Unit 5 ReviewUnit 5 Review

Sickle Cell AnemiaSickle Cell AnemiaProtein SynthesisProtein Synthesis

MeiosisMeiosisCloning and Stem CellsCloning and Stem Cells

What to Know and Be Able to DoWhat to Know and Be Able to Do

• Unit 5 covers all human knowledge including:Unit 5 covers all human knowledge including:– Cause and Traits of Sickle Cell AnemiaCause and Traits of Sickle Cell Anemia– Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis– MeiosisMeiosis– Cloning and Stem CellsCloning and Stem Cells

• Review and Know Unit 5 Vocabulary WordsReview and Know Unit 5 Vocabulary Words• Review Lessons from Unit 5Review Lessons from Unit 5

Sickle Cell AnemiaSickle Cell Anemia

• Individuals who are sickle cell carriers (SA) are resistant to malaria infection. This means that they do not get malaria if they are bitten by a mosquito that has plasmodium microorganisms.

Sickle Cell AnemiaSickle Cell Anemia

• Proteins determine the traits (phenotypes) of living things

• Sickle Cell is a recessive trait resulting in an error in the amino acid sequence of Hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells

Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis

• TranscriptionTranscription– DNA triplet code DNA triplet code

transcribed into messenger transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA)RNA (mRNA)

– mRNA triplet code called mRNA triplet code called “codons”“codons”

– Occurs in nucleusOccurs in nucleus– mRNA carries DNA code to mRNA carries DNA code to

ribosome in cytoplasmribosome in cytoplasm

• TranslationTranslation– mRNA/ribosome complex mRNA/ribosome complex

translate triplet code into translate triplet code into amino acid (aa) sequenceamino acid (aa) sequence

– Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings a specific aa to a specific aa to mRNA/ribosome complexmRNA/ribosome complex

– tRNA triplet “anticodon” tRNA triplet “anticodon” matches mRNA codon to matches mRNA codon to insure aa’s are in correct insure aa’s are in correct sequencesequence

DNA vs RNA NucleotidesDNA vs RNA Nucleotides

• DNADNA– Deoxyribonucleic AcidDeoxyribonucleic Acid– Double-stranded helixDouble-stranded helix– Composed of NucleotidesComposed of Nucleotides

• AdenineAdenine• CytosineCytosine• GuanineGuanine• ThymineThymine

• RNARNA– Ribonucleic AcidRibonucleic Acid– Single-strandedSingle-stranded– Composed of NucleotidesComposed of Nucleotides

• AdenineAdenine• CytosineCytosine• GuanineGuanine• UracilUracil

TranscriptionTranscription• DNA untwists and unzipsDNA untwists and unzips• RNA nucleotides base pair with RNA nucleotides base pair with

exposed DNA basesexposed DNA bases– Uracil base pairs with AdenineUracil base pairs with Adenine

• mRNA codons match DNA mRNA codons match DNA triplet codetriplet code

• Which strand is DNA? Why?Which strand is DNA? Why?• Which strand is RNA? WhyWhich strand is RNA? Why• Where in the cell is this process Where in the cell is this process

taking place?taking place?

TranslationTranslation

• Occurs in cytoplasm at Occurs in cytoplasm at mRNA/Ribosome complexmRNA/Ribosome complex

• Triplet anticodons of tRNA Triplet anticodons of tRNA match mRNA codons to match mRNA codons to align aa’s in correct align aa’s in correct sequencesequence

• aa’s bonded together into aa’s bonded together into correct polypeptide chain correct polypeptide chain sequence sequence

Protein Synthesis PracticeProtein Synthesis Practice

VIP Gene DNA Base SequenceVIP Gene DNA Base Sequence

ATG-ACA-TCG-TCG-TTC-CTA-TTC-TCG-TAAATG-ACA-TCG-TCG-TTC-CTA-TTC-TCG-TAA

VIP Gene mRNA Base Sequence (codons)VIP Gene mRNA Base Sequence (codons)

____-____-____-____-____-____-____-____-________-____-____-____-____-____-____-____-____

tRNA Anticodon SequencetRNA Anticodon Sequence

____-____-____-____-____-____-____-____-________-____-____-____-____-____-____-____-____

Protein (aa) Sequence (use key)Protein (aa) Sequence (use key)

____-____-____-____-____-____-____-____-________-____-____-____-____-____-____-____-____

Protein Synthesis PracticeProtein Synthesis PracticeVIP Gene DNA Base SequenceVIP Gene DNA Base Sequence

