratory

epithelium

Smooth muscle

BronchiolesTerminal bronchiole

Pulmonary lobule

1mm or less in diameter

Lack cartilage

Ventilates a pulmonary lobule

Bronchial Tree – Conducting Division

• Branches of the pulmonary arteries follow branches of bronchial tree

• Bronchial artery nourishes bronchial tree itself

Pulmonary arteryBronchiole

Terminal bronchiole

Alveoli

Alveolar duct

Alveolar sac

Respiratory bronchiole

Branch ofpulmonary vein Capillary

beds

Bronchial artery (red),nerve (yellow), and vein (blue)

The Pleura

Visceral pleura

Pleural cavity

Parietal pleura

Bronchial Tree – Respiratory Division

Capillary

Elastic fibers

Type II pneumocytes

Type I pneumocytes

Alveolar macrophages

Air pore

Endothelialcell of capillary

Bronchial Tree – Respiratory Division

• Alveoli – main site for gas exchange

– Type I cells (95%) and Type II cuboidal cells

– Pulmonary surfactant

Pleurae and Pleural Fluid

• Visceral and parietal pleurae

• Pleural cavity –

– pleural fluid

• Functions:

1. reduce friction

2. create pressure gradient

3. compartmentalization