Upload
kerry-burns
View
233
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
UNIT 3CHAPTER 5: LANGUAGE
Language: 1of the most obvious examples of culture
Estimated 7,299 languages spoken 10 spoken by 100M+ 100 spoken by 5M+
LANGUAGE
INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE
Language: system of communication through speech, a collection of symbols that a group of people understands to have the same meaning
Literary tradition: system of written communication
Offi cial language: the one used by the gov’t for laws, reports, and public objects; road signs, $, & stamps
LANGUAGE
Where different languages are used How these languages can be grouped in
spaceWhy languages have distinctive distributions
Language like luggage Look at similarities to understand diffusion and
interaction of people around the world
BIG 2
ORIGIN AND DIFFUSION OF ENGLISH ½ billion people speak it
Only Mandarin is spoken moreOffi cial language in 50 countries 1/3 of the world live in a country where
English is an offi cial language (might not speak it)
WHERE ARE ENGLISH-LANGUAGE SPEAKERS DISTRIBUTED?
ENGLISH SPOKEN
ENGLISH COLONIES English speakers exist because of the spread
of EnglandSpread throughout the world
NA Ireland South Asia South Pacific Southern Africa
ORIGIN & DIFFUSION OF ENGLISH
ORIGIN OF ENGLISH IN ENGLAND Germanic language say
whatttttt?Celts (2000 B.C.)
Pushed north (Scotland/Wales)
ZEE GERMANS ARE COMING Angles, Jutes (Denmark),
and Saxons (German)Angles’ Land England Evolving through invasion
ORIGIN & DIFFUSION OF ENGLISH
NORMAN INVASION 1066Norman as in Normandy FranceFrench spoken for 300 years
Commoners continued English English/French which is it?
English official language of Parliament in 1489300 years of mingling
ORIGIN & DIFFUSION OF ENGLISH
Dialect: regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
Several dialects in U.S. and other English speaking countries
Standard language: dialect that is well est. and widely recognized as the most acceptable for gov. business, edu, mass communication
Printing press spreads English
DIALECTS OF ENGLISH
Isolation Vocab: New discoveries, animals, and
inventions Forests, chipmunk, bonnet/hood, boot/trunk
Spelling Noah Webster
Pronunciations A and R difference Brit: /ah/ Am: /a/ ~fauhst/fast, pauth/path Brits don’t pronounce r’s except when it proceeds a vowel
BRIT/AM DIFFERENCES
American settlers; 13 colonies East: New England and Southeastern settlers
came from southern and southeastern England Mid Atlantic: Scots/Irish, German, Dutch,
Swedes Differences? isogloss: a boundary that separates
regions in which diff erent language usages predominate Bucket/pail, brook/creek/run, skillet/pan Car (cahr) heart (haht) lark (lahrk)
U.S. DIALECTS
Language family: collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history
Language branch: “ “ several thousand years ago
4 major branches: Indo-Iranian: South Asia Romance: Southwestern Europe & Latin America Germanic: Northwestern Europe & North America Balto-Slavic: Eastern Europe
4 minor branches: Albanian, Armenian, Greek, and Celtic
INDO-EUROPEAN BRANCHES
BRANCHES OF THE INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY
Figure 5-9
GERMANIC Language group: collection of languages
within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and have few diff erences in grammar and vocab. English/German High/Low Germanic: English-Low, German-High Scandinavian: Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, and
Icelandic
INDO-EUROPEAN BRANCHES
IRANIAN 100 languages spoken by 1 billion people
East (Indic) West (Iranian)Eastern: India, Pakistan and Bangladesh
India’s language dispute (north/south) 18 official languages
Western: Iran and Southwestern Asia Persian: Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan Kurdish: (western Iran) Iraq and Turkey
INDO-EUROPEAN BRANCHES
INDO-IRANIAN
BALTO-SLAVIC East/Baltic: Russia, Ukrainian, and Belarusian
Russia’s dominance during cold warWest/South: Polish, Czech, and Slovak
Czech and Slovak very similar Bosnia, Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, and
Serbia
INDO-EUROPEAN BRANCHES
ROMANCE BRANCH Evolved from Latin spoken by Romans 2,000
y.o. Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian Rugged mountains separate their language
Romansh and Catalán Romansh: 40,000 ppl in Switzerland Catalán: official lang. of Andorra, eastern Spain
(Barca)
INDO-EUROPEAN BRANCHES
ORIGIN & DIFFUSION OF ROMANCE LANGUAGESAll branch from Latin
At its height, stretched from Atlantic to Black Sea With conquering comes diffusion Each province adds its own flavor Vulgar Latin: used in daily convo’s opposed to standard dialect (offi cial docs)
Fall of Romans 5 thC Regional variations of Latin Revert back to old language
INDO-EUROPEAN BRANCHES
Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, & Indo-Iranian come from the same family: Proto-Indo-European (can’t be fully proven) Beech, oak, bear, deer, pheasant, and bee Winter and snow…not ocean
Accept that Proto-Indo-European existed But not when/where/diffused Possible Kurgans (4300 B.C.) Possible Anatolians (6300 B.C.)
