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Unit 7: Nationalism Around the World. Global Studies II Chapter 25 Mrs. Browne. The Colonized World in 1938 . Modernization of Turkey. Turkey. Modernization of Turkey. Background Information : The Ottoman Empire had been part of the Central Powers during World War I - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Unit 7: Nationalism Around the World
Global Studies IIChapter 25
Mrs. Browne
The Colonized World in 1938
Modernization of Turkey
Turkey
Modernization of Turkey
Colonel Mustafa Kemal
Background Information: The Ottoman Empire had been part of the Central Powers during World War I
During World War I, the Allies tried to get all the different groups who lived under Ottoman rule to revolt.
Mustafa Kemal gained power and popularity during WWI in the military
Modernization of Turkey• The Turkish Republic–The republic was created in 1923
when the Ottoman sultans fled the country.–Mustafa Kemal becomes President of
Turkey–Kemal is also known as Ataturk or
‘Father Turk”–Kemal’s goal is to turn Turkey into a
modern state!
Modernization of Turkey• Political & Economic Reforms–a democratic & secular state was
created– Factories established–Modernized farming–New laws for women (marriage) & the
right to vote granted to women in 1934–Right to convert in religion
guaranteed
Modernization of Turkey• Cultural Reforms–Turkish language now uses
Roman alphabet–Public education introduced–Use of family last names
(surnames)–The fez was forbidden for men –The veil was forbidden for women–Separation of church & state
Modernization of TurkeyResults of Reform:
Ataturk’s reforms last… even though some groups in society objected to the changes (religion)
Essential Question #1
• Describe , in detail, at least 3 changes that Ataturk made in an effort to modernize Turkey.
Iran
The Beginnings of Modern Iran:The Qajar Dynasty 1794 - 1925
• Persian royal visit to England in 1902 ~ King Edward VII and Princess of Wales, Victoria
The Pahlavi Dynasty of Iran 1925 - 1979
• 1925 Reza Khan is proclaimed the new leader
• a former military leader• used British help to overthrow the Qajar dynasty (why would British help??)• wanted to modernize Iran• Introduced western education• Forbade the veil• Modernized the government &
economy to be more efficient• Trans-Iranian RR was built
The Pahlavi Dynasty of Iran 1925 - 1979
• 1941 Mohammed Reza Shah replaces his father as leader
•ruled Iran until 1979• Married 3 times• had to deal with economic problems, food shortages and concerns over modernization
The Pahlavi Dynasty of Iran 1925 - 1979
•Caught in between the US & the USSR during the Cold War (1945 – 1991)• By the 1960’s a strong US
ally• Became less of a constitutional monarch (as promised) and more of a dictator as time went on manipulation, fear, secret police…
The Rise of Arab Nationalism
At the end of WWI, the decision by the Allied Powers to keep the Middle East region under their control was considered unjust by most Arabs. They had expected full independence after the fall of the Ottoman empire.
The Rise of Arab NationalismBetrayal at the Paris Peace Conference
After WWI, colonies in the Arab world were promised independence. • Instead they became mandates or territories that were “administered” by the European nations. •Syria and Lebanon were now controlled by France. •Palestine, Jordan and Iraq were controlled by Great Britain.
Promises in PalestineSince being expelled by the Romans, the Jews had dreamed of returning to Palestine.•Theodore Herzl created a movement called Zionism which called for the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.•In Palestine, the nationalism of Jews and Arab Muslims came to a head because both groups view the area as their own.
The Rise of Arab NationalismThings became complicated after WWI when the British issued the Balfour Declaration.• The document expressed support for a national home for Jews in Palestine.•The declaration drew many Jews into the area and as a result violence flared between Jewish and Muslim inhabitants!
Creation of Palestine in 1922
British Mandate in PalestineCreatedJuly, 1922
The Holy & Disputed Land• In 1920, there was 1 Jew
to every 10 Arabs in Palestine (1:10).
• By 1947, the ratio was 1 Jew to every 2 Arabs (1:2).
The Arabs felt that they were loosing control of their “country!”
Arab NationalismThe 1947 creation of the present day nation of Israel is considered the success of the Zionist dream.
Muslim Arabs known as Palestinians also claim this area as their homeland; it is a legitimate claim as well.
