Unit ii

River Valley Civilizations

What was the relationship between early people and the environment?


Why did hunters and gatherers not have permanent homes?


What are the changes that took place as a result of the Neolithic Revolution?

Early Civilizations

Elements of a Civilization

Writing SystemsOrganized

Government

Urban Setting

Contributions

New Technologies

Writing Systems

Architecture

Organized Economy Based on Trade

Locations

LawsOrganized Religions

Tigris-Euphrates

Nile

Yellow/Huang He

Indus

Civilization: Highly organized community with advanced elements of culture; politics, economy, art, technology, etc

The 4 Major River Valley Civilizations

River Valley: Nile

Civilization: Egyptian

Important Things to Know:

Leader called Pharaoh (King/God)

Built the Pyramids – tombs for the Pharaohs

Developed Hieroglyphics – picture-based writing

Rosetta Stone:

Written in Latin, Greek and Egyptian

Helped to translate the Hieroglyphics

Hoax?

Old Kingdom

United Upper and Lower Nile Pyramids & Sphinx

Mummification

Hieroglyphics

Mummification

Mummification

Body cleaned andWrapped (Embalmed)

Incased in goldSarcophagus

Grave Robbers

Sarcophagi

Developed Hieroglyphics

Hieroglyphics

Khufu

Built the Great Pyramid (Giza)

Had the Sphinx built

Pyramids for son and grandson

Pyramids

Sandstone & Limestone Treasure buried with

PharaohsTombs of the Pharaohs

Which came first?Servants buried alive?

Sphinx

Built in the image of the Pharaoh How?

Body of Lion NOVA:Riddles of the

Head of the Pharaoh Sphinx

Middle Kingdom

Created new farm land

Improved Technology (Irrigation)

Hyksos Invasion (Chariots)

New Kingdom

Hatshepsut – first female pharaoh

Expand trade

Thutmoses III – Stepson, Military Power, Restored Sphinx

New KingdomTutankhamen – King Tut

Found by Howard Carter in 1922

New Kingdom

Ramses II – 66 year rule Peace treaty

Battles with Hittites (Asia) Great Builder

Ramses II

Regarded as the greatest, most celebrated,and most powerful pharaoh.

At 14 appointed Prince Regent by Seti

Expanded Empire to greatest lengths

Syria Campaign

The Ramesseum – series of monumentsand Temples

The Ramesseum

“A kingdom greater than that of my father” – Ramses II

Abu Simbel

Relocated in 1968 due to Aswan High Dam

Queen Nefertari

Moses

Born under the rule of Ramses I (Seti)

Kill all new born boys

Escaped on Nile

Became Prince of Egypt

Killed Slave Master

Returned to free the Hebrews

Exodus / Plagues of Egypt


River Valley: Tigris / Euphrates

Civilization: Sumerian / Babylonian


Also called Mesopotamia (Greek for “land between two rivers”)

Located in the Fertile Crescent

Developed Cuneiform – wedge-shaped writing

Invented the wheel

First written laws: Code of Hammurabi

Code of Hammurabi

1780 BC

Code consists of 282 laws

Scaled Punishments

"an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”

Social Status

Justice?

Hanging Gardens of Babylon


River Valley: Indus

Civilization: Indian


Two main cities

Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro – very well organized

Learned to weave cotton into cloth


River Valley: Huang He (Yellow)

Civilization: Chinese


Writing symbols represented whole ideas

Called themselves The Middle Kingdom, which is the belief that they were the center of the world (most important, better than others

What these Civilizations contributed to our life:





Essential Questions

How is a civilization different from a community?

Essential Questions

What is the reason that the greatest early civilizations all developed in river valleys?

Essential Questions

Compare and contrast the Nile and Tigris-Euphrates civilizations

Essential Questions

Why was the development of writing systems so important to the development of civilizations?

Documents

Unit ii