Unit I - oms.bdu.ac.inoms.bdu.ac.in/ec/admin/contents/86_16RSBE13:1_20200526100341… · maturation, high fecundity, tolerance to a wide range of environmental parameters, etc. 2

16RSBE13:1 AQUACULTURE II. B.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY

Unit I 2 Marks

1. Define fisheries?

It is an occupation or industry of capturing and culturing fish and other aquatic organisms for

human welfare.

2. Name any two fishes?

Catla catla, L. bata and Labeorohita sp.

3. What is meant by nursery pond and rearing pond?

Nursery pond – used to culture hatchlings

Rearing pond – used to culture fry of carps

4. Define fresh water aquaculture system?

The rearing of aquatic organism in fresh water is called fresh water aquaculture system.

5. Define - Shell fish

It is a exoskeleton-bearing aquatic invertebrates used as food, including various species of

molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms.

6. What is meant by capturing

Fishes are captured by others for food

5 Marks

1. Write a about different types aquaculture system?

Freshwater aquaculture system - The rearing of aquatic organism in fresh water

Brackish water aquaculture system - The rearing of aquatic organism in brackish water

Mariculture aquaculture system - Rearing of aquatic organism in sea water

Metahaline aquaculture system - Rearing of aquatic organism in high salt containing water

2. Explain about the scope of aquaculture?

Provide aqua food that are rich in protein

Production of pearls in a large scale

Agar extraction from sea weeds

Fishery by products are used as a raw material in poultry and cattle feed

Ornamental fish production

3. Discuss about the history of aquaculture?

In India fish culture practice started from 321-300BC mentioned by Kautilays Arthshartra

King Someswara initiate the method of fattening the fishes


Dr. Sundar Lal Hora helps in the development of fish culture in Bengal

The Indian government established a number institutions for education and research in

aquaculture

Ex: ICAR, CIFRS, CIFE

4. Important features of cultivable fishes

It should have a fast growth rate.

It should be able to feed on natural and artificial foods.

It should be have resistant to diseases.

It should be a prolific breeder and easy to breed in ponds.

It should not be predaceous nature.

It should be able to survive under temporary bad water conditions.

10 Marks

1. Discuss about on general characteristic features of fish?

Fish is an animal category that encompasses many species of water dwellers

Few species that do not spend all that much time in the water.

There are several basic fish characteristics that are common to most fish, but only a few

features of fish, like the presence of gills, can be applied to all fish.

Fishes are the most diverse animal species among the vertebrates with 30,000 different types

Water habitant – live in water

Cold blooded animal – body temperature changes depends upon the environment

Types – Agnatha or jawless fish, Chondrichthyes and Ostrichthyes

Gills for breathing, Scales for skin protection and Fins for movement

2. Brief account on species selection criteria for aquaculture?

1. Desirable characteristics of aquaculture organisms

Fast growth, short food chain, efficient conversion of food, ready acceptance of

compounded feeds, good table quality, disease resistance, ease of breeding in captivity, early

maturation, high fecundity, tolerance to a wide range of environmental parameters, etc.

2. Commonly cultured organisms

Fishes, crustaceans and molluscs; other cultured organisms - seaweeds, frogs, crocodiles

and turtles.

3. Biological features of commonly cultured fishes, crustaceans and molluscs

Tolerance limits of salinity, temperature and oxygen tension; growth rates and yields in

different types of culture; breeding habits; feeding habits and geographic distribution.

4. Criteria for selection of species for culture

Geographic and climatic considerations; culture qualities of the organisms; consumer

acceptance and marketability; cost of production; domestic consumption versus export.


5. Indigenous versus exotic species

Precautions to prevent adverse effects on local fauna and flora and the spread of

infections.

6. Selection of strains of cultivated species for favorable characters

Growth, food conversion, shape and body conformation, resistance to diseases, tolerance

of wide fluctuations in environmental factors and meat quality.

3. Write a detailed account on shell fish and its morphology?

Shellfish includes two highly diversified phyla i.e phylum arthropoda and phylum Mollusca

These two phyla are invertebrate

Economically important groups are lobster, shrimps, crabs, oyster, squid and cuttle fish

Head protected by a shell called carapace

Consist two pairs of compound eyes, mouth with strong jaws, a pair of large antenna and fins

Abdomen enclosed with segment of connected membrane

Contains four pairs of swimming legs


Unit II 2 Marks

1.Define – pond

Pond culture is a very popular aquaculture production method with many aquatic species

cultured in ponds.

