Unit 4 Review

Chinese Exclusion Act•passed in 1882•prohibited immigrants from China•was passed because of anti-Chinese feelings in the railroad industry•only legislation to target a specific group

Compromise of 1877•caused by election of 1876•Hayes (R) vs Tilden (D)•very close election and Tilden was only 1 electoral vote short•several southern states (especially Florida) had disputed results due to military control during Reconstruction•neither candidate had a majority of votes so Grant created a comission

Compromise of 1877 con•the commission was to have 7 Rep, 7 Dem, and 1 Ind (who backed out and was replaced with a Rep)•they choose Hayes as the winner•in order to get the South to agree to that, they created a compromise

Compromise of 1877 con•Hayes would become President•military would be removed from the south•the south would get $ for railroads•some Democrats would be given jobs•this officially ends the Reconstruction Era

Corruption in Grant's Presidency

•Fisk and Gould- tried to get all of the country's gold•Boss Tweed-corrupt politican•Credit Mobilier- railroad scandal that involved members of congress•Whiskey Ring- robbed the treasury of millions•William Belknap- sect of war who stole $$

Bloody Shirt•used to campaign for Republican candidates by reminding voters of the Republican/Union victory in the Civil War

Half-Breeds and Stalwarts•Half-Breeds-James Blaine- supported the use of the merit system•Stalwarts-Roscoe Conkling- supported the use of the Spoils system

Liberal Republicans•formed in response to the corruption in Grant's administration•election of 1872- ran a candidate (Horace Greeley-whom Democrats also ran as their candidate)•even though they lost the election, they caused the party to reform

Economic policies supported by debtors

•those who were people and in debt supported the idea of inflation•during this time it meant using the greenback and making silver available

voter turnout and support for both parties

•there weren't many large differences in the parties •voter turnout was very high•Republicans were supported by the North, union soldiers, Puritan •Democrats were supported by the South, Lutherans, Catholics

Bland-Allison Act•law that required the Treasury to buy and coin between $2 and $4 million in silver each month•vetoed by Hayes and congress voted to override the veto•the government only purchased the minimum and this was not very effective

Garfield's Assassination•Republicans were fighting over the issue of the spoils system•they choose Garfield (merit) as their Pres candidate and Arthur (spoils) as their VP candidate•Garfield won and was killed by someone who thought they should have gotten a job- Arthur became President and a reform law was passed

election of 1868•Grant (R) vs Seymour (D)•Popular vote 3,013,421 to 2,706,829 and Electoral Votes 214 to 80 •Grant wins•some Southern states weren't voting•focused on Bloody Shirt- union victory

Republican Domination•Republicans dominated the presidency from the election of Lincoln in 1860 until the election of Wilson 1912 with the expection of Cleveland's 2 nonconseuctive terms

Pendleton Civil Service Reform

•passed with the support of Arthur after Garfield's assasination•said that all government jobs must be awarded based on merit

Supreme Court cases in the late 1800's

•most cases in the late 1800's dealt with businesses •for the most part, they ruled in favor of businesses and against labor unions•Plessy v Ferguson- established idea of separate but equal facilities- legalized segration!

effective labor unions•Labor unions during this time had little success and many situations became violent•business owners, congress, and the majority of people did not like them•those that were the most effective were the unions that focused on better wages and better working hours for SKILLED workers (AFL)

feelings toward labor unions

•labor unions were growing at this time periode because of the barsh working conditions•most people especially the government strongly disliked unions

Railroads•connected the country•their construction in the West was the source of racial tension•there was a great deal of corruption- railroad owners worked together to control the system and make large profits•They gave price breaks to the weathly and farmers paid high prices

Economy in the late 1800s•led by technological innovations•controlled by trusts•a very small amount of people had most of the wealth•bankers controlled many key business•monetary policies were hot topic•depressions in 1873 and 1893

Immigration 1890-1910•large inlfux of immigrants•mostly from Southern and Eastern European countires such as Italy, Croatia, Slovakia, Greece, Poland, Austria-Hungary, Russia

Settlement Houses•centers set up to help immigrants•they taught English, provided counseling, childcare, and cultural activities•they were established by Christian women and became a way that women could be involved in social reform

Jane Addams•founded the most famous settlement house in Chicago named Hull House•instrumental in helping immigrants assimilate into society

Haymarket Square Incident

•labor disputes broke out in Chicago in May of 1886•police tried to break up a protest and a bomb was thrown into the crowd which killed and injured several dozen people including police

Haymarket Square Incident Cont

•8 anarchists were accused on the bombing but there was no direct proof. 5 were sentenced to death and the other 3 were given long prison terms•people associated the K of L with the anarachists and their popularity dropped after this includent

Booker T Washington•ran the black normal and industrial school at Tuskegge, AL•believed that blacks shouldn't focus on their social inequality•believed that they should try to acheive economic equality but learning a skill or trade and once achevied social equality would follow

government subsidies of the railroads

•in order to build the transcontinental railroad, the government gave monetary grants to fund the construction companies•they also gave land grants to the companies •see page 537

role of the government in the late 1800s

•in the late 1800s the government did the following:•protect private property rights•give away public land•use tariffs to protect American businesses•use court orders to prevent/stop workers from striking

W.E.B. DuBois•founder of the NAACP•demanded social and economic equality for blacks•he believed this moment should start with the talented tenth who would become equal and help to push the race forward

Homestead Act•passed in 1862•the government gave western land to settlers•they could get up to 160 acres for about $30•they had to live on it for 5 years and make improvements to it•was instrumental in settling the west

