Upload
zion
View
126
Download
3
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Unit 5 Becoming an Industrial Society- Answers. Complete the Guided Reading as you view the Power Point. Goal 5:. Objective 5.01: Evaluate the influence of immigration and rapid industrialization on urban life. Essential Questions: • How did immigration and industrialization shape urban life? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Unit 5Becoming an Industrial
Society- Answers
Complete the Guided Reading as you view the Power Point.
Goal 5: Objective 5.01: Evaluate the influence of
immigration and rapid industrialization on urban life.
Essential Questions: • How did immigration and industrialization shape
urban life? • How did the rapid industrialization of the Gilded
Age create economic, social, and political change in the U.S.?
• Did immigration and rapid industrialization have a positive or negative impact on the economic and social structure of the United States?
Industrialization
Immigration and
Urban Life
Important Inventions: After the Civil War the U.S. continued to become
an industrialized society Inventions that helped industrialization:
◦ Telegraph- Samuel Morse- increased communication for people and businesses
◦ Telephone- Alexander Graham Bell- increased communication for people and businesses
◦ Light Bulb- Thomas Edison-people could see after sunset, work longer hours, and produce more products
◦ Elevators- allowed people and businesses to operate in tall buildings
◦ Typewriter- increased the rate that letters and documents could be written and exchanged
Typewriter
Many people left their farms and moved to the city where they could earn higher wages◦ Rising farm costs and declining prices for
agricultural products Many people from other countries moved to
the United States in the late 1800’s◦ Irish- potato famine◦ Displaced workers from Europe due to
industrialization Most came from Europe and settled in the
Northeast
Migration to the Cities and Immigration to the United States:
Why is it important?◦ To handle the large number of immigrants the
federal government opened Ellis Island in 1892◦ Located near Statue of Liberty in New York harbor◦ Reception center for immigrants arriving by ship◦ Immigrants were examined by doctors to avoid
the spread of disease◦ Mentally and physically disabled were often not
allowed entrance into the United States
Migration to the Cities and Immigration to the United States:
Statue of Liberty:
Ellis Island:
Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty:
Ellis Island:
Visit Ellis Island Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island
Discovery Education Videos:
Immigrants experienced culture shock as they moved to the United States and were surrounded by many different people an cultures they were not accustomed to
The increased number of immigrants and people moving to cities made urban areas population grow during the late 1800’s
Before 1870 most immigrants were from Western Europe and found it easy to adapt to United States culture
Migration to the Cities and Immigration to the United States:
After 1870 many immigrants came from Eastern and Southern Europe
Why is it important?◦ Most spoke different languages◦ Many practiced different religions such as Judaism
and Catholicism ◦ This caused most Eastern and Southern European
immigrants to have a difficult transition into American culture
Migration to the Cities and Immigration to the United States:
The American culture developed into a melting pot
Melting Pot: a place where people of all backgrounds could come and blend into American society
Most immigrants did not want to assimilate into American culture they wanted to maintain the traditions of their own cultures
As more people from different countries moved to America, cities began to experience cultural pluralism
Migration to the Cities and Immigration to the United States:
Positive effects of immigration: greater diversity, larger labor force for industries
Problems from immigration: ◦ Americans thought immigrants took their jobs◦ Americans mistrusted foreigners◦ Americans were suspicious of ethnic ghettos
Ethnic Ghettos: Areas in the inner cities where immigrants from certain regions or countries lived together due to common culture, language, and heritage
Problems and Concerns:
Many Americans saw immigrants’ desire to continue their culture as disloyal to the United States
Religious differenced were a big problem concerning immigration
Most Americans were Protestant while most immigrants were Catholic or Jewish- this created a problem for many Americans
Problems also arose within the immigrant communities as people from different nations and ethnic groups developed rivalries with one another
Problems and Concerns:
As ideas of nativism grew (people opposed to immigration) hate groups like the Know-Nothings increased
Immigrants often faced violence and discrimination
The government reacted to nativism concerns by passing laws to restrict immigration to the U.S.
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: prohibited Chinese immigrants from legally coming to the U.S.- was not repealed until 1943
Nativism and Restrictions on Immigration:
Many immigrants experienced difficult living and working conditions
Many lived in tenements- small, overcrowded apartments Large families often lived in one room apartments that
were unsanitary and unsafe Immigrants worked long hours under hazardous
conditions for low wages in factories Some worked in sweatshops- makeshift factories in small
apartments or unused buildings Why is it important?