2. Types of pond

Nursery pond, rearing pond and grow out pond

3. Define Liming

Addition of quick lime to fish pond is called liming. Fish need optimum pH (6.5 to 9) for

its growth.

4. Define Weed

The weeds can be defined as unwanted and undesirable plants that are adopted to grow

and to maintain good fish population in the fish-pond.

5 Marks

1. Short note on types of pond?

Nursery pond

Used for culture hatchlings are transferred from hatching hapta after 2 to 7 days

Hatchlings are grow into fry in nursery pond

Large ponds suitable for nursery pond system

Should contain warm water

Rearing pond

Used to culture fry which are transferred from nursery ponds

Rearing ponds are larger than nursery pond

Should contain warm water and fill with plankton

Add growth promoting nutrient like vitamin, yeast, etc.

Growing ponds

This is a large perennial pond, more than 2 m deep and is used for the growth of fish

to marketable size.

The size of the pond depends upon the fish species to be cultured.

These are used for stocking fish ready for the market.

These ponds are arranged in two or more parallel rows, with 1.25 m space separating

them.

2. Write a short note liming of ponds?

Addition of quick lime to fish pond is called liming. Fish need optimum pH (6.5 to 9)

for its growth.

If the soil is alkaline in nature, the pH reduced by adding gypsum

Lime is added after ploughing. After 15 days of liming water is filled into the pond

Lime added to the pond at the rate of 200kg/h.


It neutralizes the pH that enhance the growth of phytoplankton and increase the bicarbonate

content in the water.

3. Fresh water cultivable fishes

In India, mostly major carps are used to cultivable fish

Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo calbasu and L. bata

Catla catla – It is an Indian major and indigenous carp. It has a deep body with large head,

lower lip is larger than upper lip. It can bread artificially by hypopysation and cultured by

monoculture, polyculture and integrated culture system.

Labeo rohita - It is an Indian major bony fish. It has spindle shaped body and dorsal side is

bluish or grey in color. Mouth is sub terminal. It attains 1kg in one year.

4. Control of algal blooms

Floating plants, such as lilies and lotus, provide shade and reduce direct sunlight in

the pond to control the growth of algae.

Add submerged plants that release oxygen to the water, such as anacharis, hornwort and

parrot's feather.

Using a high-quality fish food will also help discourage the growth of algae, as the food will

be fully digested, leaving fewer nutrients to pass through the fish.

UV clarifiers are ineffective against string algae, pond keepers either use a garden hose to

blast it off rocks and waterfalls, or remove it by hand

10 Marks

1. Water quality management

Quality of water determines the physical, chemical and biological factors

Physical – Visibility and Temperature

Chemical – Oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH and biological oxygen demand

Biological – Plankton

Nutrients – Potassium and Phosphorus

2. Weed control Dredging and Deepening

Removing pond bottom sediments and building steep pond bank slopes (3:1 slope) are

effective ways to control rooted aquatic plant in shallow ponds. Dredging reduces aquatic

plant problems directly by removing the plants, bottom sediment, and associated nutrients.

Water Level Management

Lowering the water level of a pond can be an easy way to control nuisance aquatic plants.

Pond drawdown, particularly during the winter months, exposes weeds to harsh conditions

including freezing, dessication (drying out), strong wind action, and bottom sediment

compaction.


Harvesting

Physical removal of waterweeds from ponds is a good control technique. Harvesting of

aquatic plants consists of three essential steps. These are (1) cutting or uprooting the weeds,

(2) collecting the cut weeds, and (3) removing the weeds from the pond.

Pond bottom liming

Covering the bottom sediments of small ponds with either plastic sheeting, a

layer of mineral soils (sand, gravel, clay) or both of these materials is an effective

waterweed control technique. Perforated black plastic sheeting covered with a blanket of

sand or gravel provides a relatively cheap alternative to dredging.

3. Pre stocking management The ponds need to be prepared such that the pond environment provides optimum

condition for growth of the fish.

The pond environment should be free from predators, aquatic weeds, weed fish; it should

have optimum water quality parameters and sufficient natural food should be available in

semi- intensive culture systems.