Essential Question #2
• What was the Balfour Declaration and why would it lead to bloodshed in the future that has continued to present day?
The British Empire in the 1920’s
India Seeks Self RuleIndia was still a colony of Britain after WWI. Britain had taken direct control of India after the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857. In 1885, Indians formed the Indian National Congress to work for independence!!
India Seeks Self-RuleMohandas Gandhi becomes the leader of the independence movement in India.• his methods are based on civil
disobedience which is the refusal to obey laws considered unjust.
India Seeks Self-Rule• The Amristar Massacre of 1919
Video Questions:How does this event help solidify support for
India’s independence? Were the British justified in their actions toward
the Indian colonists?
India Seeks Self-Rule
• In 1935, Britain passes the Government of India Act– Expands the role of Indians in the
government– 5 million Indians are given the right
to vote– In Parliament, 2/3rds of the Indian
representatives were to be elected now
India Seeks Self-Rule• BUT, Reforms are NOT
enough anymore!!!
• Gandhi and his followers continue the policy of civil disobedience
India Seeks Self-Rule
• Gandhi encourages Indians to–NOT pay taxes–NOT send their children to
British schools–NOT buy English made
goods especially cotton cloth and salt
India Seeks Self-Rule• The independence movement did
have problems though…– Jawaharlal Nehru joins the movement– Nehru’s followers want to be modern,
Western & secular
India Seeks Self-Rule
• Hindu - Muslim Conflict
India Seeks Self-Rule
• Islam is the 2nd most practiced religion in India!
• Hindu and Muslim conflict in India becomes a significant issue (and still is!)
• Muslims want a separate state to be created
This area becomes Pakistan … after India gains its independence in 1947!
Today…
Essential Question #3
• Who was Mohandas Gandhi and what actions did he take to help free India from British rule? Be descriptive!!
JAPAN
A Militaristic Japan
• Background:– Japan had modernized during the
MEIJI RESTORATION of the mid 1800’s.• They were modern and industrialized• The military was modernized• Education was expanded for all• Land reforms enacted• Business was promoted
A Militaristic Japan• Economics– The Zaibatsu gain power through $
donations to political leaders– The Great Depression of the 1930’s
results in • Decreased trade (exports dropped)• Increased unemployment• Increased poverty & starvation
A Militaristic Japan• The people turn to the military
to help solve problems• Why?– The military inspired pride &
prestige in Japan– The military was seen as able to
change the way Japan was treated internationally through domination & strength
A Militaristic Japan• Society– Ultra-Nationalism takes hold in Japan• Democracy and socialism are removed
from society• Policies of expansion are pursued
– The Role of the Emperor changes• The emperor becomes a figurehead as
more power transitions to the military leaders• A cult is promoted around the emperor• Schools promote obedience and service
to the emperor
A Militaristic Japan • Japan and China– Historic enemies– Japan begins to increase pressure and
demands upon China to gain control• 1915: Japan issues the 21
Demands to make China a Japanese protectorate; this is rejected.• 1919: Japan is given control of
German possessions in China by the Treaty of Versailles
A Militaristic Japan• Japan begins to increase pressure and demands upon
China to gain control (cont’d)
• 1931: Japanese military officers stage an event in Manchuria (part of China) to give Japan a reason to invade. Japan then seizes Manchuria and sets up a puppet state.
• 1937: Japan invades mainland China• 1939: Japan is at war with China &
World War II begins [with Japan allied with Germany & Italy]
A Militaristic Japan• So….At first, zaibatsu (powerful companies)
influenced politics, but during the 1930’s the government is taken over by the military so that Japan can get raw materials and territory and create an empire. Japanese military forces nationalism/cult/etc.. on the people, and forces the people to get back to traditional or “ancient warrior” values.
A Militaristic Japan
• What are the results of going back to these values ??–Fascism–Obedience–Aggression
A Militaristic Japan: Final Thought
• Why were the Japanese willing to follow military leaders from a democratic government based in a constitution to a military dictatorship?– Power– Economic prosperity (raw materials &
territory)– To denounce racist theories that Asians
were inferior to Europeans
Chaos in China
• China in 1900’s– Still trying to remove foreign powers
from their spheres of influence– Still trying to establish a stable
government after collapse of last dynasty (Qing)
– Still trying to establish itself as a modern nation after the Revolution of 1911
Chaos in China
• Because China was still not stable before World War I began, it remained that way after the war too.–Old ways v. New ways–Warlords v. New Political Parties–Nationalists v. Communists
Chaos in China
• Chiang Kai-shek – Head of the Nationalist Party– Also called the Kuomintang
Chiang saw Japan as a serious threat but believed Communists were more dangerous.