Robber Barons•knickname given to wealthy industrials in the late 1800s

American Cities•became crowded with immigrants who often settled into neighbors •were dirty, disease ridden•lacked good waste managment and clean water•began to see the weathly move toward the outside of the city because they could afford transportation

Gibson Girl•magazine image of an independent and athletic new woman•potrayed women as independent and assertive•page 555

Carnegie, Rockefeller, Morgan•Carnegie- Steel- Vertical Intergration (own all ascepts from start to finish)•Rockefeller- Oil-Horiztonal Intergration (own all competitors)•Morgan- Banking-interlocking directorate (group rivals together and place his officers on their board)

Economic Crisis 1893•caused by overbuilding, overspeculation, labor unrest, argicultural problems, monetary unstability caused by free silver, and unpaid loans from Europe•the gold reserves were very low and in 1895 Morgan loaned the US $65 million in gold

agriculture in the south and west

•due to technological advances, agriculture production increased greatly•this caused prices of agricultural products to drop•many farmers were in serious financial trouble as a result

Mining•mining for gold and silver attracted a great deal of people to the west

Election of 1896•William Jennings Bryan was the Democratic and Populist party candidate•William McKinley was the Republican•main issue was Gold vs Silver•Bryan makes "Cross of Gold" speech in favor of silver•McKinley wins and Gold issue is settled•represents class divisons (pg 637)

Election issues

•1888- Tariffs•1892- Tariffs•1896- Gold vs Silver•1900- Imperialism

Interstate Commerce Act•created to regulate businesses that operated across state borders•aimed at the railroads•banned price discrimination and rebates•enacted because railroads were giving breaks to the wealthy•Interstate Commerce Commission created to enforce this

Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis

•stated that the frontier was an essential part of America•frontier was the line between the civilzes and the uncivilized•was constantly pushing west•once the frontier was gone, America would find new places to civilize

Helen Hunt Jackson's A Century of Dishonor

•written in 1890•it detailed the mistreatment of native americans

New South•after Reconstruction•focus on changing the southern economy•connect the south with railroads•bring industry (manufacturing)•become more self-sufficient

Populist Party Platform•free silver•income tax•government control of transportation and communication•direct election of senators•1 term limit for president•initiative and referendum

Pullman Strike•railroad workers in Chicago went on strike after the company cut their wages•led by Eugene Debs (leader of American Railway Union)•strike interfered with mail delivery and federal troops were brought in to crush the strike

precipitation in the Great West

•see page 612•DRY!

Billion $ Congress•Republican Congress under Harrison decided to spend the surplus by passed the Pension Act •Pension Act gave large pensions to Civil War Union veterans

Coxey's Army•Jacob Coxey led a group of unemployed workers to march on Washington DC•demonstrates the difficult economy and the growing workers' movement

Dawes Act•passed in 1887•dissolved tribes as legal entites, took away tribal ownership of land•Indians were supposed to assimilate into American culture •if they followed the rules, they would eventually be given citizenship•this marks a change in policy towards Native Americans

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

•passed in 1890•Treasury was to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly•the Treasury would have to issue notes redeemable for silver

Farmers' Alliance•founded in Texas in the late 1870s•farmers (in South and West) who came together to deal with major issues such as the influence of railroads and manufacturers and low prices of crops•didn't include blacks who accounted for a large number of farmers•leds to the Populist party

causes of Spanish-American War

•sympathy for Cuban push for independence•yellow journalism•de Lôme letter•explosion of the USS Maine- the final event that pulled the US into the war

yellow journalism•associated with William Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer•tried to draw attention to the war•exaggerated the events that led to the Spanish American war

Jingoism•an extreme chauvinism or nationalism marked especially by a belligerent foreign policy•used by the US around 1900 when they acquired Hawaii, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Phillipines, Guam, etc•used associated with a feeling of racial superiority

Emilio Aguinaldo•Filipino who joined with the US to fight off the Spanish•after the end of the Spanish-American war, the Filipino people expected to gain independence•when they did not, Aguinaldo led an insurrection against the American forces

Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan

•wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History in 1890•he said that control of the seas was the key to world dominance•helped to stimulate the worldwide naval race•would led to imperialism

causes of imperialism•end of the frontier line•industrialization•need for new markets •yellow journalism•racial superiority•social Darwinism at the world level•race to grab more colonies•development of navy•"Big Sister"

Venezula Dispute•British Guiana and Venezuela had been fighting over their border for about 50 years•this fight intersifies when gold is found in the disputed area•Cleveland said that if the British tried to take that land, they would be violating the Monroe Doctrine

Venezula Dispute cont•Britain felt the US did not have the right to enforce this•if Britain didn't accept the new boundary, the US would fight for it•it looked like the US and Britain would be at war•Britain had other issues and let the disputed area go

Teller Amendment•passed in 1898 (after declaration of war but before fighting was really underway)•said that when the US would overthrow Spanish control of Cuba, they would grant Cuba their independence•Cuba gets official independence in 1902

causilites of Spanish American war

•the "Splendid Little War" was relatively short and resulted in very few causilites•around 300 soldiers were killed in combat•around 3000 soldiers were killed by disease

Platt Amendment•passed in 1902 after US gave Cuba their independence•said that the US could intervene in their affairs, the US would keep a naval base (Guantanamo), and Cuba would not get into debt•established Cuba as a protectorate of the US-technically independent but the US could intervene any time

reasons to acquire Phillippines

•they could be a market for American goods•they were large in size•they could not be granted independence because they make fall into anarchy or be taken over by another country

Filippino Insurrection•The Filipinos allied with the US during the Spanish American war in order to overthrow the Spanish•once the war was over, they thought the US would grant their independence•when they did not, they fought a war against the US•led by Emilio Aguinaldo