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Unit 4:Lecture 5: Risk Management Risk Assessment/Risk ManagementPrepared by T. Morgan-BennettRisk Management On completion of this module the student should be able to :Define a hazard and a risk Define and describe risk factors Define risk assessment Describe the steps used to carry out a risk assessment with examples Explain the principles of workplace controlHazard: Anything (e.g. condition, situation, practice, behaviour) that has the potential to cause harm, including injury, disease, death, environmental or property and equipment damageHazard Identification: This is the process of examining each work area and work task for the purpose of identifying all the hazards which are inherent in the job.Work areas Work areas include but are not limited to machine workshops, laboratories, office areas, agricultural and horticultural environments, stores and transport, maintenance and grounds, reprographics, and lecture theatres and teaching spacesRisk:The likelihood or probability that a hazardous event (with a given outcome or consequence) will occur.

The risk is the chance, high or low, that somebody could be harmed by these and other hazards, together with an indication of how serious the harm could be.

Risk Assessment: Can be defined as the process of assessing the risks associated with each of the hazards identified so that appropriate control measures can be implemented based on the probability, i.e. likelihood that harm, injury or ill health may occur and how severe the consequences of exposure might be.Risk AssessmentRisk assessment = Likelihood of an event (Probability) XSeverity of outcomeRisk ControlThis is the process of identifying and implementing the most cost effective risk control measures having regard to the Hierarchy of Control Principle, Risk control Risk control is a method to manage the risk to an acceptable level. There is a hierarchy of control measures that needs to be followed, with the primary emphasis on controlling the hazards at source.Risk managementis the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate eventsMonitoring and ReviewThis involves ongoing monitoring of the hazards identified, risk assessment and risk control processes and reviewing them to make sure they are working effectively

Risk Management

Risk factors Risk factors are defined as factors associated with the demands of a job that can contribute to (by increasing the likelihood and degree of injury), or aggravate a work related disorder in the worker(s) performing the action.Risk factors Method of work e.g. repeated tasks and unsafe work practicesElectrical and mechanical hazards Manual material handling e.g. lifting, pulling and pushing Chemicals e.g. corrosive substances Machinery e.g. unguarded machines Temporary structures e.g. scaffoldsEnvironmental conditions, e.g. slippery surfaces, lighting, unstable soil conditionsLayout and location of equipment

Possible types of accidents, incidents and ill health include (but not limited to):

Person falling from height Object falling from height Slips or falls on the level Electrocution Asphyxiation Drowning Noise induced deafness Dermatitis Collapse of structure Fire and explosion Struck by or against object Soft tissue damage (sprains, strains)

Potential victims or persons-at-risk include: Persons directly involved in the operation Visitors of the workplace Persons not directly involved in the operation Members of the public

Risk factors can be grouped into two categories:

Direct risk factors which directly stress/injure the workers bodyContributing risk factors and Modifying risk factors - which affect how the task or action is done.

Direct risk factors include Direct risk factors include The level of muscular "force exerted", "working postures (awkward, static), "repetition" of actions, and the "duration" of time these conditions are sustained. Other direct risk factors are safety hazards and health hazards mentioned above Direct risk factors are identified first. If these risk factors do not exist, there is no risk and no need to proceed with an assessment.

Contributing risk factors Contributing risk factors affect how the action is done. They are the source of the problem or the cause of the direct risk factors.Contributing risk factors include the "work area design", the conditions of the "work environment", the handling procedure" being undertaken, and the characteristics of the job being performed. Control measures are directed at these risk factors. It is these risk factors that need to be redesigned to eliminate or minimise the impact of the direct risk factors

Modifying risk factors Modifying risk factors contribute to a further change in the impact of the direct risk factors.Modifying risk factors include the - "Characteristics of the individual worker", such as a workers physical capacity, can modify the effects of the direct risk factors on the body. Modifying risk factors This means that a task/action might have adverse health effects for one worker, but not another.

Work organisation" modifies the exposure to the direct risk factors. It cannot change the actual design of the task/action, just the conditions under which it is done

Risk Assessment Risk Assessment is an integral part of risk management. It is the process of:Identifying and analyzing safety and health hazards associated with work; Assessing the risks involved; Prioritising measures to control the hazards and reduce the risks. Risk assessment Risk assessment helps to:Determine if existing control measures are adequate or if more should be donePrevent injuries or illnesses when done at the design or planning stagePrioritize hazards and control measures

Risk assessment is usually done in eight steps as indicated below: Step 1 -Identify the hazards

Step 2-Having gathered information in steps 1 now determine how likely or probable it is, that the hazardous event will take place and the person will be exposed to the hazard.

Step 3--Determine the resulting consequence/impact, were the hazardous event to occur.

Step 4:-Link the likelihood rating to the consequence rating to give a risk rating (risk level of the hazard)

Risk assessment is usually done in eight steps as indicated below: Step 5 -Based on the risk level determined in the risk priority step, risk controls should be selected to reduce the risk level to an acceptable level

Step 6-Record your findings and implement them

Step 7-Review your risk assessment and update if necessary

Step 8-Communication

Step 1-Identify the hazards

The first part of identification is to make a list of those tasks undertaken at the workplace that poses a risk to employees

The second part of identification involves identifying the actions involved in each of the tasks. Breaking the task into its actions allows all the components of the task to be considered

The next part of the identification step is to identify the direct risk factors associated with each of the actions.

