UNIT 5 SEMINAR: Rheumatoid Arthritis Evelyn I. Milian Instructor 2011 SC235 – General Biology I: Human Perspectives

UNIT 5 SEMINAR:Rheumatoid Arthritis

Evelyn I. MilianInstructor

2011

SC235 – General Biology I: Human Perspectives

SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis

INTRODUCTION: Joints

Joint = Articulation = Arthrosis

A joint is a point of contact between bones, cartilage and bones, or teeth and bones.

The joints of the skeletal system hold bones together and allow movement and flexibility.

2011 Evelyn I. Milian - Instructor 2


Joint Classifications

Structural classification: based on their anatomical characteristics. Fibrous (fibrous connective tissue), cartilaginous

(cartilage), synovial (synovial cavity & articular capsule) Functional classification: based on the type of

movement they permit. Synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis

(semimovable), diarthrosis (freely movable) Some examples of joints:

Sutures uniting bones of the skull, shoulder joint, elbow joint, wrist joint, intercarpal joints (fingers), intervertebral joints, hip joint, knee joint, ankle joint



Examples of Joints


Suture: Fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that unites bones of the skull.

Immovable (synarthrosis).

Shoulder joint (humeroscapular or glenohumeral joint): Ball-and-socket joint between the humerus and the scapula.

It has more freedom of movement than any other joint of the body.


Examples of Joints


Elbow joint: hinge joint between the humerus, the ulna, and the radius.

Allows flexion and extension of the forearm.

Hip (coxal) joint: ball-and-socket joint between the femur and the hip bone.

It’s very strong and stable.


Examples of Joints: Knee Joint (Tibiofemoral Joint)

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The knee joint (tibiofemoral joint) is the largest and most complex joint of the body, consisting of three joints within a single synovial cavity. It is a joint between the femur, the tibia and the patella.

2011 Evelyn I. Milian - Instructor


Examples of Movements at Synovial Joints



Examples of Movements at Joints



Examples of Special Movements at Synovial Joints



FIELD TRIP!!!

Emedicinehealth: Rheumatoid Arthritis http://www.emedicinehealth.com/rh

eumatoid_arthritis/article_em.htm

WebMD; Rheumatoid Arthritis Overview: http://www.webmd.com/rheumatoi

d-arthritis/default.htm




DISORDERS: Rheumatism and Arthritis

Rheumatism Any painful disorder of the supporting structures of the body—bones,

joints, ligaments, tendons, or muscles—not caused by infection or injury.

Arthritis = Inflammation of joints A group of rheumatic diseases in which synovial joints are swollen,

stiff, and painful. Arthritis always involve damage to the articular cartilages, but the specific cause can vary. The diseases of arthritis are usually classified as either degenerative or inflammatory.

Osteoarthritis (OA; “wear-and-tear” arthritis) A degenerative joint disease in which joint cartilage is gradually lost.

It results from a combination of aging, irritation of the joints, and wear and abrasion.

It is characterized by deterioration of articular cartilage and bone spur formation; usually non-inflammatory.



What is Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the joints (primarily of the synovial membrane), which causes swelling, pain, and loss of function.

Autoimmune diseases are disorders that result from the immune system mistakenly attacking its own cells and tissues, in this case its own cartilage and joint linings.

Usually, this form of arthritis occurs bilaterally: on the left and right sides of the body, although often not to the same degree.

The exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not known.

Allergies, bacteria, viruses, and genetic factors have all been proposed as contributing to or triggering the destructive inflammation.


The immune system is a complicated network of cells and cell components that normally defend the body and eliminate bacterial, viral, and other pathogenic infections.

In an autoimmune response, the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own cells, tissues and organs.

In RA, the attack affects cartilage in the joints. Using what you have learned about the immune response, what symptoms would you predict?


Rheumatoid Arthritis is an Autoimmune Disease


Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Inflammation of the synovial membrane. If untreated, the membrane thickens, and synovial fluid accumulates.

