Unit 3 & 4 Renaissance and Reformation Mrs. Bell World History

Unit 3 & 4 Renaissance and Reformation

Mrs. Bell

World History

The Renaissance 1

• End of Middle Ages • 1350 until 1650• Renaissance means rebirth (revival of

art and learning). • Through old manuscripts of Greece

and Rome , Italian scholars brought about a change in the way people began to think.

The Renaissance 2

• An intellectual movement began known as humanism: – It emphasized individualism – It stressed human dignity & the worth of

the individual person (achievements).– Done by Education, schools taught Greek,

Latin, History , and Philosophy– Could enjoy life without angering

God(secular society not spiritual )

The Renaissance 3

• Nicolo Machiavelli –Diplomat in Florence

• Wrote The Prince, • Looked at different Princes rule• Interpretation Do what is necessary

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Santi_di_Tito_-_Niccolo_Machiavelli%27s_portrait_headcrop.jpg

The Renaissance

• All of these ideas questioned the long-standing traditions of the church.

• Italian communities became city-states and were independent.

• Wealthy merchant class developed in each and because small areas merchants dominated politics.

The Renaissance

• During the 1400’s, social conflicts caused city-states to often give full power to one political leader called the signori.

• City-states often fought with each other over territory.

The Renaissance 4

• The top cities with the leading roles in the Renaissance were Florence,Rome, Milan, and Venice.

Florence 5

• In 1434, Cosimo de’ Medici gained control of Florence.

• From a prominent banking family

• Tried to end worker uprisings.

• He imposed a tax on the wealthy

• Used the money for arts, literature, and road construction (Patron).

Florence

• From 1469-1492, Lorenzo de Medici ruled Florence in much the same way as his grandfather had governed.

Rome

• During the 1500’s, the Pope and the Cardinals made up the wealthiest and most powerful class in Rome.

• Eager to increase their prestige, they rebuilt the ancient city (also patrons of the arts).

• These Renaissance popes and their cardinals often placed political goals ahead of religious duties.

Rome

• Alexander VI was the most active politically.

• In 1492, he bribed the College of Cardinals to vote for him

• Supported his family on money from the church.

Vatican City

• Independent Nation within city of Rome

• Worlds smallest country 1/5 of a sq mile

• Home of Roman Catholic Church and Pope

• Sistine Chapel –cardinals meet to choose a new pope

• At the Vatican St Peters Basilica home church of Pope, largest church in world

• La Pieta is inside

Rome

St Peters Basilica and La Pieta

http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Altars/Pieta/Pieta-ah06.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Petersdom_von_Engelsburg_gesehen.jpg

Venice

• Venice is a port city on the Adriatic Sea(trade from Asia).

• Venice was politically stable with a republican government consisting of a Doge and the Council of Ten, who actually ran things.

• The duties of the Council of Ten, which was made up of wealthy merchants, included electing the doge, passing laws, and providing consultation before the doge’s son could marry.

Venice

• Venice was also known for its artistic achievements.

The Renaissance

• During the Renaissance, Italian architects, painters, and sculptors returned to the classical style.

• The most famous Italian architect was Filippo Brunelleschi, whose greatest work was the dome for the Cathedral in Florence (1436).

• The best-known sculptors were Donatello, Michelangelo, and Ghiberti, all from Florence

Renaissance Man 6

• All educated people were to create art

• Master many areas

• Woman – upper-class should also study the arts and be charming did not create it but could be a patron

The Renaissance

• Donatello was the first since ancient times to sculpt a nude free-standing statue.

• Made in 1460’s very

realistic

The Renaissance 7

• Michelangelo sculpted the Statue of David , La Pieta, and painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

• Sculptor, poet, painter, architect

• Artists were expressing their own values, emotions, and attitudes and their subjects were as life-like as possible.