Agriculture or war?
ORIGIN & DIFFUSION OF INDO-EUROPEAN
KURGAN MIGRATION
ANATOLIAN MIGRATION
Language in Indo-European (Eng) spoken by 48% of the world
Language in Sino-Tibetan (Mandarin) spoken by 26%
Language in Afro-Asiatic (Arabic) spoken by 6%Language in Austronesian (SE Asia) spoken by 5%Language in Dravidian (India) spoken by 4%Language in Altaic (Africa) spoken by 3%Language in Niger-Congo (Africa) spoken by 3%Japanese (separate family) spoken by 2%Remaining 3% belong to one of 100 smaller
families
CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES
LANGUAGE FAMILIES
SINO-TIBETAN ¼ of world speakers
China and SE AsiaSINITIC BRANCH
No single Chinese language (Mandarin and Cantonese)
Words spelled the same, pronounced differently 420 1-syllable words: Shi: lion, corpse, house, poetry,
ten, swear, or die. Listener must infer meanings Thousands of characters Ideograms: represent concepts or ideas, not specific pronunciations
DISTRIBUTION OF LANGUAGE FAMILIES
Arabic and Hebrew, others in N Africa and SE Asia
Spread of language because of the Bible and Quran
Arabic spread from Morocco to Arabian Peninsula
AFRO-ASIATIC LANGUAGE FAMILY
1,000+ languages, several thousand dialects doc.
Niger-Congo: 95% of sub-Saharans speak it Largest branch: Benue-
Congo Swahili: secondary language
of 30M AfricansNilo-Saharan: North
Central Khosian: South WestAustronesian: Indonesia
Javanese and Malay
AFRICAN LANGUAGE FAMILIES
Extinct language: language no longer spoken or read 516 nearly extinct: 46 African, 170 Americas, 78
Asian, 12 European and 210 Pacific Religious influences: Goths and Peru
Reviving Hebrew Biblical language Jewish celebrations Israel establishes as one of 2 official languages
(Arabic) Eliezer Ben-Yehuda
PRESERVING LANGUAGE DIVERSITY
Celtic originated in Germany, France, and N Italy
Celtic Groups: Goidelic (Gaelic) and BrythonicIrish Gaelic (7%) and Scottish Gaelic (1%)Brythonic (Cymric or Britannic)
Wales: 1/6 still speak Welsh. Lost dominance in 19th C All gov’t & utility companies must provide services
in Welsh, BBC broadcasts in Welsh Cornwall: Cornish extinct in 1777 Brittany Pen.: ½ Mil speak Breton, French infusion
CELTIC: PRESERVING ENDANGERED LANGUAGES
Belgium: split into Flemings (North/Flanders) and Walloons (South/Wallonia) Flanders speak Flemish (close to
Dutch) Wallonia speak French
Each region controls cultural aff airs, public health, road construction, and urban development Brussels is truly bilingual
Switzerland: peacefully exists w/ multiple languages Decentralized gov’t is the key Most power is with local
authorities
MULTILINGUAL STATES
SWITZERLAND
Isolated language: language unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family
Arise from lack of interaction w/ speakers of other languages
Basque: Before arrival of Indo-European speakers Spoken by 600,000 people in Pyrenees Mts in N Spain
& S France Isolation
Icelandic: North Germanic group Changed less than any other Germanic lang. in the
past 1,000 years ISOLATION
ISOLATED LANGUAGE
Lingua Franca: a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by ppl who have dif. Native tongues
Pidgin language: form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocab of a lingua franca, use for comm. among speakers of 2 dif. Lang no native speakers, spoken for trade purposes
Swahili, Hindustani, Indonesian, and Russian (others)
Knowing Eng. is the most effective way to work in a global econ.
ENGLISH: LINGUA FRANCA
Distribution mainly from migration and conquestRecently through expansion diffusion
Spread of an idea rather than through relocation Expansion 2 ways: 1) new vocab, spelling, and
pronunciation 2) fusing words w/ other languages Ebonics: combination of ebony and phonics
Preserved in African American communities Language that slave masters could not understand
Appalachian dialect: hollowholler, creekcrick Regional identity and poor education
DIFFUSION OF ENGLISH
Franglais: combination of français and anglais French aren’t happy about English gaining
dominance Spanglish: combination of Spanish and
English Cubonics in Cuban-American communities More integration of English with Spanish than just
borrowing English words Parquin, taipear bipiar, and i-meiliar
Denglish: German and English
DIFFUSION OF OTHER LANGUAGES
ENGLISH/FRENCH BOUNDARIES