ATG-ACA-TCG-TCG-TTC-CTA-TTC-TCG-TAAATG-ACA-TCG-TCG-TTC-CTA-TTC-TCG-TAA

VIP Gene mRNA Base Sequence (codon)VIP Gene mRNA Base Sequence (codon)

UAC-UGU-AGC-AGC-AAG-GAU-AAG-AGC-AUUUAC-UGU-AGC-AGC-AAG-GAU-AAG-AGC-AUU

tRNA Anticodon SequencetRNA Anticodon Sequence

____-____-____-____-____-____-____-____-________-____-____-____-____-____-____-____-____Protein (aa) Sequence (use key)Protein (aa) Sequence (use key)

____-____-____-____-____-____-____-____-________-____-____-____-____-____-____-____-____

Protein Synthesis PracticeProtein Synthesis PracticeVIP Gene DNA Base SequenceVIP Gene DNA Base Sequence

ATG-ACA-TCG-TCG-TTC-CTA-TTC-TCG-TAAATG-ACA-TCG-TCG-TTC-CTA-TTC-TCG-TAA

VIP Gene mRNA Base Sequence (codon)VIP Gene mRNA Base Sequence (codon)

UAC-UGU-AGC-AGC-AAG-GAU-AAG-AGC-AUUUAC-UGU-AGC-AGC-AAG-GAU-AAG-AGC-AUU

tRNA Anticodon SequencetRNA Anticodon Sequence

AUG-ACA-UCG-UCG-UUC-CUA-UUC-UCG-UAAAUG-ACA-UCG-UCG-UUC-CUA-UUC-UCG-UAA

Protein (aa) Sequence (use key)Protein (aa) Sequence (use key)

____-____-____-____-____-____-____-____-________-____-____-____-____-____-____-____-____

Protein Synthesis PracticeProtein Synthesis PracticetRNA Anticodon SequencetRNA Anticodon Sequence

AUG-ACA-UCG-UCG-UUC-CUA-UUC-UCG-UAAAUG-ACA-UCG-UCG-UUC-CUA-UUC-UCG-UAAProtein (aa) Sequence (use key)Protein (aa) Sequence (use key)

____-____-____-____-____-____-____-____-________-____-____-____-____-____-____-____-____

Protein Synthesis PracticeProtein Synthesis PracticetRNA Anticodon SequencetRNA Anticodon Sequence

AUG-ACA-UCG-UCG-UUC-CUA-UUC-UCG-UAAAUG-ACA-UCG-UCG-UUC-CUA-UUC-UCG-UAAProtein (aa) Sequence (use key)Protein (aa) Sequence (use key)

(start)(start) M – T – S – S – F – L – F – S – W M – T – S – S – F – L – F – S – W (stop)(stop)

MeiosisMeiosis

Process that produces haploid gametes (sex cells) Process that produces haploid gametes (sex cells) that have one-half of the genetic material of the that have one-half of the genetic material of the

original diploid cell original diploid cell

MeiosisMeiosis

Things to Know for MeiosisThings to Know for Meiosis• Meiosis has eight stagesMeiosis has eight stages• Results in the formation of gametesResults in the formation of gametes• Gametes or sex cells have half the Gametes or sex cells have half the

number of chromosomes of a number of chromosomes of a normal cell (haploid)normal cell (haploid)

• All other cells in your body, All other cells in your body, everything but the eggs or sperm, everything but the eggs or sperm, are diploid cellsare diploid cellsClick here for Meiosis animationClick here for Meiosis animation

• Prophase IProphase I• Metaphase IMetaphase I• Anaphase IAnaphase I• Telophase ITelophase I

• Prophase IIProphase II• Metaphase IIMetaphase II• Anaphase IIAnaphase II• Telophase IITelophase II

www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/meiosis.htmlwww.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/meiosis.html

Cloning & Stem CellsCloning & Stem Cells

• What does it mean to “clone” an organism?What does it mean to “clone” an organism?• What are stem cells and what are the pros and What are stem cells and what are the pros and

cons of stem cell research?cons of stem cell research?

Unit 5 Study GuideUnit 5 Study Guide

Worth 5 Extra Credit points on test if Worth 5 Extra Credit points on test if completedcompleted (do your own work) and turned (do your own work) and turned

in on test day.in on test day.