UNIT 8

SOUTH ASIA

CHAPTER 24

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH ASIA:

THE LAND WHRE CONTINENTS COLLIDED

24.1 LANDFORMS AND RESOURCES

• South Asia is a

subcontinent

– Separated from the :

– “Indian subcontinent”

• Home to:

• Mountains

– Form northern edge of the subcontinent

– Himalayas

• System of parallel ranges

• Stretch :

– Hindu Kush

• Lie at :

– Karakoram Mountains

• Northeastern part of mountain chain

Mount Everest •Nepal is home to eight of the ten

highest mountain peaks in the

world including Mount Everest

(pictured) which :

Khyber Pass

• The Khyber Pass cuts a 20 mile path across the Safed Koh Mountains (part of the larger Hindu Kush range) :

• The Khyber Pass has been a strategic:

• The British writer Rudyard Kipling called the pass "a sword cut through the mountains."

K2

• K2 in Gilgit–

Baltistan is

the second-highest

mountain on Earth,

with a peak elevation

of 8,611 metres

(28,251 ft).

• K2 is known as the:

• Deccan Plateau

– Covers much of:

– Bordered by Western

and Eastern Ghats

– Largely :

• Water

• Indo-Gangetic Plain

– Formed by :

– Ganges

– Indus

– Brahmaputra

– Alluvial plains:

– High :

Sri Lanka

• Tropical :

• Mountains dominate:

• Coastal plain with

beaches circles the

island

The Maldives

• The Maldives are an :

• 200 are inhabited

• Run 500 miles north to

south in:

• Atolls

– Tops of :

– Surrounded by coral

reefs and shallow

lagoons

• Water and Soil

– Farming and:

– Transportation and

power

• Forests

– Hardwoods, bamboo,

sandalwood

– deforestation

• Minerals

– Coal

– Petroleum

– Natural gas

– Uranium

– Iron ore

– Mica (flakes

pictured)

– gemstones

24.2 CLIMATE AND VEGETATION

• 6 main climate zones

– Highland

– Humid subtropical

– Semiarid

– Desert

– Tropical wet

– Tropical wet and dry

• Monsoons

– Seasonal winds

– October-February

= :

– June-September =

– Heavy rains

– Unpredictable

– damage

http://education.nationalgeographic.com/

education/encyclopedia/monsoon/?ar_a

=1

• Cyclones

– Most :

– winds, heavy rains

– Low-lying costal

regions of

Bangladesh :

• Tropical Wet

– Most forested part

• Highland

– Pine, fur, evergreen

forests

• Humid Subtropical

– Forest and palms

• Semiarid

– Desert shrubs and

grasses, less

vegetation

• Tropical Wet and Dry

– Grasses and trees

24.3 HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION

• Ganges River

– 1,500 miles

– Water for :

– Population :

– “Mother Ganges”

– Varanasi

– pollution

• Feni River

– Flows through low

costal plain that :

– Flooding

• Monsoon season

• Cyclones lead to

storm surges

• Largest :

25.1 INDIA

• History/Geography

• Indus Valley, 2500 B.C.

• Aryan invasion – Push Dravidians south

• Mauryan Empire unites India 321 B.C. – Asoka spreads :

• Mughal Empire – Muslims conquered Indus

valley and est. empire by 1500s

– New customs bring conflict with :

• Colonialism

– 1500s :

– British

• East India Co.

• 1857 – raj

• Gandhi and non-

violent resistance

• 1947:

Mohandas Gandhi

• As Indian nationalism began to develop in the late 1800s, Western ideas of individual rights and self-government spread through the Indian middle class.

• Mohandas Gandhi used:

• Gandhi peacefully resisted by :

• In 1935, the British agreed to establish :

• Government

– Jawaharlal Nehru

– Constitution 1950

– World’s :

• Federation

• parliamentary

– Diversity

• Hindus vs. Muslims

• Sikhs and Tamils

• Economy

– 2/3 farm

• Majority :

• Cottage industries

– Obstacles to:

– Green Revolution

• Increased crop yields

– Growing Industry

• Textiles

• Iron, steel, chemicals,

etc.