The steps involved in pre-stocking and post-stocking management are similar in the

nursery, rearing and grow-out ponds.

An additional step in the pre-stocking management in nursery ponds is the eradication of

aquatic insects which predate on spawn and fry.

The pre-stocking pond management of drainable ponds is as follows.

Draining and drying

Ploughing

Liming

Filling with water and

Fertilization


Unit III 2 Marks

1. Define – aquaculture

Aquaculture is the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of fish, shellfish in all types of water

environments.

2. Monoculture

Culturing of a single species in a pond is called monoculture. Otherwise called as mono species

culture.

3. Poly culture

Culture of more than one or three species in a single pond is called as poly culture.

4. Monosex culture

Culturing of only one sex either male or female fishes in a pond is called monosex culture.

5. Pen culture

Pen culture is an enclosure system in water made nylon netting for culture a fin fish and shell

fish.

6. Cage culture

Culture of fishes in meshed boxes placed in water body is called cage culture.

7. Raft culture

Raft are rectangular wooden frames, they are made to float by empty diesel drums.

5 Marks

1. Different system of aquaculture system

Monosex culture

Culturing of only one sex either male or female of a fish in a pond

Polysex culture

Both male and female are presented in one pond may leads to energy loss during

breeding

Culture of many species of carps in a pond is called polyculture

Combinations of three to six major Indian carps were cultivate

Composite fish culture

It is a system in which five or six different species of fishes are grown together in a single

fishpond.

Fishes with different food habitats are chosen so that they do not compete for food among

themselves.

For example, catla feed on the surface of water, rohu are middle zone

feeders, mrigal and common carp are bottom feeders, and grass carp feed on weeds. .


2. Extensive and semi extensive culture system

Extensive culture system

Culturing of fishes in large areas with low stocking density and natural feeding is called

extensive culture

Naturally available foods are consumed by the fish, no need to give extra supplement for their

growth

Minimum number of labor is needed

Rate of yield is also low

Semi extensive culture

Culture of fishes in large areas with natural and supplementary feeding is called as semi

extensive culture

Based on the principle of feed not fish

Pond is inoculated with live feed and fertilized with manures

Natural feed – algae, phytoplankton and zooplankton; supplementary feed – rice bran, plant

waste, animal waste, etc.

3. Pen, raft and cage culture system

Pen culture It enclosure in water made up of nylon netting foe the culture of fin and shell fish

Practiced in coastal areas of kovalam, mandapam, etc.

The pen may be cylindrical or rectangular in shape, they have single or double layered

enclosure

Barriers constructed on one side or two side that was made of concrete, sand or clay

Cage culture Culture of fishes in meshed boxes which was placed in water

It is practiced in areas where there is sufficient water movement like rivers, seas

It was in square or rectangular shape and size of the cage around 20 to 60m3

Based on installation cage is classified into four groups – fixed, floating, submerged and

movable cages

4. Difference between monosex and mixed sex culture system

Monosex culture system

Culturing of only one sex either male or female of a fish in a pond

Practiced for maintaining breeding male and female fish

Cultivation, disease control and treatment is easy

Specific characteristic features of fish easy to examine

Mixed sex culture

Both male and female are presented in one pond may leads to energy loss during

breeding

Culture of many species of carps in a pond is called polyculture

Combinations of three to six major Indian carps were cultivate

Productivity is high and less risk


10 Marks

1. Integrated fish farming

Culture of fish along with agriculture or animal husbandry or salt industry is called

integrated fish farming

Fish cum poultry – rearing of fish along with poultry, major Indian carps are cultivated

Fish cum dairy culture - rearing of fish along with dairy farm, major Indian carps are

cultivated

Fish Cum pig - rearing of fish along with pig, major Indian carps are cultivated

Paddy cum fish culture - rearing of fish along with paddy. Done by three ways –

Synchronous, alternate and relay paddy cum fish culture

In most cases, mixed culture system were followed

2. Culture of prawns and Molluscs

Mariculture is the rearing of aquatic organism under controlled or semi controlled

condition in coastal and offshore water

Mollusc farming is a type of mariculture done by racks, raft culture system

Major carps – Oyster, mussels, scallops, prawns

Site selection is highly important in this system of culturing method

Water depth, water movement and turbidity should be monitored continuously

Process of cultivation - Species description, oyster selection, implantation, production

and yield


Unit IV

2 Marks

1. Define – fish feed

The feeds, in the form of granules or pellets, provide the nutrition in a stable and concentrated

form, enabling the fish to feed efficiently and grow to their full potential.