Leonardo da Vinci 8

• Also Renaissance Man

• Perspective -3-deminsional

• 3500 page journal, wrote backwards

• Painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist

• Mona Lisa and Last Supper

Influential Humanists

• Writers used the vernacular or their native language instead of Latin

• Dante – wrote in Italian/Divine Comedy

• Self –expression or to portray their subjects

• Francesco Petrarch – known as father of renaissance humanism-Bring back Roman Latin

The Northern Renaissance 9

• War, as usual, helped to spread ideas and further contact between people of different culture.

• After France invaded Italy in 1494; French kings and nobles became fascinated with Italian Renaissance arts and fashions.

• In 1456, Johannes Gutenberg printed a complete edition of the Bible using a printing press with movable metal type.

The Northern Renaissance

• His invention helped to spread ideas and books more rapidly and at a lower cost.

• Northern Renaissance took on variations as the French adapted the Italian ideas to their culture.

• Francois Rabelais, France’s most popular author, wrote comic tales and satires and felt life should be lived to the fullest.


• The Renaissance in Northern Europe took on a more religious tone. (Low Countries – Belgium, Luxembourg, & Netherlands)

• Groups of scholars known as Christian humanists wanted reforms in Catholicism that would eliminate abuses and restore the simple ways of the Church. The most famous Christian humanist, Desiderius Erasmus, inspired his colleagues to study Greek and Hebrew so they could better understand the Bible.


• Erasmus wrote The Praise of Folly, in which he described popes being so corrupt that they were no longer practicing Christianity.

• Thomas More, a statesmen and a friend of Erasmus, wrote a book called Utopia that criticized contemporary society and proposed an ideal society where all citizens are equal and prosper.


• The Renaissance reached England in 1485 after a war between the Tudor and York families called the War of the Roses (over the rightful heir to the throne).

• The Tudor family won, bringing King Henry VII to power.

• He invited Italian Renaissance scholars to England.

Elizabethan Age

• England in mid 1500’s

• Queen Elizabeth – Well educated

• The best-known English play writers of the time were William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe.

• They incorporated jealousy, ambition, love, and despair into their works.

Legacy of the Renaissance

• Art drew from Greece and Rome

• Paintings and sculptor realistic

• Writing in vernacular language

• Printing made books cheaper, increase in learning

• Humanists reform society

• Laws were printed, as well as new discoveries

The Protestant Reformation 10

• The Protestant Reformation was started by a German monk (Professor and Priest) named Martin Luther, who was born in 1483.

• His father wanted him to become a lawyer, but he was interested in religion; and, in 1505, he was almost struck by lightning.

• In fear of God, he became a monk.


• Luther’s idea was known as justification by faith.

• This phrase meant that a person could be made just or good simply by faith in God’s mercy and love.

• Through his new idea, he said he felt he had been reborn.

• His ideas brought him into conflict with the Church and Pope Leo X.


• The Pope was raising money by selling indulgences (reduction or cancellation of punishment for a person’s sins) for the past, present, or future.

• Luther printed 95 Theses (or statements) and nailed the list to the door of his Church in Wittenberg.

• Word of the list spread quickly and resulted in the Reformation and banishing the selling of indulgences.

The Protestant Reformation

• In 1521, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther from the Church.

• After this, a diet or council of Princes met in Worms, Germany, to try and bring Luther back into the Church.

• The council asked him to take back his criticisms; but he would not and they rushed him out of Worms.


• A friend hid him in a castle in Saxony.

• While in hiding, Luther translated the New Testament into German so more people could afford to have and read a Bible.

• Luther laid the foundation for the first Protestant faith: Lutheranism.


• Catholicism stressed faith and good works in salvation and the importance of church teaching as a spiritual guide; Lutheranism stressed salvation by faith and the Bible (not the Church) as the only source of truth.

• Lutheran services centered on Biblical preaching rather than ritual and were held in the language of the people instead of Latin.


• Lutherans also stressed that the Church was a group of believers not a way to make money and believed all useful occupations, not just the priesthood, were vocations (or callings) in which people could serve God.