Pain and tenderness due to resulting pressure. The membrane then produces an abnormal granulation tissue, called

pannus, that adheres to the surface of the articular cartilage and sometimes erodes the cartilage completely.

Fibrous tissue joins exposed bone ends, ossifies and fuses to the joint and it becomes immovable—the ultimate crippling effect of rheumatoid arthritis.

Distortion of fingers due to the growth of granulation tissue.

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Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Inflammation

Pain, swelling, warmth

Stiffness

Rheumatoid nodules

Disability: Progression of the disease results in deformities and loss of function of tissues

Some complications can occur as the disease progresses, affecting organs such as the heart, lungs and kidneys.



Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Symptoms and physical exam

Radiography (X-rays)

Blood tests: immunological test to detect rheumatoid factor (RF), a nonspecific autoantibody (antibody directed against the individual’s own tissues).



What are the Treatments for Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Treatments alleviate symptoms and/or modify the disease process

Medications: Analgesics: painkillers

Anti-inflammatory drugs: including NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and corticosteroids to suppress the symptoms

Immunosuppresive drugs / disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs: inhibit or halt immune process including inflammation; reduce rate of damage to bone and cartilage



What are the Treatments for Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Physical therapy and nutritional therapy:

May alleviate symptoms, but do not prevent joint damage or slow the disease progression.

Surgery:

Synovectomy: Removal of inflammed synovial membrane; prevents quick destruction of joints.

Joint replacement surgery for severely affected joints.



Epidemiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Onset is most frequent between the ages of 40 and 50, but people of any age can be affected.

Prevalent in around 1 percent of the adult population.

1 in 1,000 children under age 16 show signs of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

More prevalent in Caucasians and some North American native tribes than in African Americans, Chinese and Japanese.

Women affected 3-5 times more often than men.

Up to three times more common in smokers than non-smokers.



Questions???

Air Quality Lab Project due Tuesday by the end of Unit 5.

Detailed instructions posted in Doc Sharing; see also my announcement in the Course Home page.

Summary of main parts (in Microsoft Word):

1. Introduction

2. Table of detailed observations of filter for each week

3. Analysis of your original hypothesis comparing it with your results; answer questions in lab instructions

4. Substantial letter to your government representative

5. References to back up your work (at least 3)



Example of Data Chart for Lab Project 2 – Air Pollution Assessment

Date & Time

TemperatureWeather

ConditionsCondition of Filter

Unique Items or Particles

Stuck on Filter

Details about Location and

Other Comments


Materials:• Coffee filter, Vaseline Petroleum Jelly,

string or fishing wire, hole-puncher or scissors


References

Audesirk, Teresa; Audesirk, Gerald & Byers, Bruce E. (2005). Biology: Life on Earth. Seventh Edition. Pearson Education, Inc.-Prentice Hall. NJ, USA.

Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B., et al. (2008). Biology. Eighth Edition. Pearson Education, Inc.-Pearson Benjamin Cummings. CA, USA.

Cowan, Marjorie Kelly; Talaro, Kathleen Park. (2009). Microbiology A Systems Approach. Second Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. NY, USA. www.mhhe.com/cowan2e

Enger, Eldon D.; Ross, Frederick C.; Bailey, David B. (2007). Concepts in Biology. Twelfth Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. NY, USA.

Ireland, K.A. (2011). Visualizing Human Biology. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. NJ, USA.

Mader, Sylvia S. (2010). Biology. Tenth Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. NY, USA.

Martini, Frederic H.; Nath, Judi L. (2009). Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology. Eighth Edition. Pearson Education, Inc. – Pearson Benjamin Cummings. CA, USA.

Tortora, Gerard J.; Derrickson, Bryan. (2006). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Eleventh Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. NJ, USA. www.wiley.com/college/apcentral.


Documents

UNIT 5 SEMINAR: Rheumatoid Arthritis Evelyn I. Milian Instructor 2011 SC235 – General Biology I: Human Perspectives