◦ Sweatshops were poorly lit, poorly ventilated and unsafe◦ Sweatshops would hire poor workers to work long hours for little
pay
Living and Working Conditions Among Immigrants:
Tenements
Tenement Neighborhood
Child Labor
Chinese Factory 2011
The troubles faced by immigrants inspired many reformers to offer their help
Jacob Riis wrote “How the Other Half Lives” and was able to get New York to pass laws aimed at improving tenements living conditions
Jane Addams- part of the Social Gospel- people who believed their Christian faith required them to take an active role in social issues of the day
Reformers and the Social Gospel:
Jane Addams is referred to as the Mother of Social Work
She opened and ran Hull House- a settlement house in Chicago
Settlement House- established in poor neighborhoods where social activists would live and from which they would offer assistance to immigrants and underprivileged citizens
Reformers and the Social Gospel:
Urban life changed as populations in cities grew
Electric Trolley- transportation that allowed people to live outside the city but still be able to work and play inside the city (later people used trains and subways)
Why is it important?◦ Suburbs developed- ◦ Divisions in economic classes developed
Middle and upper classes moved to the suburbs and left the poorer classes and immigrants in the cities
Urban Life in the Age of Industrialization:
Trolley Car
On farms people worked until all the work was completed◦ Leisure activities were limited to certain
celebrations and seasons With industrialization factory workers
worked by the clock and looked for new activities to entertain them after hours
Urban Life in the Age of Industrialization:
Why is it important? They began to look for leisure activities to
entertain themselves after work◦ Saloons became popular as places to drink, meet people,
and talk◦ Dance halls and cabarets developed (musical shows)◦ Amusement parks and Vaudeville shows developed
(variety shows like America’s Got Talent, X Factor)◦ Movies and spectator sports developed ◦ City parks developed
New York’s Central Park is the most famous Designed by Frederick Olmstead- a famous landscape architect
Desigen Olmstead Park in Raleigh
Urban Life in the Age of Industrialization:
Objective 5.02: Explain how business and industrial leaders accumulated wealth and wielded political and economic power.
Essential Questions: • What characteristics were vital to the success
of industrial leaders of the Gilded Age? • How did captains of industry accumulate
wealth and power? • Should an individual be allowed to accumulate
as much wealth as possible?
Goal 5:
Industrialization brought new opportunities and chances to make money
Some Americans became very, very wealthy
This wealth changed the role of American business and the role of the government in the nation’s economy (economy deals with money and business)
The Rise of Big Business:
STEEL!!!!!! 1850’s Henry Bessemer developed a
method for making steel known as the Bessemer process
Manufacturers could make steel much quicker and more efficiently
Why is it important?◦ Increased production of steel meant faster
expansion of railroads and more construction of buildings
◦ Steel became very important to the nation’s economy
Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization:
Andrew Carnegie- dominated the steel industry
Carnegie’s company controlled the steel industry through a process known as vertical integration- the company owns the company that produces the finished product but also the companies that provide the materials necessary for production- they own it all from start to finish
Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization:
Carnegie owned steel mills, iron ore and coal mines, railroads and ships that transported resources and products
Carnegie formed a monopoly- control over the supply of a product with no competition
Carnegie believed in the Gospel of Wealth- responsibility of wealthy to spend money on helping others, not waste it
Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization:
OIL!!!!!! Edwin Drake successfully drilled for oil in Pennsylvania John D. Rockefeller- became one of the nation's richest
and most powerful businessmen Rockefeller owned Standard Oil- the nation’s first trust Trust- business arrangement under which several
companies unite into one system- GOAL is to destroy competition and create monopolies
Through the trust Rockefeller was able to dictate prices, eliminate competition and control the U.S. industry
Like Carnegie, Rockefeller used vertical integration and owned all the steps in producing his oil
Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization:
Cornelius Vanderbilt- extended his New York Central railroad to Chicago, Illinois
Why is it important?◦ Travelers could go from New York to Chicago
without having to change trains◦ Helped railroad industry by making travel faster
and easier for passengers
Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization:
Biltmore House Asheville, North Carolina
The change in business brought a new business leader- finance capitalist- bankers who applied economic influence through companies’ stocks and bonds
J.P. Morgan was the most powerful finance capitalist Morgan eventually influenced control over banks,
insurance companies, and stock market operations Morgan and his company had assets of over $22
billion Morgan bought Carnegie’s steel company and formed
US Steel- the price he paid made Carnegie the richest man in the WORLD!
Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization:
George Westinghouse founded Westinghouse Electric Company and made electricity more accessible to all people and developed new ways electrical power could be used
Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization:
Industrial leaders established power through monopolies, trusts, and interlocking directorates
Interlocking Directorates allowed directors of one company to serve as directors for other companies
Why is it important?◦ These leaders controlled entire industries,
increased their wealth, and eliminated competition◦ These leaders became super wealthy during the
age of industrialization
Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization:
Mid 1800’s Herbert Spencer introduced a concept known as Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism- used the theories of Charles Darwin to argue life is a battle for the “survival of the fittest” (the strongest survive)
Many business leaders supported this idea and used it as a foundation for their business beliefs
They used it to support their belief in laissez-faire capitalism- keep government out of business or try to regulate it
They believed it was best for the country and the economy if only those industries who were the strongest survived
Social Darwinism and the Gilded Age:
They believed that supply and demand could dictate business actions without the “unnatural” interference of government
Many people agreed with the ideas of the business leaders
One reason was the belief that anyone could become rich if they tried hard enough
In the children’s book “Horatio Alger” Horatio was able to go from poverty to wealth through hard work and determination
Social Darwinism and the Gilded Age:
Not everyone agreed with Social Darwinism Many believed that the wealth of a few
came to them at the expense of the poor They referred to the leaders of industry not
as captains of industry, but as robber barons- greedy, rich, unethical businessmen
They did not believe business leaders should become rich while workers remained poor with unsafe, unsanitary working conditions
Social Darwinism and the Gilded Age:
The period from 1877 to the early 1900’s became known as the Gilded Age
The Gilded Age is a term from writer Mark Twain- it refers to a time when a thin layer of prosperity was covering the poverty and corruption that existed in most of American society
Social Darwinism and the Gilded Age:
Objective 5.03: Assess the impact of labor unions on industry and the lives of workers.
Essential Questions: • Why social, economic, and political factors
led to the need for the formation of labor unions?
• To what extent were labor unions effective in meeting the political, economic, and social needs of laborers?
• How effective were labor unions in improving the lives of American workers?
Goal 5:
Workers and the
Labor Unions
Conditions of the Worker: Work in factories was monotonous, with long
hours, low pay and very dangerous Workers did not have Social Security or
unemployment benefits at this time Child Labor was common To help pay the bills children as young as 5
years old would work in factories and not go to school
With no education they had little hope of every working another job or improving life’s situation
Unions- organizations of workers formed to protect the interest of its members
2 kinds of unions Craft Union- unions for skilled workers
with a specific craft Trade Union- unions for less skilled
workers Famous Unions from the late 1800’s
◦ Knights of Labor◦ American federation of Labor
The Unions:
1869- hoped to organize all working men and women into a single union
Included factory workers, farmers, shopkeepers, office workers
It included African Americans Supported equal pay for equal work, 8
hour workdays, the end of child labor Union ended by the 1890’s
The Knights of Labor:
1886- Craft Union led by Samuel Gompers Supported issues of wages, working
hours and working conditions Used strikes and boycotts as economic
pressure to support workers Strike- when employees refuse to work
until business owners meet certain demands
Boycott- refusal to buy or pay for certain products to force owners to change policies or actions
The AmericanFederation of Labor (AFL):
The AFL used collective bargaining and mediation
Collective Bargaining- employees negotiate as a united group to increase their bargaining power
Mediation- using a neutral their party to help negotiate an agreement acceptable to both sides you and your friend get angry and Mrs. Zappia helps you resolve it)
Arbitration- form of mediation where the third party has the power to make a decision for all involved (you and your friend get angry and Mr. Colvin tells you how it will be resolved)
The AmericanFederation of Labor (AFL):
AFL supported Closed Shop workplaces where employers could only hire union members
They hoped to increase their power of negotiation by having a united workforce
Closed Shops forced employers to deal with the union because they could not hire non-union employees
The AmericanFederation of Labor (AFL):
Employers hated unions Many forced employees to sign yellow dog
contracts which forbade workers from joining unions
Some placed union workers on blacklists- lists of workers employers refused to hire
Some used lockouts- locking out employees from returning to work
Some would hire scabs as replacement workers during strikes
Employer Response to Unions:
The government supported employers during strikes
Employers asked the government for injunctions- court orders that forbade strikes because they violated the law or threatened public interest
Some employers used violence and intimidation to stop labor unions
Employer Response to Unions:
1877 Railroad workers went on strike in the Midwest and East over wages
Workers responded to the threat of wage cuts with violence President Rutherford B. Hayes sent in federal troops
twice to stop the protests The railroads carried the mail The mail is under the jurisdiction of the federal government
so federal law gave the president the power to use force to stop any strike that might interfere with the mail
Why is it important? The Great Railway Strike of 1877 showed employers they
could appeal to the federal government for help in dealing with strikes
Strikes and Confrontations:
May 1886 workers across the nation fought for an 8 hour workday
May 4, 1886 demonstrators held a rally at Chicago’s Haymarket Square
A group of radicals (extremists) set off a bomb and killed 7 police officers
A riot broke out- police and protesters were killed
The Haymarket Riot turned people against unions- they identified then with anarchy and violence
Strikes and Confrontations:
1892 Homestead Strike- steel workers at the Carnegie Steel plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania went on strike
The Pinkertons, a private police force, was hired to stop the strike
Strikers and Pinkertons shot at each other- several people were killed or wounded
The public saw the strikers as violent The union was forced to end the strike
Strikes and Confrontations:
1894 employees went to railroad car industrialist George Pullman to protest the laying off of workers
Pullman fired three of the labor representatives The union called for a strike Pullman closed the plant to avoid having to negotiate American Railway Union called for a national boycott of Pullman
cars 120,000 workers went on strike The federal government took out an injunction against the
union President Cleveland sent in federal troops to enforce the
injunction Why is it important?