2. Fish additives

Additives are used in fish feed to preserve the nutritional characteristics of a diet or feed

ingredients prior to feeding (e.g. antioxidant and mold inhibitors).

3. Types of feed

Live feed, artificial feed and supplementary feed

5 Marks

1. Fish feed and its importance

The feeds, in the form of granules or pellets, provide the nutrition in a stable and concentrated

form, enabling the fish to feed efficiently and grow to their full potential.

They are combined with other ingredients such as vegetable proteins, cereal grains, vitamins and

minerals and formed into feed pellets.

Fish need to be provided enough nutritious food in order to attain big sizes in a short period of

time under culture conditions.

There are two main types of fish feeds. A) Natural food B) Artificial feeds

Natural Food Natural food can be stimulated to develop in a pond through pond fertilization

Artificial feeds Artificial feeds are those feeds prepared' and given to fish. The nutrients in these

feeds should be well balanced to meet the nutritional needs of the cultured fish species

3. Production of fish feed

The feed must be in balanced diet and give optimum growth rate.

Contain all essential nutrients such as amino acids and fatty acid

Plant and animal origin ingredients are used and must be in good quality

Typical adult feed should contain more protein but fewer carbohydrates. In case of fingerlings it

contains fat.

4. Feed types, selection of ingredients and additives

Live, artificial and supplementary feed

Ingredient Quantity in kg

Taploca flour 9

Rice bran 27

Fish meal 23

Groundnut oil cake 14

Silkworm pupae 26

Vitamins and minerals 1


10 Marks

1. Manufacture of aquaculture feeds

The manufacture of aquaculture feeds presents special challenges to the traditional feed

milling concepts due to the aquatic medium in which the feed has to be delivered and

ingested, and to the small size and variety of the animals being cultivated.

The feeds, in the form of granules or pellets, provide the nutrition in a stable and

concentrated form, enabling the fish to feed efficiently and grow to their full potential.

Ingredient Quantity in kg

Taploca flour 9

Rice bran 27

Fish meal 23

Groundnut oil cake 14

Silkworm pupae 26

Vitamins and minerals 1

2. Feed techniques – Manual and Mechanical

Feeding levels depend to a large extent on the system of culture, nature of the feed,

temperature conditions and feeding behaviour of the species

Manual

The most common method of feed dispensing is hand-feeding.

Though it is labour intensive, it has the advantage that the farmer can observe

his stock regularly, especially if feeding takes place at the surface.

In pond farms, feeding is usually done in a specific place, which can be

marked out by poles to enable regular checking for left-over feed.

There is an accumulation of left-over feed; provision of fresh feed is stopped

until the old feed is used up.

Some farmers prefer to dispense feed at the harvesting sump, as the feeding

fish will stir up the deposited silt and keep the sump clean.

Mechanical

Several mechanical aids for hand feeding are available, such as hand-

operated blowers and ‘disc throwers’.

A boat can be used for hand feeding in large ponds and other enclosures.

Blower tanks facilitate the dispensation of prepared feeds, as well as

feedstuffs such as cereals.

The impeller in the tank blows the feed through a slanted pipe to a distance

of about 10 m into the pond or enclosure.

When mounted on a truck or towed by a tractor, the blower can be propelled

by the motor of the vehicle.

The actual quantity of feed applied can be measured with the help of an

auger, which transfers the feed to the blower.


Unit V

2 Marks

1. Define – pathogen

A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to fish. The term

is most often used for agents that disrupt the normal physiology.

2. Name any two viral diseases in fish

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia, Infectious pancreatic necrosis, Spring viremia of carp

3. Name any two fish bacterial diseases Furunculosis, Columnaris, Dropsy, Vibriosis, Tuberculosis

4. Name any two fish fungal diseases

Saprolegniasis, branchiomycosis, Ichthyophonus, Aspergillomycosis

5. Define vaccine

A substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity. Prepared from

the causative agent of a disease, its products

6. What is meant by Chemotherapeutic agent

Chemotherapeutic agents are used to directly or indirectly inhibit the proliferation of rapidly

growing cells, typically in the context of malignancy

5 Marks

1. Write about disease caused by virus

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia

Caused by Rhabdoviridae sp.