The identification step also involves identifying the risk factors that contribute to or modify the level of risk associated with each of the actions

Step 2-Determination of likelihood & probability of the hazardous eventHaving gathered information in steps 1 now determine how likely or probable it is, that the hazardous event will take place and the person will be exposed to the hazard.Risk Assessment by British Standards OrganizationLikelihood of HarmRatingDescriptionVery Unlikely (Remote)1Occurrence of event could happen but probably never will. Less than I % chance of being experience by an individual during working lifetimeUnlikely (Occasional)2Occurrence of the event could happen but rarely typically experienced once in working lifetime of an individual.Likely (frequent)3Occurrence of event could happen occasionally typically experienced once every 5 years by an individual.Very Likely4Occurrence of the event will happen and with increase frequency at least once every six months.

Step 3Determination of the resulting consequence/severityRisk Assessment by British Standards OrganizationConsequences/Severity of harmRatingDescriptionMinor1No injury , injury or illness requiring first aid treatment onlyModerate2Injury requiring medical treatment or ill -health leading to disabilityMajor3Serious injury or life threatening occupational diseaseExtreme4Accidents or illnesses causing grave/or permanent distress or deathStep 4:-Link the likelihood rating to the consequence rating to give a risk priority (risk level) of either:Using a 4 x 4 Risk Analysis Risk Assessment of Booth Date: 31/10/2012 Done by: T. Morgan-BennettLikelihoodSeverityRisk Rating/PriorityTaskHazardRiskExisting Control Measures12341234Moving metal drums to spray boothFalling objectWorkers feet can be crushed by metal drum causing injuryNone339Unsafe work practiceManual handling of drum can cause back injuryTraining In Manual Handling2364 x 4 Risk MatrixSEVERITYExtreme (4)Medium(G)High (K)High (N)Critical(P)Major (3)Low (D)Medium(H)High (L) High (O)Moderate (2)Low(B)Medium(E)Medium(I)High (M)Minor (1)Low (A)Low (C)Low(F)Medium(J)Remote (1)UnLikely (2)Likely (3)Very Likely (4)LIKELIHOODNo.Hazard1F O - Falling object2UWP - Unsafe work practiceFOUWPStep 4:-Link the likelihood rating to the consequence rating to give a risk priority (risk level) of either:Likelihood of HarmRatingDescriptionRemote1Occurrence of event could happen but probably never will.Likely2Occurrence of the event occasionally happen but rare.

Very Likely3Occurrence of the event will happen and with increase frequency.

Step 2-Determination of likelihood & probability of the hazardous eventHaving gathered information in steps 1 now determine how likely or probable it is, that the hazardous event will take place and the person will be exposed to the hazard.Consequences/Severity of HarmRatingDescriptionMinor1 Occurrence of the event results in a minor injury or illness requiring first aid. No lost time resulted.Major2Occurrence of the event results in moderate to serious injury or illness requiring medical to casualty treatment. Critical3Occurrence of the event results in serious disabling injury or death.Step 3Determination of the resulting consequence/severityStep 4:-Link the likelihood rating to the consequence rating to give a risk priority (risk level) of either:Using a 3 x 3 Risk Analysis Risk Assessment of Booth Date: 31/10/2012 Done by: T. Morgan-BennettLikihoodSeverityRisk Rating/PriorityTaskHazardRiskExisting Control Measures123123Moving metal drums to spray boothFalling objectWorkers feet can be crushed by metal drum causing injuryNone236Unsafe work practiceManual handling of drum can cause back injuryTraining in Manual Handling2243 x 3 Risk MatrixSEVERITYMajor (3)Medium (D)High (G)Critical (I)Moderate (2)Low(B)Medium(E)High(H)Minor (1)Low (A)Low (C)Medium(F)Remote (1)UnLikely (2)Likely (3)LIKELIHOODNo.Hazard1F O - Falling object2UWP - Unsafe work practiceFOUWPStep 4:-Link the likelihood rating to the consequence rating to give a risk priority (risk level) of either:Step 5.-Risk control

Based on the risk level determined in the risk priority step, risk controls should be selected to reduce the risk level to an acceptable level. This can be done by reducing the Severity and/or Likelihood.As indicated in the risk matrix in the Table below when the risk level is High, effective and practicable risk controls must be implemented to reduce High Risk to at least Medium Risk.