◦ Pullman Strike set a precedent for factory owners to appeal to the courts to end strikes
Strikes and Confrontations:
Objective 5.04: Describe the changing role of government in economic and political affairs.
Essential Questions: • How did the government’s role in economic and
political affairs change during this era? • To what extent did industrialization affect the
relationships between government, business, and the worker?
• How did technological advancement affect industrialization and the role of the government?
• To what extent was the government’s changing role necessary and positive in this era?
Goal 5:
The Role of Government in
Economic and Political Affairs
Corruption in
Government
The Spoils System and the Pendleton Act:
As you know from Unit 3- after the death of Abraham Lincoln corruption became more common in the federal government under President Grant
Andrew Jackson began the spoils system of giving government jobs to friends and family
1881- a man who was angry he was not given a job he was promised, assassinated President James Garfield
Why is it important? Garfield’s death lead to the Pendleton Act It established the Civil Service Commission- requires
applicants to pass a civil service exam before being hired for any government position
Now jobs were given out based on merit rather than friendship or politics
Corruption was common in local and state government in the 1800’s
The fast growth of population in cities meant government had to increase police, fire departments, and transportation systems, public services, sewage, etc.
This meant more public money and a greater power for government
People fought for government positions to establish control and power
Political Machines- unofficial group with the goal of keeping a certain party or person in power
Political Machines:
Political Machines were led by a boss Graft- the use of your political position or job to
gain wealth Politicians gave contracts and political favors in
exchange for money and as a way to keep their power
Most famous boss was New York City’s Boss Tweed
Boss Tweed ran Tammany Hall- a political club that controlled the city’s Democratic Party
Tweed stole $100,000 million from the city
Political Machines:
Political cartoonist Thomas Nast helped to expose Boss Tweed and bring him down
Tammany Hall continued to dominate New York City politics after Boss Tweed lost his power
Political Machines:
1884- several scandals hit the presidential campaigns of the Republicans and Democrats
Democrat Grover Cleveland had a baby outside of marriage- he admitted to it and was seen as more trustworthy as the Republican candidate
Mugwumps- a group of reform Republicans who switched sides and voted for Cleveland and helped him win the election of 1884
President Cleveland began to regulate business Signed the Interstate Commerce Act which began the
Interstate Commerce Commission He regulated railroad rates for trains traveling
between states
Government Regulation:
1890- Under the presidency of Benjamin Harrison Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act which made monopolies illegal- ensured competition
1895- United States v. EC Knight Co- the Supreme Court ruled under the Sherman Antitrust Act the government had the authority to break up monopolies in the distribution of products, but NOT in the manufacturing of products
Why is it important?◦ Major victory for business and a setback in the fight
against monopolies
Government Regulation:
Populists- political group who fought for the rights of farmers, and other workers
Populists called for Political Reforms:◦ Secret Ballots: votes to be secret (also known as the
Australian Ballot)◦ Referendum: when citizens vote directly on certain issues
rather than have representatives do it (school bond) Wanted president and US Senators to be elected directly by the
people◦ Recall: the power of the people to remove a corrupt official
from office before their term expired ◦ Initiative: people can force a vote on an issue if they could
petition enough support from registered voters- people would have a voice in the political agenda of the government
The Populists Response to Corruption:
Why is it important?◦ Even though the Populists movement faded by
the early 1900’s… Populists helped make changes in government Populists helped make changes in the regulation of
business Many populists goals became reality during the
progressive Movement of the early 1900’s
The Populists Response to Corruption:
American West and Labor Unions The Development of New Cities Urban Transformation Miners Strike
Discovery Education Videos