Unit Four: 1450 to 1750Unit Four: 1450 to 1750

Columbian Exchange (duh) Reason (Renaissance,

Reformation, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment)

Isolated States (isolated areas such as China and Japan)

Exploration (Europe) Slave systems (Encomienda,

Atlantic Slave Trade, Russian Serfdom)

Remember the acronym…

UNIT FOUR

Explorations and the New World;

Gunpowder weaponry;

Reformation, reason,

Tokugawa Japan;

Ming and Qing, Unit Four

…and the song.

Points to Remember…Points to Remember…

Americas finally included in global trade network…Columbian Exchange prompts beginnings of true globalization

Europeans become the dominators of world affairs, partly due to spread of ship technologies and gunpowder weapons

Native Americans die by the millions and Africans forcibly transported across the Atlantic Ocean

New social structures emerge based on race, and while few women have power publicly (England) some wield influence in private (harem)

Renaissance and Reformation challenge previously accepted beliefs and power of the Catholic Church…while traditional beliefs are reaffirmed in other areas (China)

European empires dominate overseas (Spain and Portugal) while others dominate on land (Ottoman, Mughal, and Qing)

A Shift in Power: The European A Shift in Power: The European JuggernautJuggernaut

European ExplorationSea-based empire and the Columbian

ExchangeRenaissance and ReformationScientific RevolutionEnlightenment

European ExplorationEuropean Exploration

Motivations? Resources, new direct trade routes to Asian markets, spreading Christianity…

Early leaders? Portugal and Spain (Dias, Columbus, de Gama, Magellan)

Enter into Indian Ocean trade and set up trading post empires …English and Dutch replace Portuguese as dominant trading posts and use joint stock companies

Spanish and Portuguese in the Americas– Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)– New social structure (peninsulares, creoles,

mestizos, mulattoes)– Governed through viceroys– Plantation agriculture on the haciendas

encouraged the encomienda system (later the repartimiento system) and the importation of Africans for labor

– Missionaries hoped to spread Christianity…and were fairly successful

Columbian Exchange– First truly global trade with inclusion of

Americas– Important products:

Silver: American mines stimulates world trade driven by Chinese demand, powered Spanish economy

Sugar: plantations in Caribbean drive need for African slave labor

From Europe: wheat, sugar, cotton, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep…

From Americas: maize, potatoes, beans, tomatoes, peppers, peanuts, tobacco, cassava…

– Effects of the Exchange Diffusion of crops and animals increased nutrition

and diets and population increases Spread of disease to Americas wipes out native

population Spanish empire strengthened Migration patterns change New trade patterns

European Renaissance (beg. 1400s)– Means “rebirth”…reappearance of ancient

approaches to understanding the world– Education reform: humanism, scholasticism

and universities– Art: linear, patrons, classical architecture– “Renaissance Man”

Reformation (beg. 1500s)– Encouraged debate and criticism of existing

order– 1517: Martin Luther posted 95 Theses

Condemning papal authority, indulgences, church corruption and wealth, lack of piety in clergy, traditions not in Scriptures (saints), and bible/mass in vernacular

Excommunicated and hid in Germany Protestant movement spread from Central Europe to

Scandinavia, Holland, Switzerland, England…

– Counter Reformation and the Council of Trent

– What did the Protestant Reformation do? Redrew religious map of Europe (Protestant north,

Catholic south) Decline of power of Catholic Church Power struggles between citizens and monarchs

(English Civil War) Series of wars of Catholics v. Protestants

Scientific Revolution (beg. 1600s)– Renaissance encouraged investigation of nature

and commonly held beliefs– World view? World functioned as a machine,

stressed belief in reason and logic to come to conclusions rather than faith

– Famous discoveries and ideas from: Galileo, Francis Bacon, Newton

Enlightenment (beg. 1700s)– Intellectual and philosophical movement

centered in France that questioned traditional authority

– Politically radical ideas challenged authority of Church and monarchies

– Jesuit missionaries brought Chinese knowledge (civil service?)…Confucian rationality influenced Enlightenment thinkers