Transmission – through water or contaminated water with urine, overian fluids, etc.

Pathogenesis – Associated with salmonids leads to viremia which damage organs

Symptoms – Hemorrhages in internal organs, skin and muscle, bulging eyes, bloated

abdomen

Diagnosis – Swim abnormally, gross and histopathology test

Treatment – contaminated fish immediately remove from the pond, use disinfectant

2. Write about disease caused by bacteria

Columnaris

Caused by F. columnaris and C. columnaris

Symptom – White spots on mouth, edges of scales and fins; fins are disintegrate,

lesions on skin

Treatment – Add antibiotic (chloramphenicol) into water


Infectious dropsy

Caused by P. punctate

Symptoms - Swelling occurs due to accumulation of fluid in the tissue, scales stand out,

eyes bulge, spine may become curved

Treatment – Complete destruction of fish, drain out the water, drying and disinfecting the

pond, antibiotic such as streptomycin, chloromycetin are used

3. Write about disease caused by fungi

Saprolegniasis

Caused by Saprolegnia diclina and Achlya hoferi

Transmission – Direct contact between diseased fish or fish eggs. Indirectly through

water supply, transport, etc

Symptoms – Appearance of cotton like white to grey growth on skin, gills, fins and

eyes. In severe case, most of the body covered with fungal growth

Diagnosis – Direct smear of fungal growth

Treatment – Avoid damage of skin during transportation of fish, proper feeding,

avoid over-crowding in pond

4. Method of disease control

Controlling trans boundary movement – avoid trans boundary movement of fry, fingerlings

Utilize existing international codes of practice – maintain proper guidelines for aquaculture

farming

Recording breeding and disease history – to control disease spread

Farms should ensure fish are sold free from disease - should use eggs or seed that are

certified as specific pathogen free

10 Marks

1. Disease control management

Maintain optimum water quality, proper liming and fertilization

Avoid trans boundary movement of fry, fingerlings

Maintain proper guidelines for aquaculture farming

Recording breeding and disease history to control disease spread

Farms should ensure fish are sold free from disease

Dry the weeds, snails after removal from one pond to another

2. Chemotherapeutic agent and vaccines used to control disease

Chemotherapeutic agent was widely used to treat diseases of fish, specifically shrimp and aquarium fishes.

The most commonly treated diseases are luminous vibriosis,

Include chloramphenicol, formalin, malachite green, potassium permanganate, copper sulfate.

To maintain their osmotic pressure, aquatic animals have to balance their water and ion contents.


To treat internal viruses, bacteria and parasites

In case of oral administration of the drug is comparable to nutrients.

4. Probiotic usage in disease control management

Probiotics are described as a microbial food supplement

The use of probiotics in aquaculture to improve pond environment and control Vibrio populations

has been one of the most common strategies used by farmers.

Some probiotics, as well as some plant extracts (e.g. cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon) have

quorum quenching properties, which refers to the breaking of this communication.

Ultimately, this means that although the pathogen may still be present, it has lower virulence and

may be easier to control via other mechanisms or pathways.

The presence of probiotic-produced inhibitory substances is thought to aid the barrier function

against opportunistic pathogens.

Probiotics in aquaculture are an established management tool for improving gut health and environmental quality. There are many different probiotics for aquaculture products. Major categories in commercial formulations include Bacillus spp., lactic acid bacteria (LAB), yeast, and nitrifying/ denitrifying bacteria.

Theoretically, a probiotic bacteria needs just a single mode of action of aquaculture systems, it is argued that formulations using multiple species, or better, multiple genera, may provide complementary modes of action, and therefore conferring multiple benefits to the animal, producer and ultimately the sector as a whole. This should be a key consideration when choosing aquaculture probiotics suppliers.

https://www.biomin.net/species/aquaculture/vibriosis/

Documents

Unit I - oms.bdu.ac.inoms.bdu.ac.in/ec/admin/contents/86_16RSBE13:1_20200526100341… · maturation, high fecundity, tolerance to a wide range of environmental parameters, etc. 2