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Unit 9Introduction to Ecology
Ecosystems &Communities
The Environment
Environment includes all things that an
organism is exposed to during it’s life.
____________
____________
____________
____________
Abiotic Factors
• Are all of the _____________________things in the environment.
• Abiotic Factors:
_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________
Biotic Factors
• Include all of the _____________ things in the environment and their effects.
• Biotic Factors
______________ _______________
______________ _______________
______________ _______________
Levels of organization
1. _____________: A group of organisms that can produce
____________________
Levels of organization
2. _________________: All the members of a ______________that live together at the same _____________.
Levels of organization
3. Community: ______the _____________ things in the same area.
Levels of organization
4. _________________: The ___________ and __________ parts in one place.
Levels of organization
5. ____________: Large _________________defined by their dominant ________and ______________.
Levels of organization
6. _________________: The area on and around ____________where life exists.
Biosphere
• Composed of 3 parts:
______________
______________
______________
Review
• 6 Levels of organization1. _________________
2. _________________
3. _________________
4. _________________
5. _________________
6. _________________a. _______________________
b. _______________________
c. _______________________
Energy in the Biosphere
• All organisms need ______________to survive.
• The main _____________for energy on Earth is the _______ & _______________
Energy Flow
Sun & Elements
Producers (Autotrophs)
Consumers (Heterotrophs)
Decomposers (Heterotrophs)
Producers
1. Producers are also called _________________________
2. Use energy from the ______________________to ____________ all the food in the world.
Photoautotrophs
A. Photoautotrophs: Use energy from _________________to create food.
• _________________________: Process that uses
solar energy to create food.
• Green Plants & Algae
Photoautotrophs
CO2 + Light + H2O Sugar + O2
Chemoautotrophs
• B. Chemoautotrophs: Use energy from __________________ materials to make food.
• _____________________________: Process that uses inorganic materials to create food.
• Some bacteria only
Chemoautotrophs 6CO2 + 6H2O + 3H2S = C6H12O6 + 3H2SO4
Heterotrophs
2. Heterotrophs: Use organic materials made by _________________to obtain _____________.
A. _______________________: Organisms that cannot create food. Instead, they eat other organisms to obtain energy.
Consumers
1. __________________: Only eat _______________.
Consumers
2. _____________________: Eat other ________________.
Consumers
3. ___________________: Eat both _________and ______________.
Consumers
4. _________________: Eat __________plant and animal material.
Decomposers
• B. Decomposers: _________________ organic matter and ____________the nutrients.
Review
1. Autotrophsa. __________________ b.__________________
2. Heterotrophsa. Consumers b. Decomposers
1. ____________________
2. ____________________
3. ____________________
4. ____________________
Trophic Levels
• Trophic Level: A step in either a food chain or a food web
• Producers, Consumers, Decomposers
Food Chains
Food Chain: A series of steps in which energy is __________________ from one organism to another.
Food Webs• Food Web: __________all food chains in
an ecosystem together
Ecological Pyramids• Ecological Pyramids: Diagrams used to
show how much energy or matter exists within a trophic level.
• -About 10% of matter at one trophic level can be supported in the level above it but there are exceptions!
Nutrient Cycles
• How ______________move through the _____________________
1.________________Cycle
2.________________Cycle
3.________________Cycle
4.________________Cycle
Water Cycle
1. Water enters the atmosphere by 1. _______________________: From lakes,
oceans, the ground, animals.
2. _______________________: From Plant leaves
Water Cycle
1. Water leaves the atmosphere by 1. _______________________: Rain, Snow,
Ice
2. Organisms obtain water from _______________ & ________________
The Carbon Cycle
• Forms of Carbon– CO2
– Most living materials– Organic materials
• Coal• Oil• Wood
The Carbon Cycle
• ______________________ uses CO2 to create Sugars (made of carbon).
• __________________breaks down sugars and produces CO2
• Burning of _________ produces CO2
Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrogen is a part of _______________ that are very important in our bodies.
• We cannot use Nitrogen ______(N2) in the atmosphere.
• Bacteria Change N2 into a form plants absorb.
• We then ______ plants and obtain nitrogen.
Phosphorous Cycle
• Phosphorous is a part of ________– Genetic Material
• Phosphorous is a part of ________– Energy molecule
• Obtain phosphorous by eating plants & other animals.
Land Biomes
• Land biomes are places on Earth’s surface that have the same _________________ and similar ______________ and _______________.
Forests Bosques
• Tropical Rain Forests Bosques tropicales lluviosos
• Tropical Dry Forests Bosques tropicales secos
• Temperate Forest Bosques templados
• Boreal Forests (Taiga) Bosques Boreales
Tropical Rain Forest
Tropical Dry Forest
Temperate Forest
Taiga
Grasslands Pastizales
• Temperate Grasslands
• Tropical Grasslands (Savanna) Sabana tropical
Temperate Grassland
Savanna
Deserts
Tundra
Polar Zones
Water Biomes
• Water biomes are classified by the _________ of water and _________________ that live there.
Freshwater
• Lakes Lagos
• Rivers Rios
Wetlands
• Wetlands Humedores– Marshes Marjales– Bogs Turberas– Swamps Pantanos
Wetlands
Ocean Zones
• Coral Reef Arrecifes de coral
• Open Ocean Mar Abierto
• Benthic Zone Zona Bentisal
Coral Reef
Open Ocean
Benthic Zone
Community Interactions
• How Organisms affect each other
Predation
• One animal (______________) eats the other animal (__________)
• Win / Lose
Parasitism
• One animal (_______________) lives inside another animal (______) and harms the host.– Eats parts of the host– Reproduces inside of the host
• Win / Lose
Herbivory
• An animal eats a plant.
• Win / Lose
Competition
• One organism _____________ another organism for food, land, water.
• Win / Lose
Mutualism
• 2 organisms _________ each other
Bee gets food
Plant transfers seeds
Win / Win
Defense Mechanisms
• Mimicry
• Camouflage
• Toxins
• Special Structures
Mimicry
• One organism looks like another bad one
Camouflage
• Animal looks like it’s environments
Toxins
Special Structures
Teeth Claws Spines