– Modernization

• More people finding:

Changing Economy

Major Cities

• New Delhi is the:

• Mumbai is the

country’s :

• Bangalore has

become the country’s:

Outsourcing

• India is becoming a

leading industrial

nation.

• Advances have

been made there in:

• India has become a

favored:

• Society/Culture

• Family

– Center of life

– Arranged:

– Patriarchal

– Joint :

Indian Food

• For religious and

economic reasons,

Indians follow a:

• Most Indians eat

some form of:

• Some eat meat, fish,

or chicken in curry

Indian Entertainment

• Sports

– Soccer:

• Movies

– Foreign films

– Bollywood

• Bride and Predjudice-

Bollywood style: Punjabi

Wedding Song

• Music

– Traditional and

modern

• Education – Facilitating economic

change

– Literacy :

• Languages – Hindi = :

– English spoken by many:

– Many different languages and dialects spoken across India

• Religion

– Hinduism

• 80% of:

• Polytheistic

• Reincarnation

• Caste system

– Other religions

• Muslim

• Christianity,

Jainism, Sikhism,

Buddhism

25.2 PAKISTAN AND BANGLADESH

• History/Geography

– Indus Valley

civilization begin in

Pakistan around 2500

B.C.

– Followed history

outlined for India

– Both were :

• Birth of Modern

Pakistan & Bangladesh

– 1947 partition

– Violence :

– East and West

Pakistan

• East Pakistan won

independence with

help of India:

• Became country:

• Government

– Struggles for democracy

• Elected governments

alternate with periods

of:

• Corruption – http://cpi.transparency.org/

cpi2012/results/

– Kashmir

• Disputed :

• The most violent

outbreaks came in

1947-48, 1965, and

1971

• Economy - Farming

– Predominantly agricultural

• Subsistence farming

• Challenges

– Arid in large parts of

Pakistan

– Monsoons & cyclones -

Bangladesh

– High levels of poverty

• Bangladesh ranks:

– Main crops

• Rice :

• Wheat & Cotton :

• Jute :

• Economy – Industry

– Struggles :

• Small factories lack :

• Garment industry

– Microcredit

• Initiated in Bangladesh

• Small loans to:

• Has encouraged small business growth

• *Top image Pakistan, bottom Bangladesh

Garment Industry-Bangladesh • The garment industry employs some 4

million people in Bangladesh, 80 per cent of them women.

• It is the world's second largest garment manufacturer after China, with the bulk of its $21.5 billion annual shipments going to top Western retailers

• Concerns over labor rights and worker safety that intensified after hundreds died there in the global garment industry’s worst accident.

• In June 2013, President Obama announced the suspension of U.S. trade privileges for Bangladesh

• Bangladesh’s Foreign Ministry called the suspension “harsh” and had been taken despite its concrete actions to improve factory safety

• http://video.foxnews.com/v/2330975957001/retailers-take-cue-from-bangladesh-factory-collapse/

• Society/Culture

• Religion

– Islam = :

– Observe Ramadan

– Islamic law

implemented :

• Purdah

Purdah • Purdah or Pardaa

(Persian: پرده, Urdu: literally meaning پرده"curtain") is the practice of :

• Purdah exists in various forms in the

Islamic world and among Hindu women in parts of India.

• Society/Culture

• Ethnic Diversity in

Pakistan

– 6 main ethnic groups

– Urdu :

• Bangladesh

– Majority Bengalis

– Language based on:

• Society culture

• Family

– Large in size

– Center of society

– Arranged marriages

• Entertainment:

Arranged Marriage • Arranged marriage is often a way of

ensuring that a family continues its religious traditions or caste

• Today, arranged marriages are most common in Southeast Asia and parts of the Middle East

• A lot of these marriages are really within families (cousins)

• Vast majority of marriages are arranged by a third party

• Experts estimate the rate of arranged marriages could be as high as 80% in Pakistan.

• More than 60 million girls around the world were married under the age of 18 last year, out of which 24% were from rural Pakistan and 18% from urban areas

http://www.shaadi.com/

http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/wa

tch/player.html?pkg=rc35pakwife&s

eg=1&mod=0