• The term Protestant was used for Christians not affiliated with the Catholic Church.pg 491

• Treaty of the Peace of Augsburg, which allowed each prince (whether Catholic or Lutheran) to choose the religion of his subjects (War in Germany).

England Breaks 14

• King Henry VIII –wanted a son pg492

• Asked for an annulment (annul –set aside)

• Act of Supremacy – Henry as head of English Church 1534

• Bloody Mary –Protestants executed, Catherine’s daughter

• Elizabeth I – Church of England –Anglican Church 1559

Henry VIII

Henry’s Wives

•

• Catherine of Aragonm. 1509 - 1533Divorced

• • Anne Boleyn

m. 1533 - 1536Executed

• • Jane Seymour

m. 1536 - 1537Died

•

•

•

•

• Anne of Clevesm. 1540 Jan. - JulyDivorced

•

• • Kathryn Howard

m. 1540 - 1542Executed

•

• • Katherine Parr

m. 1543 - 1547Widowed

•

The Spread of Protestantism

• After the rise of Lutheranism in Germany, many preachers and merchants in Switzerland separated from Rome and set up churches called Reformed.

• Huldrych Zwingli led this Protestant movement in Switzerland.

• Zwingli believed the same as did Luther that the selling of indulgences was wrong and that there was no purgatory.


• He did, however, want to break completely from Catholic tradition.

• He wanted to establish a theocracy, or church-run state in Zurich.

• He was defeated by an army of Catholics in 1531.

The Spread of Protestantism 15

• John Calvin was born in 1509 was educated in theology, law, and humanism – a combination that prompted him to study the Bible in detail.

• In the mid-1500’s, John Calvin established Calvinism based on Luther's ideas.

• Calvin published his theology in 1536 in The Institutes of the Christian Religion.


• Calvin contended that God alone determines everything, thus he decided that every person’s fate was determined by God, a doctrine called predestination.

• God knew in the beginning who would be saved.• Calvin –ideal government was a theocracy

Strict laws earned Geneva the title of “City of God” and attracted reformers from all over Europe.

Calvinism Spreads 16

• John Knox 1559

• Switzerland –Presbyterians

• Protestant rulers made Calvinism Scotland's official religion

• Mary Queen of Scots deposed, son James

• France Calvin's followers were Huguenots

• As people Interpreted the Bible for themselves new Protestant groups formed


• New groups of Protestants, such as the Anabaptist Radical Reformers, initiated the practice of baptizing.

• Anabaptist forerunners of Mennonites and Amish

• Influenced Baptist, and Quakers who split from the Anglican Church


• These people refused to hold office, bear arms, or swear oaths because they lived separate in a less sinful society.

• Many members of these groups left Europe in the 1600’s for North America.

• They promoted two ideas: separation of church and state and religious liberty, both of which were crucial to the political and social development of the US.

The Catholic Reformation 17

• To counter Protestantism, the Roman Catholic Church began its own reform movement to correct Church abuses and to more clearly define its teachings.

• Ignatius of Loyola – Daily plan, Pope called his society of followers Jesuits.

• Jesuits founded schools, Convert non Christians to Catholicism, and Stop spread of Protestantism


• To establish goals for the Catholic Reformation, pope Paul, called a council of Church leaders at Trent, Italy, in 1545.

• The council reaffirmed Catholic teachings, put an end to the selling of false indulgences, required the Clergy to follow strict rules and recommended the creation of seminaries to better educate the clergy, and faith and good works for salvation.

The Catholic Reformation

• Still, Mass should only be said in Latin.

• As Catholic Reformation spread through Europe, it helped spark a new style of art and architecture called baroque, which stressed emotion, complexity, and exaggeration for dramatic effect.


Protestant North and a Catholic South.

• Northern Germany and Scandinavia were Lutheran; Southern Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Scotland were Calvinist.

Documents

Unit 3 & 4 Renaissance and Reformation Mrs. Bell World History