Risk RatingRisk AcceptabilityRecommended Actions1 , 2 & 3 (A , B, C, D & F)AcceptableNo additional risk control measures may be needed. However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk rating assigned is accurate and does not increase over time.4 & 6 ( E, G, H, I & J)Moderately AcceptableA careful evaluation of the hazards should be carried out to ensure that the risk rating is reduced to as low as is practicable within a defined time period. Interim risk control measures such as administrative controls may be implemented. Management attention required.8,9 & 12 ( K, L, M, N, O)Not AcceptableHigh risk rating must be reduced to medium risk before work commences. There should not be any interim risk control measures and risk control measures should be overly dependent on personal protective equipment or appliances. If needs be the hazard should be eliminated before work commences. Immediate management intervention is required before work commences.16 (P)Not AcceptableAll work must be stopped and area barricaded to prevent interaction of people and hazard. All control measures must be put in place before work commences and must be overly dependent on PPE. If hazard can be eliminated then this is the best method of control to be used. Management must intervene before work commences.Using a 4 x 4 Risk AnalysisStep 5.-Risk Control

Risk RatingRisk AcceptabilityRecommended Actions1 & 2 (A , B & C)AcceptableNo additional risk control measures may be needed. However frequent review may be needed to ensure that the risk rating assigned is accurate and does not increase over time.3 & 4 (D , E & F)Moderately AcceptableA careful evaluation of the hazards should be carried out to ensure that the risk rating is reduced to as low as is practicable within a defined time period. Interim risk control measures such as administrative controls may be implemented. Management attention required.6 (G & H)Not AcceptableHigh risk rating must be reduced to medium risk before work commences. There should not be any interim risk control measures and risk control measures should be overly dependent on personal protective equipment or appliances. If needs be the hazard should be eliminated before work commences. Immediate management intervention is required before work commences.9 (I)Not AcceptableAll work must be stopped and area barricaded to prevent interaction of people and hazard. All control measures must be put in place before work commences and must be overly dependent on PPE. If hazard can be eliminated then this is the best method of control to be used. Management must intervene before work commences.Using a 3 x 3 Risk AnalysisStep 5.-Risk Control

Step 5.-Risk control

Hierarchy of Hazard ControlStep 5.-Risk control

ELIMINATIONElimination of hazards refers to the total removal of the hazards and hence effectively making all the identified possible accidents, incidents and ill health impossible. This is a permanent solution and should be attempted in the first instance. If the hazard is eliminated, the risk associated of the hazard will be eliminated.

Step 5.-Risk control

SUBSTITUTIONThis involves substituting a dangerous process or substance with one that is not as dangerous. Substitution may not be as satisfactory as elimination as there may still be a risk even if it is reduced. E.g. Asbestos can be substituted with non-asbestos materials.

Step 5.-Risk control

ENGINEERING CONTROLSEngineering controls are physical means that limit the hazard. These include structural changes to the work environment or work processes, erecting a barrier to interrupt the transmission path between the worker and the hazard. This method has its problems in that the hazard has not been removed.The barrier or separation device is always at risk of being removed or circumvented.

E.g. Isolation or containment of hazards, machine guarding, manual handling devices/equipment etc.

Step 5.-Risk control

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLSThese reduce or eliminate exposure to a hazard by adherence to procedures or instructions. Documentation should emphasize all the steps to be taken and the controls to be used in carrying out the activity safely. The number of people exposed to the danger can be reduced through reduction of the amount of time exposed and providing training to those people who are exposed to the hazard.E.g. Permit-to-work systems, scheduling of incompatible works etc.

Step 5.-Risk control

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)This should be used only as a last resort, after all other control measures have been considered, or as a short term contingency during emergency / maintenance / repair or as an additional protective measure. It can be used with other methods to increase control. The success of this control depends critically on the protective equipment being chosen correctly, fitted correctly, worn at all times and maintained properly.

Risk Assessment of Booth Date: 31/10/2012 Done by: T. Morgan-BennettLikihoodSeverityRisk Rating/PriorityTaskHazardRiskExisting Control Measures123123Additional Control Measures RequiredAction Officer Designation ( Follow-up Date)Moving metal drums to spray boothFalling objectWorkers feet can be crushed by metal drum causing injury None236Provide mechanical lifting device e.g. forkliftT. Morgan-Bennett (31/12/12)Unsafe work practiceManual handling of drum can cause back injuryTraining in manual handling339Provide mechanical lifting device e.g. forkliftT. Morgan-Bennett (31/12/12)

Step 5.-Risk control

Using a 3 x 3 Risk Analysis

Step 6-Record your findings and implement them

Names and designations of risk assessment team members Inventory of work activities by process or location, associated with machinery, equipment and chemicals Hazards identification for each work activity, and possible types of accident or incident Existing risk control measures Risk level for each hazard Recommendations on additional risk controls required Persons involved in implementing the measures on risk reduction Signatures, date and designations of the persons conducting risk assessment Signature, date and designation of management approving or endorsing the assessment

Step 7-Review your risk assessment and update if necessaryA review follow up is important aspect of any risk management process.

It is essential to review what was has been done to ensure that the controls put in place are effective.

Risk assessments must be reviewed at set frequencies to ensure that controls are adequate and that the risk rating has not increased.

In the event where risk ratings change due to deterioration or improvement of the work environment, the risk assessment should be updated to include such changes.

If assessed and the controls implemented are deemed inadequate, new controls should be implemented and the risk assessment updated.

Step 8-Communication The risk assessment must be a live process and must not be done once and confined to document files.

Results of the risk assessments must be communicated to managers and employees.The End