Unit 4, Lesson 20 National Health Standards 1.5 and 6.1
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Puberty Growth and development of human bodies capable of
producing offspring Estrogen Hormone produced in ovaries that
stimulates the development of female secondary sex characteristics
and affects menstrual cycle
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Secondary Sex Characteristics Physical and emotional changes
occurring during puberty Widening of hips, breast development,
beginning of menstruation, pubic and underarm hair
Slide 4
Accept physical changes Most noticeable between ages of 8 and
15 Affected by heredity, diet, health status, and health habits
Body image perception of ones appearance
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External Reproductive Organs Mons veneris Fatty tissue covering
the front of the pubic bone Serves as a protective cushion for
internal organs Labia majora Heavy folds of skin surrounding the
opening of the vagina
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Labia minora Two smaller folds of skin located within the labia
majora Clitoris and openings of the urethra and vagina located
here
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Clitoris Small structure above urethra opening Hymen Thin
membrane stretching across the opening of the vagina 1
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Internal Reproductive Organs Ovaries Glands that produce ova
and estrogen In lower abdomen Born with 200,000 400,000 immature
ova About 375 of these will mature and be released in a
lifetime
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Ovulation release of mature ovum from one of the ovaries
Fallopian tubes Tube through which ovum moves from ovaries to the
uterus Each tube about 4 inches long
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Close to an ovary End of each tube shaped like a funnel Where
fertilization usually occurs If ovum not fertilized, disintegrates
and leaves body
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Uterus Muscular organ that receives and supports fertilized
ovum Contracts during childbirth Cervix Lowest part of uterus
connecting to the vagina
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Vagina Muscular tube connecting the uterus to the outside of
the body Organ for sexual intercourse Birth canal Passageway for
menstrual flow 2
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Pads, panty shields or liners, and tampons Used to absorb
menstrual flow Reduce cramps Warm bath Moderate exercise Reduce
caffeine intake
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Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Physical and mental symptoms
affecting a female a week to 10 days prior to menstruation Weight
gain, bloating, cramping, swollen breasts, headache, backache,
constipation, mood swings, cravings, anxiety, depression
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Missed menstrual cycle Amenorrhea absence of menstruation
Underdeveloped reproductive organs, poor general health, emotional
health Overtraining, eating disorders, drastic weight loss, anemia,
reduction in red blood cell levels caused by stress, pregnancy
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Pelvic examination Pap smear - screening test in which cells
scraped from cervix examined to detect cervical cancer Yeast
Infection Vaginal infection caused by a fungal organism Thick
malodorous discharge, labia and vaginal itching, painful
urination
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Toxic Shock Syndrome Severe illness when vaginal bacteria
secretes a toxin and gets into bloodstream Occurs in females using
tampons
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Female Infertility Impaired ability to get pregnant Not the
same as sterility Ovulation biggest factor
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Practice abstinence from sex Ask doctor Practice good menstrual
hygiene habits Choose habits to lessen cramps Keep record of
menstrual cycle Perform monthly breast self-exam Seek medical help
when signs of infection
Slide 20
Most common type of cancer in women Risk factors: Being over
50; having no pregnancies; first child after 30; family history
Complete self-exam; regular medical check-ups
Slide 21
Options in treatment of breast cancer: Lumpectomy lump and
small amount of surrounding tissue removed Partial mastectomy lump,
some breast tissue, lining over chest muscles under the tumor, and
some lymph nodes are removed
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Total mastectomy entire breast and possibly a few lymph nodes
removed These procedures often followed by radiation or
chemotherapy Early detection and treatment increases chances of
successfully treating breast cancer
Slide 23
Usually occurs every 28 days Length and regularity vary
Menstruation often lasts 5 days Days 1-5 Menstruation Days 6-12
uterine lining thickens preparing for ovulation and possible
pregnancy
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Days 13-14 Ovulation Days 15-20 Corpus luteum (temporary gland
secreting progesterone) secretes hormones to support pregnancy
Created when burst follicle closes Progesterone hormone that
changes the lining of the uterus
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Days 21- 28 corpus luteum disintegrates if ovum not fertilized
Progesterone no longer secreted Cells in lining of uterus die
Unfertilized ovum disintegrates Menstrual cycle begins again
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Pituitary gland increases production of luteinizing hormone