– Major Enlightenment thinkers? John Locke, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau

Land-Based EmpireLand-Based Empire

Ottoman Empire (1300s to 1923)Mughal India (1523 to 1700s)Russian Empire (1480 to 1917)

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire1300s to 19231300s to 1923

Gunpowder EmpireJanissaries1453 and capture of Constantinople

(renamed Istanbul)Mehmet and Suleyman the MagnificentGovernment: Centralized absolute

monarchy, Islamic scholars, vizier

Hagia Sophia converted to mosqueLarge merchant class but commerce closely

regulated by governmentHarem and role of women (queen mother)Problems?

– Reached peak in mid 1600s but too large to maintain

– Political succession problems and corruption– European military and naval technology

outpaced them and couldn’t compete– Changing trade routes

Mughal IndiaMughal India1523 to mid 1700s1523 to mid 1700s

Babur’s conquest centralizes much of India Akbar: patron of the arts, cooperated with Hindu rulers and

population, encouraged intermarriage, abolished jizya, Hindus in gov.

Shah Jahan: less tolerant, architecture blended Persian and Hindu with Islamic (Taj Mahal)

Aurangzeb: neglect and corrupt bureaucracy, extended control of India, PERSECUTED HINDUS

Decline: war drained treasury, peasant uprisings, prince revolts, European traders

Russian EmpireRussian Empire1480 to 19171480 to 1917

Ivan III stopped tribute to Mongols and created strong central gov w/ absolute monarch (czar) also head of Russian Orthodox Church

Ivan the Terrible then Romanovs Peter the Great (1682-1725) and westernization Catherine the Great (1762-1795) Expansion of serfdom and strict regulations

Other Areas of State-BuildingOther Areas of State-Building

Safavid (1502-1736)Songhay (1464 to 1591)Kongo (1300s to 1600s)Qing Dynasty (1644 to 1911)Tokugawa Shogunate (1600 to 1867)

SafavidsSafavidsIn 1501 Ismail seized much of Iran and Iraq,

promotes rebellion in Ottoman EmpireStrong army, no navyMarginal trade and inland capitalWomen: rigidly patriarchal, women secludedReligion: Most Shi’a, forced conversion,

intellectual freedom curtailed under religious orthodoxy

AfricaAfrica

Songhay (1464 to 1591)– Took over Mali empire, trans-Saharan trade

through Gao– Emperors were Muslims who supported

mosques and universities (Timbuktu) but traditional beliefs remained

– Defeated by Moroccans in 1591

Songhai Empire, Islamic successor to Muslim Mali Empire of the 14th century, was located in a strategic location: a major terminus of trans and sub-Saharan trade routes. Timbuktu and Gao (not to be confused with Goa, in India) were main centers of gold, ivory, salt, and copper.

Kongo (1300s to 1600s)– Centralized state with powerful king– Commercial and diplomatic relationship with

Portuguese– Kings converted to Christianity (Affonso I)– Led to decline: slave raids undermined

authority and lost war in 1665

QingQing1644 to 19111644 to 1911

Manchus, pastoral nomads from north, take over Ming Dynasty

Distinguished themselves from native Chinese: outlawed intermarriage, couldn’t travel to or learn Manchuria, forced to wear queue as sign of submission

Kept Chinese traditions: civil service exam, appointed Confucian scholars, footbinding

Trade: great prosperity since world desired silk, porcelain, tea…but only imported silver; tightly regulated by gov

Stability over innovation and technology slowed

Increased production a result of increasing labor pool (population rose) not because of innovative technologies

Tokugawa ShogunateTokugawa Shogunate1600 to 18671600 to 1867

Tokugawa Ieyasu stabilized region by increasing control over daimyo, kept eye on them in Edo (Tokyo)

Christian converts and persecution Closed off from outside world Economy grew as agriculture increased and

population grew Samurai became administrators in this time of

peace Dutch merchants kept them up-to-date