Unit 4 Vocabulary 1. Eukaryote- organism whose cells contain a nucleus; Ex: plants, animals 2....
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 1. Eukaryote- organism whose cells contain a nucleus; Ex: plants, animals 2. Prokaryote- organism whose cells do not contain a nucleus; Ex: bacteria
Unit 4 Vocabulary 1. Eukaryote- organism whose cells contain a nucleus; Ex: plants, animals 2. Prokaryote- organism whose cells do not contain a nucleus;
Unit 4 Vocabulary 1. Eukaryote- organism whose cells contain a
nucleus; Ex: plants, animals 2. Prokaryote- organism whose cells do
not contain a nucleus; Ex: bacteria
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3. cell theory- Unit 4 Vocabulary
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4. Robert Hooke- first scientist to view cells
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 5. organelle- specialized structure that
performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell
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6. cell wall- provides structure for plant cells; barrier,
helps control water content #6 Not in animal cells! Unit 4
Vocabulary
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7. Cell/plasma membrane- forms boundary; semipermeable, acts as
gatekeeper by controlling what enters & exits the cell #7 Unit
4 Vocabulary
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8. nucleus- holds & protects the DNA; control center of
cell Unit 4 Vocabulary
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9. nucleolus- mix of proteins & nucleic acids; produces
ribosomes Unit 4 Vocabulary
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10. chromosomes/chromatin/DNA- the genetic material found in
the nucleus
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11. nuclear membrane- surrounds the nucleus to protect DNA Unit
4 Vocabulary
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12. cytosol- fluid in cell, mostly water; where many cellular
reactions take place cytoplasm- cytosol & organelles Unit 4
Vocabulary Cytoplasm/Cytosol
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 13. centriole- help to organize cell
division; in animal cells only
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14. endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- assembles lipids, proteins;
factory of cell Unit 4 Vocabulary
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15. ribosomes- synthesize proteins Unit 4 Vocabulary
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16. chloroplast- conducts photosynthesis (produces sugar);
solar power plant of cell Not in animal cells! Unit 4
Vocabulary
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17. mitochondria- where cellular respiration takes place &
energy is released; powerhouse of cell Unit 4 Vocabulary
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18. lysosomes- vesicles filled with enzymes; break down and
recycles molecules, old organelles; recycling center of cell Unit 4
Vocabulary
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19. Golgi apparatus/body/complex- sac-like structures that
sorts & packages materials; packaging center of cell Unit 4
Vocabulary
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20. vacuole- stores materials, especially water Unit 4
Vocabulary
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21. microtubules- hollow tubes that aid in cell division and
help cells maintain their shape; form cytoskeleton, the framework
of the cell
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 22. vesicle- membrane-enclosed structures
used for transport Moving substances into cell: Moving substances
out of cell:
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23. cell differentiation- process in which cells become
specialized in structure and function Unit 4 Vocabulary
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24. cancer- disorder in which some of the bodys cells lose the
ability to control growth
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 25. nucleated- contains a nucleus Eukaryotic
cells are nucleated because they contain nuclei. 26. synthesize- to
make something or combine things together Ribosomes synthesize
proteins.
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 27. unicellular- an organism composed of a
single cell; ex: prokaryotes like bacteria 28. multicellular- an
organism composed of many cells; ex: humans, trees
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 29. respiration- exchanging carbon dioxide
and oxygen; breathing Your cells respire so that they have the
oxygen necessary for breaking down glucose (cellular
respiration)
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 30. plasmolysis- the shrinking of the
cytoplasm of a plant cell due to water loss, causing gaps between
the cell wall and cell membrane
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 31. osmosis- the diffusion of water across a
membrane
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 32. diffusion- process where particles move
from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
33. diffusion gradient- a difference in the concentration of
particles from high to low
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 34. passive transport- the movement of
materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy;
ex: diffusion
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 35. active transport- the movement of
materials against a concentration difference; requires energy; ex:
pumping calcium across a membrane
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 36. permeable- allows substances to pass
through 37. impermeable- does not allow substances to pass through
38. differentially permeable/semipermeable- allows some things to
pass through but not others, as with the cell membrane
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 39. isotonic- when solute concentrations are
equal inside and outside of the cell and water moves in and out at
the same rate; means same strength Animal Cell: Plant Cell:
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 40. hypertonic- when the concentration of
solutes is high outside of the cell, causing water to leave; means
above strength Animal Cell: Plant Cell:
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 41. hypotonic- when the concentration of
solutes is lower outside of the cell, causing water to enter; means
below strength Animal Cell: Plant Cell:
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 42. secretion- the production and release of
a useful substance; ex: a cell excreting a hormone
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 43. surface area- the total area of the
outside of an object 44. volume- the total amount of space inside
an object 45. surface area : volume ratio- the amount of surface
area per unit volume; helps explain why cells must be small
Relative Surface Area:Relative Volume: The volume of a cell
increases much faster than its surface area! This causes transport
of molecules in and out of the cell to be too slow for the cell to
survive!
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 46. mitosis- type of cell division resulting
in 2 identical cells 47. spindle- a fan-like system of microtubules
that will help to separate duplicated chromosomes
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 48. chromatid- each DNA strand in a
duplicated chromosome 49. centromere- where replicated
DNA/chromosomes attach to each other
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 50. replication- the act of copying or
reproducing something DNA is replicated during interphase. 51.
interphase- the period of the cell cycle between cell divisions;
includes cell growth and DNA replication
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 52. prophase- 1 st phase of mitosis; DNA
condenses into chromosomes and spindle fibers form 53. metaphase- 2
nd phase of mitosis; chromosomes line up in center of cell, pulled
by spindle fibers
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 54. anaphase- 3 rd phase of mitosis; the
chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides of the cell 55.
telophase- 4 th phase of mitosis; the chromosomes unwind and
nuclear membranes reform
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 56. cytokinesis- division of the cytoplasm,
splitting the cell in two
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Unit 4 Vocabulary 57. Why are cells so small? The volume of a
cell increases much faster than its surface area. This causes
passive transport of molecules in and out of the cell to be too
slow for the cell to survive because the distance the molecules
must travel has become very large.
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58. What is the end product of mitosis? The end product of
mitosis is two identical cells. Unit 4 Vocabulary
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59. When would a cell undergo mitosis? A cell undergoes mitosis
when its surface area to volume has become to great for the cell to
rely on passive transport to survive. Mitosis begins after
interphase, when the cell grows in size and replicates its
DNA.