Unit 4: BIOCHEMISTRY

The chemicals of life

A. Atoms

1. Made of 3 Particles:

a. _________ - located in the _________

_________ charge; determine the element

b. _________ – located in the ________

no charge = neutral

c. ___________ - orbit outside nucleus

_________ charge

cause chemical __________

Atoms are the _________ unit of matter

B. Elements

1. H = __________ – ____ bond2. O = __________ – ____ bonds3. N = __________ – ____ bonds4. C = __________ – ____ bonds5. Other essential elements: Phosphorus (___) Iron(___) Zinc(___) Calcium(___) Sulfur(__) Sodium(___) Potassium(___)

A __________ atom that is a single substance that cannot be broken down into smaller pieces

C. Molecules (_____________)

1. ________ – caused by elements ___________________ stores ________ in the molecule2. __________ = chains of repeating small units3. _______ - shows the composition of a compound

Molecular formula - indicates the actual nos. and kinds of atoms in a molecule

Structural Formula - how the atoms are arranged or held together

C6H12O6

combinations of ________

D. Inorganic Compounds

1. Don’t contain _________________________ together. 2. Examples: Water (______) Carbon dioxide (_____) Salts (________) Ammonia (_______)

not the same as what you know from your foods

E. Organic CompoundsCompounds that contain both _________________ in the same molecule

1. Carbohydrates a. Examples: i. ________ = ______________________ simple, ___________ carbohydrates examples of monosacchrides = ____________, fructose

ii. _________ = _______________ _________ of monosaccharides ____________ carbohydrates __________, ________, chitin

iii. The names of most carbohydrates end in ______

b. Elements:

Carbohydrates Always contain _________

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

CarboHYDRates always have

2Hydrogen :1Oxygen ratio

All carbohydrates have this ____________

Examples:

C6H12O6

C12H22O11

C40H88O44

c. Subunits: __________________

i. all complex carbohydrates are combinations of simple sugars joined together by _____________________

ii. ____________ ___________ _______________

iii. Glucose is the most common monosaccharide subunit

iv. Dehydration Synthesis of a Carbohydrate

d. Function:

- Primary source of ___________________________

- 4 kcal/gram

- Carbohydrates provide the bulk of the ________ in most

diets

2. Lipids All lipids are _________________ organic molecules a. Examples: i. ______ ii. ______ iii. ______

b. Elements

i. always contain ______ ______

ii. Usually ______ number of atoms

iii. Unlike carbohydrates there is ______ ______ between hydrogen and oxygen

C12H24O2

C54H102O6

c. Subunits: ______ ______ ______ ______i. Glycerol

ii. Fatty Acid – has ______ (acid group) on the end

iii. Joined together by ______ ______ ______

d. Function

i. Long term ______ ______

ii. _____ __ and ______ ____

iii. Make up ______ ______

3. Proteinsa. Examples: Hair, Nails, _________, ___________, Bones, Cartilage, Muscles, ____________Specific Proteins: ______ ______, ______, ______, Actin, Myocin, keratin

b. Elements:

i. Always Contain ______ ______

ii. N = ______

iii. Sometimes proteins have sulfur and phosphorus

c. Subunits: ______ ______i. All proteins are made from chains of amino acids.ii. Amino Acids

small organic molecules with an ______ ______ and an ______ ______ ______

R – is a _____ group of atoms that changes with each

__________

iii. ______ ______ = chains of amino acids

iv. Dehydration Synthesis forms a peptide bond between the carbon and nitrogen atoms.

Peptide Bond

d. Function i. ______ ______ ______ of cells cell receptor, cell skeleton, centrioles ii. ______ ______ specialized protein molecules that make reactions happen iii. Chemical messengers ______ ______ iv. ______ ______ protect the body from infection

______ ______ is DETERMINED by the

______ ______ of the Protein

SHAPE is DETERMINED by the __________ ______ ______ ______

4. Nucleic Acids

i. Examples

● ______ – deoxyribonucleic acid

● ______ – ribonucleic acid

● ______ ______, controls protein production

ii. Elements

______ ______ ______

iii. Subunit:

______ ______ ______

3 parts:

a. __________

b. __________ (ribose or deoxyribose)

c. ________________ (Has nitrogen)

DNA – adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

RNA – adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine

iv. Function

- Carry hereditary information

- __________ for making proteins

- The order of nitrogenous bases (A, T, G, C) determines the order of amino acids

- The order of amino acids determines the protein

F. Biochemical Reactions 1. Dehydrations Synthesis chemical combination of two small molecules to make another larger molecule with water being driven off

__________ = Make bigger, build up

__________ = remove H2O Remove 2 H and 1 O from molecules so they can bind together

2. Hydrolysis

chemical digestion of a large molecule into smaller, simpler

molecules by adding water

opposite of dehydration synthesis

G. Enzymes

1. Enzymes are Specialized __________

2. Generally their names end in –ase

Amylase, protease, lipase

3. __________ __________

- __________ __________ without being changed

themselves.

- Involved in __________ chemical reaction in your body

4. Enzymes Structure

a. Enzymes are __________ so the structure is determined by the __________ __________.

b. __________

Area on the enzyme that __________ the reaction

Active Site has a __________ ________ specific molecules

c. __________ substance the enzyme works ond. Enzyme Substrate Complex __________ formed when the enzyme and substrate __________e. __________ what is left over after the enzyme does its work

ENZYME

ENZYME SUBSTRATE COMPLEX

ACTIVE SITESUBSTRATE

PRODUCT

ProductsENZYME

f. __________ __________

i. Enzymes are very specific to the substrate they fit. SHAPE

ii. Lock and Key Model

Enzyme and substrate __________ __________

Just like one lock has one key that fits it

COENZYME

iii. Induced Fit Model

More realistic model of enzyme activity

Enzyme __________ with the help of a coenzyme to

fit substrate

Allows enzymes to fit similarly shaped substrate

molecules

Coenzymes are enzyme helpers

5. Factors that Effect Enzyme Activity

a. __________

- Enzymes have an __________ temperature at which they work (__________)

- As temperature increases, enzyme activity increases

for the most part

- If temp is too high, protein becomes __________ (__________ in shape) and no longer works. COOKED!

b. pH = Power of Hydrogen

- scale that measures the strengths of _________________

- 1 – 14

1 - 7 = __________ - closer to 1 the stronger the acid

7 = __________

7 – 14 = ________ – closer to 14 the stronger the base

- Like temperature enzymes work at an __________

- at pH outside the optimal range enzymes can be __________– too high or too low.

c. __________

- The amount of enzyme or substrate can affect the enzyme activity to a point.

- As the concentration increases the enzyme activity increases until it “__________”