“the Communists are a disease of the heart”
Chaos in China• Mao Zedong– Leader of the Communist Party
Mao believed revolution would be successful when supported by the peasants.• 80% of China’s population
were still peasantsMao rose to power during the Long March• Used the time to train,
recruit, and teach followers• Used short phrases that could
be easily memorized
China in Chaos
Nationalists• led by Chaing Kai-shek• "New Life Movement"• combine modern
Western innovations with traditional Confucian values
• RR's, highways, factories
• Education, land reform
Communists• led by Mao Zedong• believed the
peasants were key to successful revolution
• forced on Long March by Chiang
• "down but not out" in the 1920's & 30's
CIVIL WAR !
1927 - 1949
Chaos in China• The Long March
Chaos in China
• The Long March - Part 2 (4 of 4) - YouTube• China's Long March - 28 Sep 09 – YouTube
Video Questions:1. What was the Long March?
~Provide 3 relevant facts to explain its importance
2. How is the Long March viewed (both then and now)? ~Provide 3-5 relevant facts
Chaos in China
• China becomes the People’s Republic of China (PRC) a communist nation in 1949.
Chaos in China The Rise of Mao
• Mao Zedong "One Man's Revolution"
Video Questions:1. Who was Mao Zedong ?
~Provide 3 relevant facts.2. What were his goals ?
~Provide 3-5 relevant facts.
Essential Questions #4 and #5
• #4 – Who was Mao Zedong and what were his goals?
• #5 – Identify and describe 3 of Chiang Kai-shek’s successes in China during the 1930’s.
Nationalism in Latin America
Nationalism in Latin America
• Problems that came with independence–No unity–Caudillos–Poverty–Economic dependence–Geographic barriers–Social hierarchy remained
Nationalism in Latin America
• The Great Depression of 1930’s–Hurt Latin America as well, 50%
decline in exports–However, new, locally owned
industries did begin to develop–Investment ($$) was still a major
obstacle to prosperity
Argentina
Nationalism in Latin America• Argentina–Oligarchy large group of wealthy
landowners controlled the government–1890 the Radical Party was formed–1916 Hipolito Irigoyen, leader of the
Radical Party, was elected but his government also became corrupt and weak to the influence of the landowners
Brazil
Nationalism in Latin America• Brazil–1889 a republic was formed but was
dominated by the wealthy coffee plantation owners
– By 1900, 75% of the world’s coffee was grown in Brazil = Brazilians
– By 1929, the Great Depression caused coffee prices to hit a record low = Brazilians–1930 a military coup put Getulio
Vargas in power
Nationalism in Latin America• Brazil– Getulio Vargas (cont’d)
• Ruled as a dictator from 1930-1945• Did establish an 8 hour work day
& minimum wage • New industries established in
steel & oil • Political parties were outlawed • Secret police used to silence
opposition
Mex
ico
Nationalism in Latin America• Mexico–Revolution of 1910 has left Mexico
somewhere between a democracy & a dictatorship –The Institutional Revolutionary
Party (PRI) controlled all major groups and aspects of Mexico–Lazaro Cardenas ruled as president
from 1934-1940
Nationalism in Latin America• Mexico under Cardenas (cont’d)–Re-distributed over 44 million acres of
land to Mexican peasants = Mexicans–Stood up the US on issues like oil (they
have it, we want it)–Tried to fulfill goals of the 1910
Revolution–Painters like Diego Rivera used their art
to convey political messages during this time.
The art of Diego Rivera…
Essential Question #6
• Explain how Brazil, Mexico and Argentina each became more authoritarian in the 1930’s.
Unit 7 Summary• Imperialism is challenged
throughout the world• European dominance is eroding• Nationalism is on the rise• Ultra-nationalism has led to
authoritarianism in some nations like Japan
• The Great Depression of the 1930’s puts most nations in difficult times