Travels through bloodstream to testes causing them to secrete
testosterone Testosterone hormone that produces make secondary sex
characteristics
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Secondary sex characteristics: Taller, longer and heavier
bones, broader shoulders, deepening voice, facial, pubic, and body
hair growth, formation of sperm, enlargement of external sex
organs
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Changes occur between ages 12 and 15 Affected by: heredity,
diet, health habits, and health status
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External Reproductive Organs Penis Used for urination and
reproduction Scrotum Sac-like pouch hanging under the penis Holds
the testes Helps regulate the temperature of the testes
Sperm Male reproductive cells Made up of a head containing the
nucleus of the cell, a body, and a tail About 1/6000 th of an inch
long Make up 2 5% of semen 4
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Testes Divided into several sections filled with seminiferous
tubules coiled tubules where sperm are produced Spermatogenesis
process by which sperm are produced A result of a hormone produced
by the pituitary gland 5
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Epididymis comma shaped structure along the upper rear surface
of the testes Sperm mature here Some are stored here, but most move
to the vas deferens
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Vas deferens Two long, thin tubes passageway and a storage
space for sperm Extend from epididymis into the abdomen Walls are
lined with cilia
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Contractions of vas deferens and action of cilia move sperm
Circle the bladder and connect with ducts of the seminal vesicles
to form ejaculatory duct 6
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Seminal vesicles Two elongated sac-like glands at base of
bladder secrete a fluid rich in sugar that nourishes sperm and
helps them move Make up 60% of fluid in ejaculate
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Ejaculatory duct Short straight tube passes into prostate gland
and opens into the urethra Urethra serves as passageway for sperm
and urine to leave the body
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Prostate gland Produces a fluid that keep sperm alive About the
size of a chestnut Located beneath the bladder and surrounds the
urethra
Slide 39
Cowpers glands Located beneath the prostate gland Two small
glands about the size of peas Secrete a clear, lubricating fluid
into the urethra as part of the semen
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Semen Fluid released by the reproductive tract Contain sperm
and fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate glands, and Cowpers
glands
Slide 41
Erection Process that occurs when the penis swells with blood
and elongates May be followed by ejaculation
Slide 42
Ejaculation Passage of semen from the penis Result of
involuntary muscular contractions Penis will return to non-erect
state after ejaculation
Slide 43
Circumcision Surgical removal of the foreskin from the penis
Usually performed second day after delivery May reduce the risk of
urinary infections and cancer of the penis
Slide 44
Males without foreskin removed should pull back skin to clean
well to prevent smegma from collecting Smegma is a substance that
forms under the foreskin, consisting of dead skin and other
secretions. 7 7 Meeks, Linda. Heit, Philip. Page, Randy. Health and
Wellness. McGraw-Hill Glencoe. 2008. p. 238.
Slide 45
Inguinal hernia During development, testes pass from abdomen
into scrotum through the inguinal canal During 7 th month of
pregnancy, the canal closes to keep the intestines from passing
into the scrotum
Slide 46
Sometimes canal doesnt close completely and intestines pass
into the canal This causes a inguinal hernia Can be painful Can be
repaired surgically
Slide 47
Mumps cause sterility after puberty? Mumps are a viral
infection affecting the salivary glands Mumps usually occur during
childhood There is a vaccine to prevent mumps Mumps can affect the
testes
Slide 48
Virus causes swelling of testes the seminiferous tubules may be
crushed, causing them to be incapable of producing sperm This will
cause sterility inability to produce offspring
Slide 49
Digital Rectal Examination Used to examine males for symptoms
of prostate cancer Physician inserts a finger into the rectum and
examines the internal reproductive organs and the rectum
Slide 50
American Cancer Society recommends male over the age of 40 have
an annual digital rectal exam Prostate cancer is 2 nd most common
cancer in males An enlarged prostate is a major symptom of this
cancer
Slide 51
Testicular Self-Examination Testicular cancer is one of most
common cancers among males 15 34 Best way to detect is to perform a
self-exam Check for lumps or tenderness If detected early, high
rate of cure
Slide 52
Male infertility Infertility means the ability to produce
offspring is impaired Prime cause among males concern the sperm
Sperm can be affected by mumps, STDs, injuries, or hormone
disorders
Slide 53
Some risks can be controlled Exposure to STDs Tobacco and
marijuana use Intense exercise over a period of time Excessive use
of alcohol
Slide 54
Practice abstinence from sex Bend at knees, keeping back
straight Wear protective clothing when participating in sports and
physical activities
Slide 55
Perform testicular examinations Regular medical check-ups Seek
medical help when signs of infection are present Bathe or shower
daily Maintain a positive body image