Unit 7 Vocabulary1. Watson & Crick2. Rosalind Franklin3. DNA4. What are the 3 parts of DNA?5. What 4 bases does DNA use?6. Nucleotide7. complementary bases8. complementary strands9. What makes strands complementary?10. DNA replication11. Helicase12. DNA polymerase13. Why must DNA be replicated?14. Is DNA replication a part of mitosis,

meiosis, or both?15. RNA 16. What are the 3 parts of RNA?17. What 4 bases does RNA use?18. messenger RNA (mRNA)19. Transcription20. RNA polymerase21. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)22. Translation23. transfer RNA (tRNA)24. Codon25. AUG

26. UGA, UAA, UAG27. Anticodon28. amino acids29. Polypeptide30. Protein31. Ribosome32. central dogma of molecular biology33. Enzyme34. Chromosome35. Gene36. Trait37. Mutation38. Mutagen39. Nondisjunction40. Deletion41. Duplication42. Inversion43. Translocation44. Substitution45. Downs syndrome46. eugenics

Unit 7 Vocabulary1. Watson & Crick- scientists who

discovered the structure of DNA in 1953

James Watson Francis Crick

Rosalind FranklinFranklin’s Picture of DNA

2. Rosalind Franklin- scientist who first photographed DNA

Unit 7 Vocabulary3. DNA- hereditary molecule that carries genetic code for proteins (traits)

4. What are the 3 parts of DNA?- deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, base (A, T, C, G)

5. What 4 bases does DNA use?- adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

Unit 7 Vocabulary6. nucleotide- the building block of DNA & RNA; composed of a phosphate group, sugar, and base

7. complementary bases- bases that chemically bond together, such as A-T or C-G

8. complementary strands- long strings of bases that chemically bond together, such as GATTACA and CTAATGT

9. What makes strands complementary?all of their bases are complementary to each other

Unit 7 Vocabulary10. DNA replication- the process of making two identical molecules of DNA

11. DNA polymerase- enzyme that aids in DNA replication by adding complementary nucleotides to template strand

12. ligase- enzyme that aids in DNA replication by connecting segments of nucleotides

Unit 7 Vocabulary13. Why must DNA be replicated?- so that there is a complete copy of DNA for each new daughter cell when a cell divides

14. Is DNA replication a part of mitosis, meiosis, or both?- both

Growth

Growth DNA Replication

Unit 7 Vocabulary15. RNA- ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that is used as a temporary genetic code

16. What are the 3 parts of RNA?- ribose sugar, phosphate group, base (A, U, C, G)

17. What 4 bases does RNA use?- adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine

RNA

DNA

RNApolymerase

Nucleus

Unit 7 Vocabulary18. messenger RNA (mRNA)- molecule that carries the code of DNA in the nucleus to the rest of the cell

19. Transcription- the process of synthesizing RNA using DNA as a template

20. RNA polymerase- enzyme that synthesizes RNA using DNA as a template

21. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- the type of RNA that is folded to create a ribosome

anticodon

amino acidamino acid

amino acid

Unit 7 Vocabulary22. translation- the process of creating a polypeptide chain using the genetic code carried by mRNA

23. transfer RNA (tRNA)- molecule that transfers amino acids to the ribosome

Unit 7 Vocabulary24. codon- a group of 3 nucleotides (bases) that codes for 1 amino acid

25. AUG- the start codon; also codes for methionine

26. UGA, UAA, UAG- the stop codons; do not code for any amino acid but instead terminate translation

Codon = 3 nucleotides

Unit 7 Vocabulary27. anticodon- 3 nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that complement a mRNA codon

anticodon

amino acid

Unit 7 Vocabulary28. amino acids- the building blocks of proteins; 20 types

29. polypeptide- a long chain of bonded amino acids

30. protein- a folded polypeptide

PolypeptideProtein

Unit 7 Vocabulary31. ribosome- the organelle responsible for linking together amino acids; the “protein factories” of the cell

Unit 7 Vocabulary32. central dogma of molecular biology- the concept that in cells, information always flows from DNA, to RNA, to protein and not in any other order.

DNA RNA Protein

Unit 7 Vocabulary33. enzyme- a biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions, such as DNA polymerase

Unit 7 Vocabulary34. chromosome- a molecule of DNA that contains 100’s to 1000’s of genes

35. gene- the factors that are passed from parent to offspring; code for a trait

36. trait- a specific characteristic, such as height, of an individual

Unit 7 Vocabulary37. mutation- a change in the sequence of DNA; may be positive, negative, or have no effect

38. mutagen- a substance that causes mutations; Ex: UV light

Unit 7 Vocabulary39. nondisjunction- the failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis; leads to the production of gametes with too many and too few chromosomes

Unit 7 Vocabulary40. deletion- when a segment of chromosome is lost

41. duplication- when a segment of a chromosomes is copied, resulting in two identical segments

42. inversion- when segments(s) of a chromosome change location on the chromosome

43. translocation- when two non-homologous chromosomes cross over, resulting in a change of location of many gnes

Unit 7 Vocabulary44. substitution- a type of gene mutation where one base is replaced with another

Substitutions:

Unit 7 Vocabulary45. Downs syndrome- a genetic disorder where a person have 3 copies of chromosome #21, resulting in a total of 47 chromosomes

Unit 7 Vocabulary46. eugenics- the science of improving a human population through selective breeding practices